탄소중립을 달성하기 위해 이산화탄소를 포집, 활용, 저장하는 CCUS (carbon capture, utilization, and storage) 기 술이 주목받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 광물 탄산화 공정을 통해 이산화탄소를 탄산염으로 고정하고, 이를 전이금속 탄산염 기반 리튬이온배터리 (LIB) 음극재로 적용하였다. CO2를 탄산염으로 고정후, 이를 이용해 FeCO3를 제작하고, rGO와 PVP와 복합 화하여 음극활물질에 적용하였다. rGO는 전기전도도를 높이고 입자의 응집을 방지해 부피 팽창을 완화했으며, PVP는 계면 활성제로서 입자 표면을 안정화하여 구조적 안정성을 강화하였다. FeCO3-PVP-rGO 복합체 기반한 음극재에 대한 전기화학 테스트를 진행한 결과, FeCO3/rGO 복합체는 1,620 mA/g의 전류 밀도에서 50 사이클 이후에도 400 mAh/g의 용량을 유지하 였다. 본 연구는 CO2를 고부가가치 배터리 소재로 전환하여 차세대 에너지 저장 기술에 기여할 가능성을 시사한다.

리튬이온전지는 친환경적이고 우수한 전지 성능덕분에 배터리 산업의 핵심으로 자리 잡았으며, 이에 따라 수요가 급증하고 있다. 그러나, 리튬이온전지의 수요증가는 리튬과 광물자원들의 공급문제를 초래하며, 수명이 다한 폐 리튬이온전지의 폐기방안이 아직 마련되지 않아 환경적 문제를 발생시킨다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 폐 리튬이온전지를 재활용하는 연구가 진행되고 있으며, 그 중에서도 폐 리튬이온전지에서 폐 양극 소재를 추출하여 재활용하는 다이렉트 리사이클링 연구가 주목받고 있다. 그러나, 폐 양극 소재는 오랜 충/방전으로 인해 구조적 붕괴(열화)가 발생한 상태로, 새로운 리튬이온전지에 적용을 위해서는 리튬이온전지 사용 전의 구조 즉, 층상구조로의 회복이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 이를 위해 폐 양극 소재(LiNi0.6C0.2Mn0.2O2)가 열역학적으로 층상구조를 형성하는 온도를 분석하기 위해 700 ºC, 800 ºC, 900 ºC 범위에서 XRD를 통해 구조분석을 진행하였다. 폐 양극 소재는 700 ºC와 900 ºC 대비 800 ºC 열처리 시 1.44로 가장 높은 I003/I104 value를 보였다. 또한 800 ºC 열처리 시 0.1 C 기준 비 용량이 171.3 mAh/g으로 가장 높은 것을 확인하였다. 이를 통해 우리는 열역학적으로 층상구조를 형성하는 온도를 800 ºC로 도출하였으며 폐 양극 소재의 구조를 성공적으로 복원하였다.

환경오염을 제어하기 위한 청정에너지에 대한 수요 증가는 빠르게 증가하고 있습니다. 리튬 이온 배터리와 같은 충전식 배터리는 청정에너지의 우수한 원천이지만 높은 수요와 공급 불일치로 인해 리튬 금속이 빠르게 고갈되고 있습니다. 배터리 폐기물에서 귀금속을 회수하는 것은 환경오염 제어와 함께 가능한 해결책 중 하나입니다. 멤브레인 기반 분리 방법은 폐기물에서 리튬을 회수할 수 있는 매우 성공적인 상업적 공정입니다. 이 작업은 최근에 보고된 다양한 방법을 다룰 것이며 검토 형식으로 작성될 것입니다.

As the demand for lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles is increasing, it is important to recover valuable metals from waste lithium-ion batteries. In this study, the effects of gas flow rate and hydrogen partial pressure on hydrogen reduction of NCM-based lithium-ion battery cathode materials were investigated. As the gas flow rate and hydrogen partial pressure increased, the weight loss rate increased significantly from the beginning of the reaction due to the reduction of NiO and CoO by hydrogen. At 700 °C and hydrogen partial pressure above 0.5 atm, Ni and Li2O were produced by hydrogen reduction. From the reduction product and Li recovery rate, the hydrogen reduction of NCM-based cathode materials was significantly affected by hydrogen partial pressure. The Li compounds recovered from the solution after water leaching of the reduction products were LiOH, LiOH·H2O, and Li2CO3, with about 0.02 wt% Al as an impurity.

The lithium ion battery has applied to various fields of energy storage systems such as electric vehicle and potable electronic devices in terms of high energy density and long-life cycle. Despite of various research on the electrode and electrolyte materials, there is a lack of research for investigating of the binding materials to replace polymer based binder. In this study, we have investigated petroleum pitch/polymer composite with various ratios between petroleum pitch and polymer in order to optimize the electrochemical and physical performance of the lithium-ion battery based on petroleum pitch/polymer composite binder. The electrochemical and physical performances of the petroleum pitch/polymer composite binder based lithium-ion battery were evaluated by using a charge/discharge test, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and universal testing machine (UTM). As a result, the petroleum pitch(MP-50)/polymer(PVDF) composite (5:5 wt % ratio) binder based lithium-ion battery showed 1.29 gf mm-1 of adhesion strength with 144 mAh g-1 of specific dis-charge capacity and 93.1 % of initial coulombic efficiency(ICE) value.

With a rapid expansion in electric vehicles, a huge amount of the spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs) could be discharged in near future. And thus, the proper handling of the spent LIBs is essential to sustainable development in the industry of electrical vehicles. Among various approaches such as pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and direct recycling, the hydrometallurgical manner has gained interest in recycling the spent LIBs due to its high effectiveness in recycling raw materials (e.g., lithium, nickel, cobalt, and manganese). However, the hydrometallurgical process not only requires the use of large amounts of acids and water resources but also produces toxic gases and wastewater leading to environmental and economic problems, considering potential economic and environmental problems. Thus, this review aims to provide an overview of conventional and state-of-the-art hydrometallurgical processes to recover valuable metals from spent LIBs. First, we briefly introduce the basic principle and materials of LIBs. Then, we briefly introduce the operations and pros-and cons- of hydrometallurgical processes. Finally, this review proposes future research directions in hydrometallurgy, and its potential opportunities in the fundamental and practical challenges regarding its deployment going forward.

The global demand for raw lithium materials is rapidly increasing, accompanied by the demand for lithiumion batteries for next-generation mobility. The batch-type method, which selectively separates and concentrates lithium from seawater rich in reserves, could be an alternative to mining, which is limited owing to low extraction rates. Therefore, research on selectively separating and concentrating lithium using an electrodialysis technique, which is reported to have a recovery rate 100 times faster than the conventional methods, is actively being conducted. In this study, a lithium ion selective membrane is prepared using lithium lanthanum titanate, an oxide-based solid electrolyte material, to extract lithium from seawater, and a large-area membrane manufacturing process is conducted to extract a large amount of lithium per unit time. Through the developed manufacturing process, a large-area membrane with a diameter of approximately 20 mm and relative density of 96% or more is manufactured. The lithium extraction behavior from seawater is predicted by measuring the ionic conductivity of the membrane through electrochemical analysis.

수산화리튬(LiOH)에 대한 수요는 현재의 대안들에 비해 환경에 대한 효율성과 안전성 때문에 매년 증가하고 있 다. 리튬은 다른 염분과 염수 호수에서 발견될 수 있으며, 나중에 합성되어 다양한 용도로 LiOH를 생성한다. 리튬 이온을 분 리 및 회수하기 위해 다양한 방법이 사용되며, 그 중 가장 일반적인 방법은 전기투석법(ED)이다. ED는 이온을 한쪽에서 다 른 쪽으로 밀어내는 구동력으로서 그 층의 전위차에 작용하는 멤브레인 기반 분리 기술이다. ED의 이온교환막(IEM)은 유체 역학적 부피에 따라 상이한 이온의 선택성이 달라지기 때문에 공정을 효율적으로 만든다. 본 총설에서는 리튬이온의 회수를 향상시키기 위한 ED와 IEM의 서로 다른 변화 전략이 논의된다.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are powerful energy storage devices with several advantages, including high energy density, large voltage window, high cycling stability, and eco-friendliness. However, demand for ultrafast charge/discharge performance is increasing, and many improvements are needed in the electrode which contains the carbon-based active material. Among LIB electrode components, the conductive additive plays an important role, connecting the active materials and enhancing charge transfer within the electrode. This impacts electrical and ionic conductivity, electrical resistance, and the density of the electrode. Therefore, to increase ultrafast cycling performance by enhancing the electrical conductivity and density of the electrode, we complexed Ketjen black and graphene and applied conductive agents. This electrode, with the composite conductive additives, exhibited high electrical conductivity (12.11 S/cm), excellent high-rate performance (28.6 mAh/g at current density of 3,000 mA/g), and great long-term cycling stability at high current density (88.7 % after 500 cycles at current density of 3,000 mA/g). This excellent high-rate performance with cycling stability is attributed to the increased electrical conductivity, due to the increased amount of graphene, which has high intrinsic electrical conductivity, and the high density of the electrode.

Tin/graphite composites are prepared as anode materials for Li-ion batteries using a dry ball-milling process. The main experimental variables in this work are the ball milling time (0–8 h) and composition ratio (tin:graphite=5:95, 15:85, and 30:70 w/w) of graphite and tin powder. For comparison, a tin/graphite composite is prepared using wet ball milling. The morphology and structure of the different tin/graphite composites are investigated using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties of the samples are also examined. The optimal dry ball milling time for the uniform mixing of graphite and tin is 6 h in a graphite-30wt.%Sn sample. The electrode prepared from the composite that is dry-ballmilled for 6 h exhibits the best cycle performance (discharge capacity after 50th cycle: 308 mAh/g and capacity retention: 46%). The discharge capacity after the 50th cycle is approximately 112 mAh/g, higher than that when the electrode is composed of only graphite (196 mAh/g after 50th cycle). This result indicates that it is possible to manufacture a tin/graphite composite anode material that can effectively buffer the volume change that occurs during cycling, even using a simple dry ball-milling process.

In this study, multilayered SnO nanoparticles are prepared using oleylamine as a surfactant at 165oC. The physical and chemical properties of the multilayered SnO nanoparticles are determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Interestingly, when the multilayered SnO nanoparticles are heated at 400oC under argon for 2 h, they become more efficient anode materials, maintaining their morphology. Heat treatment of the multilayered SnO nanoparticles results in enhanced discharge capacities of up to 584 mAh/g in 70 cycles and cycle stability. These materials exhibit better coulombic efficiencies. Therefore, we believe that the heat treatment of multilayered SnO nanoparticles is a suitable approach to enable their application as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

The enhancement of heat transfer in cooling system of cylindrical lithium-ion battery pack is numerically investigated by installing fins on the cooling plate. Battery Design StudioⓇ software is used for modeling electro-chemical heat generation in the battery and the conjugated heat transfer is analyzed with the commercial package STAR-CCM+. The result shows that installing fins on the cooling plate increases the convective heat transfer on the surface and thus lowers the maximum temperature of the battery pack. As the length and thickness of the fins increase, heat transfer in the battery pack improves. Considering the geometry and airflow of the battery pack, the optimal values for the length and thickness of the fin are both 2mm. As the convective heat transfer coefficient of the surface increases, the maximum temperature of the battery pack is greatly reduced and the temperature gradient is greatly improved.

The effect of flow direction on heat transfer in water cooling channel of lithium-ion battery is numerically investigated. Battery Design StudioⓇ software is used for modeling electro-chemical heat generation in the battery and the conjugated heat transfer is analyzed with the commercial package STAR-CCM+. The result shows that the maximum temperature and temperature difference of battery with Type 1 are the lowest because the heat transfer in the entrance region near the electrode is enhanced. As the inlet velocity is increased, the maximum temperature and temperature difference of battery decreases but the pressure loss increases. The pressure loss in Type 2 channel is the lowest due to the shortest channel length, while the pressure loss with Type 3 or 4 channel is the highest because of the longest channel length. Considering heat transfer performance and pressure loss, Type 1 is the best cooling channel.

리튬 이온 전지의 양극과 음극 사이에 물리적인 층을 만들어주는 분리막은 분리막의 품질에 따라 리튬 이온 전지의 성능을 결정함에 따라 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 일반적으로 전기화학적 안정성과 적절한 역학적 강도를 갖고 있는 폴리에 틸렌과 폴리프로필렌으로 구성된 다공성 막이 리튬 이온 전지의 분리막으로 사용된다. 하지만 폴리에틸렌과 폴리프로필렌의 낮은 열 저항성과 젖음성으로 인해 리튬 이온 전지의 잠재력을 충분히 끌어내지 못한다. 녹는점 이상의 온도에 도달하게 되면 분리막의 구조가 변형되고 리튬 이온 전지는 단락된다. 분리막의 낮은 젖음성은 낮은 이온전도도와 부합하고, 이는 전지의 저항을 상승시킨다. 이러한 폴리에틸렌과 폴리프로필렌 분리막의 단점을 극복하고자 이중 전기방사방법, 코팅 층 도포 방법, 코어 셸 구조 형성 방법, 제지법 등 여러 가지 방법들이 연구되었다. 언급된 방법들로 합성된 분리막들은 열 저항성과 젖음성이 크게 향상되었고 유연성과 인장 강도 같은 역학적 특성도 향상되었다. 본 리뷰 논문에는 각기 다른 방법으로 형성된 리튬 이온 전지의 분리막에 대해서 다루고 있다.