Identifying the water circulation status is one of the indispensable processes for watershed management in an urban area. Recently, various water circulation models have been developed to simulate the water circulation, but it takes a lot of time and cost to make a water circulation model that could adapt the characteristics of the watershed. This paper aims to develop a water circulation state estimation model that could easily calculate the status of water circulation in an urban watershed by using multiple linear regression analysis. The study watershed is a watershed in Seoul that applied the impermeable area ratio in 1962 and 2000. And, It was divided into 73 watersheds in order to consider changes in water circulation status according to the urban characteristic factors. The input data of the SHER(Similar Hydrologic Element Response) model, a water circulation model, were used as data for the urban characteristic factors of each watershed. A total of seven factors were considered as urban characteristic factors. Those factors included annual precipitation, watershed area, average land-surface slope, impervious surface ratio, coefficient of saturated permeability, hydraulic gradient of groundwater surface, and length of contact line with downstream block. With significance probabilities (or p-values) of 0.05 and below, all five models showed significant results in estimating the water circulation status such as the surface runoff rate and the evapotranspiration rate. The model that was applied all seven urban characteristics factors, can calculate the most similar results such as the existing water circulation model. The water circulation estimation model developed in this study is not only useful to simply estimate the water circulation status of ungauged watersheds but can also provide data for parameter calibration and validation.

Water cycle within the human civilization has become important with urbanization. To date, water cycle in the eco-system has been the focus in identifying the degree of water cycle in cities, but in practicality, water cycle within the human civilization system is taking on an increasing importance. While in recent years plans to reuse water have been implemented to restore water cycle in cities, the effect that such reuse has on the entire water cycle system has not been analyzed. The analysis on the effect that water reuse has on urban areas needs to be go beyond measuring the cost-savings and look at the changes brought about in the entire city’s water cycle system. This study uses a SWAT model and water balance analysis to review the effects that water reuse has on changes occurring in the urban water cycle system by linking the water cycle within the eco-system with that within the human civilization system. The SWAT model to calculate the components of water cycle in the human civilization system showed that similar to measured data, the daily changes and accumulative data can be simulated. When the amount of water reuse increases in urban areas, the surface outflow, amount of sewer discharge and the discharged amount from sewage treatment plants decrease, leading to a change in water cycle within our human civilization system. The determinant coefficients for reduced surface outflow amount and reduced sewer discharge were 0.9164 and 0.9892, respectively, while the determinant coefficient for reduced discharge of sewage treatment plants was 0.9988. This indicates that with an increase in water reuse, surface flow, sewage and discharge from sewage treatment plants all saw a linear reduction.

This study was carried out to analyze water cycle characteristics and evaluate water retention function in Jeju Gotjawal forest from 2013 to 2017. The average ratio of throughfall, stemflow, interception loss in Seonhul Gotjawal (SH) and Cheongsu Gotjawal (CS) was 43.1%, 15.8%, and 41.1%, respectively. Rainfall-throughfall, rainfall-stemflow, and rainfall-interception loss were expressed as linear regression equation (p<0.001). The comparison results showed that SH was higher than CS (p<0.05), indicating that the canopy area had an important effect on the difference in stand structure. The average water resources retention rate of the Gotjawal region was 41.9%, which is similar to the total water resources retention rate (40.6%) of Jeju Special Self-Governing Province (JSSGP). Currently, the development of Gotjawal is in progress in JSSGP. The development of Gotjawal will lead to a decrease in the water resources retention rate due to changes in the surface environment such as an increase in impervious areas, which will affect the total groundwater content of JSSGP. Therefore, the conservation of the Gotjawal area is judged to be very important from the point of view of water conservation.

This study was performed to analyze the effects of a water circulation green area plan on non-point source pollution in Gimhae South Korea. A quantitative analysis of Arc-GIS data was conducted by applying a watershed model based on Fortran to investigate the changes to direct runoff and pollution load. Results showed that prior to the implementation of the water circulation green area plan in Gimhae, direct runoff was 444.05 m3/year, total biological oxygen demand (BOD) pollution load was 21,696 kg/year, and total phosphorus (TP) pollution load was 1,743 kg/year. Implementation of the development plan was found to reduce direct runoff by 2.27%, BOD pollution load by 1.16% and TP pollution load by 0.19% annually. The reduction in direct runoff and non-point source pollution were attributed to improvements in the design of impermeable layers within the city.

Urbanization can be significantly affected the hydrologic cycle by increasing flood discharge and heat flux. In order to mitigate these modifications in urban areas, Low Impact Development (LID) technique has been designed and applied in Korea. In order to estimate runoff reduction rate using SWMM LID model, the characteristics of five LID techniques was firstly analyzed for water balance. Vegetated swale and green roof were not reduce flood discharge nor infiltration amount. On the other hand, porous pavement and infiltration trench were captured by infiltration function. The flood reduction rate with LID is substantially affected by their structures and properties, e.g., the percentage of the area installed with LID components and the percentage of the drainage area of the LID components.

도시화 및 기후변화에 의한 물순환 특성의 변동 분석을 도시지역별로 평가하고 특성이 유사한 지역별로 대상 집단을 분류하여 낙동강 유역 내 도시 지역을 도시화 및 기후의 변화로 발생되는 유사 특성을 나타내는 지역별로 그룹화하였다. 본 연구는 도시화에 따른 불투수면적의 증가에 따른 물순환 변동의 특성을 분석하기 위하여 낙동강 유역을 대상으로 1975년, 1990년, 2009년의 토지이용도 자료를 수집하였다. 또한 기후변화의 영향을 고려하기 위하여 기상청에서 제공하는 AR5 시나리오 기반의 RCP 8.5 시나리오를 선정하였다. 낙동강 유역 내 지역별 물순환 변동 지수를 산정하기 위하여 SWAT 모형을 구축하여 토지이용시나리오 및 기후변화 시나리오를 적용함으로써 소유역별 발생되는 물순환 결과를 도출하였다. 낙동강 유역은 표준단위유역을 기준으로 145개 소유역으로 분할하였으며, 산정된 물순환 결과 및 토지피복별 변화 정도의 결과를 이용하여 군집분석의 입력자료로 활용하였다. 물순환 및 토지피복별 변화 정도를 면적대비 변화율로 정의하여 지수를 도출하고 지수 간의 Spearman's rank-order 상관분석을 통하여 상관분석을 실시하였다. 지수 간 상관 정도가 높은 지역별 지수를 군집분석 기법 중 k-means clustering analysis 기법에 적용하여 145개 소유역에 대하여 3 가지 cluster로 분류하였다. cluster1의 경우는 도시화의 증가율이 비교적 적은 지역으로 산림 및 농지가 대부분을 차지하였고, cluster2는 도시화 진행 정도가 5 % 미만인 지역이며, cluster3은 도시화가 5 % 이상으로 면적 대비 증가율이 비교적 크고 산림 및 농지의 면적의 비율이 작은 지역으로 분류되었다. 유역 내 도시 단위별 도시화 및 기후변화에 따른 물순환 특성의 변동이 유사한 지역으로 군집화 함으로써 수자원 개발 또는 도시 개발 계획 시 유사한 지역의 사례를 통한 기초 조사·분석에 활용이 가능하다.

본 연구는 태화강을 비롯한 동천, 회야강 및 청량천 등 울산의 주요 하천유역을 대상으로 최근 한국건설기술연구원이 개발한 CAT모형을 이용하여 물순환 분석을 실시하였다. CAT모형의 적용을 위해 태화강은 25개, 동천은 11개, 회야강 은 17개 그리고 청량천은 5개의 소유역으로 분할하여 유출기여유역과 함양유역으로 구분하는 개념을 적용하였다. 대상 유역에서 1975년도와 2008년에 실측된 강우량과 토지이용도 변화 등의 수문자료를 이용하여 물순환 분석을 실시한 결 과, 4개 하천유역 모두에서 도시화에 따른 불투수 면적의 증가로 인해 표면유출은 중가하고 중간유출은 감소하는 것으 로 나타났다. 태화강과 태화강의 지천인 동천유역의 표면유출 증가는 1.7%와 2.4%로서 비교적 적고, 회야강과 청량천은 3.2%와 7.7%로 증가폭이 큰 것은 유역의 개발에 따른 도시화율 증가의 정도를 잘 반영하는 것으로 분석되었다

본 연구에서는 안양천 유역에 대해 HSPF 모형을 구축하고 중유역과 전체유역의 물순환 현황 및 BOD 부하량을 정량적으로 파악하였다. 모형을 구축하기 위해 HSPF모형의 수량 및 BOD 농도에 대한 민감도 분석을 수행하여 매개변수를 선택하였다. 또한 다양한 특성을 갖고 있는 안양천 유역을 토지이용, 경사도 및 사용한 기상자료 등에 따라 4개 지역으로 구분하여 검 보정을 실시하여 정확도를 향상시켰다. 물순환 모의 결과 하류로 갈수록 도시화 비율이 높으며