Mulberry fruit is a superior source of polyphenols, especially anthocyanin, and has a long history of use as an edible fruit and traditional medicine. The anthocyanin composition of mulberry fruit from 15 Korean cultivars was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector with quadrupole time of flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-QToF/MS) based on a cyanin internal standard. The four glycosides were identified by comparison with authentic standards and published reports. The major anthocyanin was cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (71.7%), followed by cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (26.6%). The minor components (total of 1.7%) were pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside and pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside. The total anthocyanin content (mg/100 g, dry weight) of mulberry fruit varied by cultivar and ranged from 471.5±4.0 (Su Hong) to 4,700.2±54.0 (Gwa Sang2). Among the 15 cultivars examined, Gwa Sang2 showed the highest level of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (3,133.4±32.6), which was 9-fold higher than that of Su Hong (351.5±3.4). In conclusion, anthocyanin profiles, including pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside and pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside, were reported for the first time from 15 Korean mulberry fruit cultivars. The results will contribute valuable information on pharmaceutical properties, breeding superior mulberry cultivars, and food industries.

This study investigated the changes in the cyanogenic glycoside (CN-Glc) content of maesil chung (MC) prepared according to its preparation conditions (i.e., maesil part, sugar type, maesil-sugar mixing ratio, liquid separation) and sugaring-ripening period and the quality characteristics of their products finalized through filtration and heat treatment (85oC, 30 min) with the 6-month ripened MC. The CN-Glc content dramatically decreased when the maesil flesh, isomaltooligosaccharide, maesil:sugar ratio of 5:5, and liquid separation after the 4-month sugaring were applied to the MC production. The CN-Glc content decreased with the ripening period. There was no effect of filtration and heat treatment on the CN-Glc reduction of the MC product. The sugar type predominantly affected the soluble solid and total carbohydrate content of the MC products, and their contents increased in the order of high-fructose corn syrup > sucrose > isomaltooligosaccharide. The MC product at a maesil:sugar ratio of 6:4 exhibited the higher organic acid content. There was no direct association between the total polyphenolic compound content and the preparation conditions of the MC product. Overall, the use of maesil flesh as a maesil ingredient and more than 6-month ripening after liquid separation may be a pivotal factor in producing the cyanogenic glycoside-reduced maesil chung.

The objective of this study was to investigate changes in the cyanogenic glycoside (CN-Glc) content of apricot and plum chungs over the sugaring-ripening period and to evaluate their quality characteristics. The whole and flesh parts of the apricot and plum were mixed with sugar to a mixing ratio of 1:1 (w/w) to prepare their chungs, after which the fruit-sugar mixtures were stored for 13 months. The CN-Glc content dramatically increased within 3-4 months, reached the maximum, and gradually decreased over storage by 13 months. The apricot and plum chungs with seeds exhibited much higher CN-Glc contents than those without seeds. All chungs stored for 10 months were filtrated and treated for 30 min at 85oC to measure their quality characteristics. Similar soluble solid contents (53.4- 53.6oBx) were found in all chungs. The apricot and plum chungs without seeds exhibited the higher concentrations of total carbohydrate, organic acid, and total polyphenolic compounds than those with seeds. In addition, the color of the apricot and plum chungs without seeds was darker and deeper yellow than those with seeds. Overall, the apricot and plum flesh may be better for producing the stone fruit chungs with minimal CN-Glc content and better nutrition.

In order to compare the suppressive effect of quercetin and several its glycosides, such as quercitrin (quercetin-3-rhamnoside), isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-gluooside), hyperin (quercetin-3-galactoside) and rutin (quercetin-3-rhamnosyl glucoside), on the genotoxicity by Nmethyl-N-nitrosourea(MNU), in vitro sister chromatid exchange(SCE) test using mouse spleen lymphocytes and in viuo micronucleus test using mouse peripheral blood were performed. MNU-indured SCEs in vitro were not decreased by the simultaneous treatment of teat compounds. Among them, quercetin and hyperin showed significant suppressive effects at high dose(10^(-5)M). On the other hand, MNU-induced micronucleated reticulocytes(MNRETs) in vivo were aignificantly decreased with good dose-dependent manner in all compounds tested. However, there were not significant differences between quercetin aglycone and its glycosides in the suppressive effects under experimental condition of this study. These results suggest that both of queroetin aglycone and its glycosides may act as an antigenotoxic agent in vivo and may be useful as a chemopreventive agent of alkylating agent.

Background: Rehmannia glutinosa is a perennial herb belonging to the family Scrophulariaceae. Its roots have been utilized as a traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to elucidate the basic information of the roots of the R. glutinosa cultivars and their utilization. Methods and Results: The roots of R. glutinosa cultivars were harvested in the end of March. The two iridoid glycosides, aucubin and catalpol, were analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), whereas γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The aucubin content was the highest in the Dakang cultivar, whereas no aucubin was detected in the five cultivars. All cultivars had more than 12 ㎎/g catalpol content, and the maximum catalpol content was found in Jihwang 1. The GABA content was the highest in Suwon 1, and it was 40 times more than that in the Yeongang cultivar. Conclusions: The highest aucubin, catapol and GABA contents were detected in the Dakang, Jihwang 1, and Suwon 1, cultivars respectively. This study provides the crucial information regarding the versatile utilization and pedigree selection of R. glutinosa cultivars.

Flavonols as a major kind of plant secondary metabolites are known for health-promoting compounds in onions (Allium cepa L.). The objectives of this study are to determine profiles of flavonol glycosides in different 75 onion accessions. A total of five flavonols (quercetin 3,4'- diglucoside, Q34'diG; quercetin 3-glucoside, Q3G; quercetin 4'-glucoside, Q4'G; isorhamnetin 4'-glucoside, I4'G; quercetin, Q) were identified from onion accessions. In positive ion mode using LC-ESI-MS, individual flavonols were confirmed from one and two glycosylation binding with aglycone such as quercetin and isorhamnetin. Total flavonol contents were distributed in white onion (range of 0.18-6.47 mg/g DW) and purple onion accessions (range of 2.39-6.47 mg/g), respectively. The mean of flavonol contents in purple onion (4.41 mg/g) showed 1.4-fold higher than white onion (3.23 mg/g). The Q34'diG and Q4'G were considered as the major compounds of flavonol glycosides in onion accessions.

In this study, kaempferol and its rhamnosides (α-rhamnoisorobin, afzelin, kaempferitrin) were isolated electively by bioconversion technology from Hibiscus cannabinus L. leaves to evaluate the anti-wrinkles effects and anti-microbial effects. In order to evaluate anti-wrinkles activity, reduction of expression matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) protein and proliferation/ pro-collagen production were investigated. Kaempferol and α-rhamnoisorobin showed inhibition activity of MMP-1 generated to compared to positive control. In HaCaT cell proliferation assay, kaempferol and α-rhamnoisorobin significantly promoted cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, procollagen synthesis assays (by HDF-N cell) showd that TGF-β induced procollagen production and also, all four kinds of experimental significantly promoted procollagen synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner. Kaempferol and α-rhamnoisorobin exhibited strong antimicrobial activities on five of microbes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger.

This research was attempted to determine the composition of flavone glycosides (luteolin 7-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-glucuronide, linarin) in addition to luteolin simultaneously in aerial part of Youngia japonica (Compositae) by high-performance liquid chromatography. The MeOH extract was further fractionated into the three parts, CHCl3 fraction, EtOAc fraction and BuOH fraction, to investigate the contents of the four flavones in the three fractions. The content of luteolin 7-O-glucuronide (10.07 mg/g) was highest in the MeOH extract among those of the flavones. These four compounds were observed to be less than 1.0 mg/g in CHCl3- and EtOAc fractions but relatively high in BuOH fraction.

In this study, to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of kaempferol and its rhamnosides isolated from Hibiscus cannabinus L. leaves, we investigated UVB-induced inhibitory effects on inflammatory reaction by measuring the cytokine as the prostaglandin (PGE2), interleukine-6 (IL-6) and interleukine-8 (IL-8). We investigated the inhibitory effects of kaempferol and its rhamnosides on TARC (thymus and activation-regulated chemokine) and PGE2. Kaempferol and α-rhamnoisorobin showed inhibition activity of TARC generated to compared to positive control. Kaempferol, α-rhamnoisorobin and afzelin Inhibited the release of PGE2. Also, only kaempferol significantly inhibited interleukine-6 (IL-6), interleukine-8 (IL-8) among UVB-induced inflammatory cytokine.

본 연구에서는 조직배양을 통해 은행나무 잎으로부터 캘러스를 유도하였고, 최대 생장량과 항산화능이 우수한 배양조건을 확립하였다. 즉, 은행잎을 이용하여 조직배양한 결과 암과 광조건에서 모두 NAA 첨가 조건이 2,4-D 첨가 조건에 비교하여 양호한 캘러스 생장을 나타냈다. 가장 우수한 캘러스 생장을 나타낸 배양조건은 광조건의 10 μm NAA와 5 μm kinetin의 조합 처리시였다. 따라서 현탁배양에서 캘러스의 지속적인 유지를 위한 효과적인 생장조절제는 10 μm NAA/0.5 μm BA, 10 μm NAA/0.5 μm kinetin으로 나타났다. 또한 은행잎 유래 캘러스 추출물의 항산화능은 광조건에서 10 μm NAA가 처리된 기본 MS배지에 캘러스를 현탁 배양하였을 때 가장 높게 나타났다. HPLC를 통한 flavonol glycosides를 분석한 결과 10 μm NAA가 처리된 조건에서 현탁 배양된 녹색 캘러스에서 quercetin dehydrate와 keamperol이 각각 0.556, 0.157 μg/20 μl 검출되었다. 잎 추출물에 비해 표적물질을 제외한 불순물이 적어 표적물질의 순수생산이 가능할 것으로 기대되며, 특히 keamperol의 경우 기존의 연구보고에 비해 약 7배 높은 함량이 검출되었다.