산악 지역에 설치된 송전탑은 경사를 따라 부는 바람을 받으므로 수평방향 풍하중뿐만 아니라 수직방향 풍하중을 동시에 받 는다. 이에 본 연구에서는 1:25 축척 모델을 사용한 풍동 실험을 통하여 수직 경사풍에서의 송전 철탑의 풍하중을 측정하였다. 풍동실 험 결과를 보면, 수직력과 경사각 사이에 선형적인 관계인 것으로 나타났다. 수직 경사각이 ±30°일 때 수평 공기력은 7% 감소했지만 수직 공기력은 39% 증가하였다. 기존 IEC-60826 설계 기준은 수평풍에 의한 공기력 측정 결과와 잘 일치하였지만, 수직 경사풍 효과 를 효과적으로 반영하지 못하는 한계가 있다. 본 연구의 결과에서 산악 지형의 송전철탑 내풍 설계시에 수평풍 뿐만 아니라 경사풍의 영향도 고려할 필요가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

Piloti-type structures with vertical irregularity are vulnerable to earthquakes due to the soft structure of the first story. Structural characteristics of buildings can significantly affect the seismic loss function, calculated based on seismic fragility, and therefore need to be considered. This study investigated the effects of the number of stories and core locations on the seismic loss function of piloti-type buildings in Korea. Twelve analytical models were developed considering two variations: three stories (4-story, 5-story, and 6-story) and four core locations (center core, x-eccentric core, y-eccentric core, and xy-eccentric core). The interstory drift ratio and peak floor acceleration were assessed through incremental dynamic analysis using 44 earthquake records, and seismic fragility was derived. Seismic loss functions were calculated and compared using the derived seismic fragility and repair cost ratio of each component. The results indicate that the seismic loss function increases with more stories and when the core is eccentrically located in the piloti-type structure model. Therefore, the uncertainty due to the number of stories and core location should be considered when deriving the seismic loss function of piloti-type structures.

In this study, we investigated the vertical distribution and vascular plants on Joryeongsan Mountain in Baekdudaegan, Korea. The results of four field surveys from April to September 2023 identified a total of 552 taxa, representing 491 species, ten subspecies, 43 varieties, six forms, and two hybrids in 314 genera and 101 families. The elevational distribution ranges of 360 taxa of vascular plants were also identified. Among them, 19 taxa were endemic to Korea, and two taxa were rare plants. The floristic target plants amounted to 100 taxa, specifically two taxa of grade V, seven taxa of grade IV, 25 taxa of grade III, 33 taxa of grade II, and 33 taxa of grade I. Seventy-eight taxa were northern lineage plants. In all, 29 taxa of alien plants were recorded in the investigated area, with a naturalized index of 5.3% and an urbanization index of 7.4%. Two plants disturbed the ecosystem. Species richness along the elevation showed a reversed doublehump shape with peaks at low, mid, and high elevations. The results of a cluster analysis showed a high degree of similarity between adjacent elevation sections, except in lowlands. Detrended Correspondence Analysis ordination also supported distinct groups by elevation. Warmth index values ranged from 62.1ºC·month to 92.9ºC·month on Joryeongsan Mountain. Our results provide primary data on vascular plants and valuable information on the current distribution ranges of plant species on Joryeongsan Mountain. These data could serve as a baseline for comparing species shifts at elevations under future climate changes.

본 논문은 조선시대의 대표적인 중층 목구조인 공주 마곡사 대웅보전에 대하여 수직하중에 대한 구조성능을 평가하였다. 구조해석 소프트웨어인 midas Gen으로 실물과 근접하게 해석모델을 3차원으로 구축하였다. 정적해석으로 수직하중에 대한 주요 수직 및 수평 부재의 안전성과 사용성을 평가하였다. 모든 부재가 안전성과 사용성 기준을 만족하였으나, 하층 대량은 전이보 역할로 구조적 취약 점이 나타나 개선의 필요가 있다. 동적거동특성 평가를 위한 고유치해석시 주요 접합부의 상대회전강성은 5%로 가정하였다. 고유주 기는 1.105초로 비슷한 규모의 한옥 범주에 속하고 있으며, 1차 모드는 건물 전후방향의 병진운동으로 나타났다.

This study aimed to investigate the growth and phenol content changes of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) under five different light intensities and photoperiods, maintaining the same Daily Light Integral (DLI) conditions in a plant factory. Basil seeds were sown on a rockwool medium for four weeks and then transplanted. To maintain a DLI 17mol·m-2·d-1, light intensity and photoperiod were set at 16h-295, 18h-260, 20h-235, 22h-215, and 24h-200μ mol·m-2·s-1 and cultivated for four weeks. The harvested results showed that basil plant height, number of lateral branches, and leaf number tended to decrease from the 16h-295 treatment to the 24h-200 treatment. Shoot fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area, leaf width, and leaf length were significantly higher in the 18 h-260 treatment. The total phenolic contents in the 18h-260 treatment was significantly higher by 51.3%, 172.7%, 111%, and 119.7% compared to the 16h-295, 20h-235, 22h-215, and 24h-200 treatments, respectively. Therefore, it is anticipated that cultivating basil under the condition of 18h-260 treatment could yield enhanced growth quality and an increase in total phenolic contents.

In piping systems, trapeze hangers are subjected to vertical and horizontal seismic loads and stiffeners are used. In this study, monotonic compression tests were conducted with the removable stiffeners using three variables: stiffener clamp fixing position, section length, and installation direction. The maximum load reinforced with stiffeners could withstand a compressive load of 11kN by applying a safety factor of 10%. It could be estimated that the fixing clamp spacing or the length of shape and load had a proportional relationship. And the stiffener must be fixed in the direction of the strong axis on hinge parts. Also the stiffener buckiling load design proposes to use a method of calculate the flexural buckling compressive strength of and unreinforced full threaded bolt.

This study was conducted to apply with an air duct for the cooling and a utilizing cultivating method that uses the fruiting node and the defoliation to the high-temperature vertical and hydroponic cultivation of the oriental melon. The lower fruiting node (LF) was to remove all third vines generated from 5 nodes of a secondary vine. The higher fruiting node (HF) was fruiting on the third vine generated from a first node of the third vine. The direction of the stem string; upward (UW), downward (DW). Four treatment conditions were applied with the LF-UW, LF-DW, HF-UW (control), and HF-DW. The leaf age of melon leaves was measured for photosynthesis at 3 days intervals, and the fruit characteristic was conducted on 79 fruits in each treatment. The photosynthesis rate steadily increased after leaf development, reaching 20.8 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1 on the 10 days, gradually increasing to 21.3 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1 on the 19 days, and reaching 23.4 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1 on the 32 days. After that, it lowered to 16.8 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1 on the 38 days and dropped significantly to 7.6 μmol CO2·m-2·s-1 on the 47 days. As a result of the fruit characteristics by fruiting nodes, the treatments of the fruit length was 12.6-13.4 cm, respectively, which was significant, and the fruit width was 7.9- 8.6 cm, respectively, was not significant. The soluble content ranged from 12.9 to 15.7°Brix, and the significance of all treatments, and higher than of LF-DW and HF-UW. The photosynthesis rate of melon leaves was good until 32 days after leaf development, but after that, the rate decreased. As for fruit quality, it was conformed that melons can be cultivated at the LF because the fruit enlargement and soluble content dose not decrease even when set at the LF. Results indicated that those can be used for LF and defoliation in the development of vertical and hydroponic cultivation method in high-temperature season.

This study was conducted to investigate the vertical distribution and vascular plants in the Gakho mountain. Form the results of three field surveys from May 2022 to September 2022, a total of 478 total taxa, representing 426 species, 11 subspecies, 35 varieties, four forms, and two hybrids were identified, which were categorized in 282 genera and 94 families. We identified the elevational distribution ranges of 398 taxa of vascular plants. Among them, 19 taxa were endemic to Korea, one taxon was identified as a rare plant. The floristic target plants amounted to 72 taxa, specifically two taxa of grade V, two taxa of grade IV, 16 taxa of grade III, 27 taxa of grade II, and 25 taxa of grade I. Further, 71 taxa were identified as northern lineage plants. A total of 19 taxa of alien plants were identified, with a Naturalized Index of 4.0%, an Urbanization Index of 6.6%, and three plants that disturbed the ecosystem. The result of analyzing the pattern of species richness showed a reversed hump shape with minimum richness at midhigh elevation. A cluster analysis showed a high degree of similarity between adjacent elevation sections that are geographically adjacent with similar habitat environments. Warmth index in the Gakho mountain ranged from 57.2°C · month to 84.2°C · month. Our results provide basic data on vascular plants and valuable information on elevational distribution ranges of current plant species in the Gakho mountain, which could serve as a baseline for comparison of the shifts in elevation under future climate change.

The paper introduces an experimental program for the newly developed vertical joints between Precast Concrete (PC) walls to improve their in-plane shear capacity. Compared to the existing vertical joints, two types of vertical joints were developed by increasing the transverse reinforcement ratio and improving frictional force at the joint interface. A total of four specimens including the Reinforced Concrete (RC) wall and PC walls with developed vertical joints were designed and constructed. The constructed specimens were experimentally investigated through monotonic shear tests. The observed damage, load-deformation relationship, strain and strength are investigated and compared with the cases of RC wall specimen. Experimental results indicate that the maximum force and initial stiffness of the PC wall with proposed vertical joints were decreased by comparing with those of RC wall. However, the ultimate displacement increased by up to 217.30% compared to the RC wall specimen. In addition, brittle failure did not occurred and relatively few cracks and damages occurred.

본 연구는 환경측정용 센서 위치에 따른 온실 환경의 공간· 수직적 특성을 조사하고 온실 종류에 따른 온도, 광도 및 CO2 농도 간의 상관관계를 구명하고자 수행하였다. 벤로형 온실의 공간적인 5지점을 선정한 후 각 지점에서 대표적 작물의 수 직적 높이 4지점과 지면부, 지붕 공간에 온도, 상대습도, CO2, 엽온 및 광센서를 설치하였다. 벤로형 온실과 반밀폐형 온실 에서 온도, 광도 및 CO2 농도 변화의 관계성을 Curve Expert Professional 프로그램을 이용하여 비교하였다. 벤로형 온실 의 공간적 위치에 따른 편차는 CO2 농도가 다른 요인보다 큰 것으로 나타났다. CO2 농도는 평균 465－761μmol·mol-1 범 위였고, 편차가 가장 큰 시간대는 오후 5시였으며, 최고 농도 는 액화 탄산가스 공급장치의 메인 배관(50∅)과 가까운 위치 인 중앙 후부(Middle End, 4ME)에서 646μmol·mol-1, 최저 농도는 좌측 중앙(Left Middle, 5LM)에서 436μmol·mol-1이 었다. 수직적 위치에 따른 편차는 온도와 상대습도가 다른 요 인보다 큰 것으로 나타났다. 평균 기온의 편차가 가장 큰 시간 대는 오후 2시대이며, 최고 기온은 작물 위 공기층(Upper Air, UA)에서 26.51℃, 최저 기온은 작물의 하단부(Lower Canopy, LC)에서 25.62℃였다. 평균 상대습도의 편차가 가장 큰 시간 대는 오후 1시대로 나타났으며, 최고 습도는 LC에서 76.90%, 최저 습도는 UA에서 71.74%이다. 각 시간대에 평균 CO2 농 도가 가장 높은 수직적 위치는 지붕 공간 공기층(Roof Air, RF)과 시설 내 지면(Ground, GD)이었다. 온실 내 온도, 광도 및 CO2 농도의 관계성은 반밀폐형 온실의 경우 결정계수(r2) 가 0.07, 벤로형 온실은 0.66이었다. 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 온실 내 CO2 농도는 공간적 분포, 온도와 습도는 작물의 수직 적 분포 차이를 측정하여 분석할 필요가 있고 환기율이 낮은 반밀폐형 온실의 경우 목표 CO2 시비 농도가 일반 온실과 다 르게 설정해야 할 것으로 판단된다.

Middle size of membrane retractable roof is under 25m span which consists of various moving systems. Sliding carriage is the system that leads the membrane to parking place, transferring the load from the membrane to structural cable. When membrane moves roof, thus, structural behavior of sliding carriage, which may contain various shapes with friction coefficients, should be investigated by vertical load as well as horizontal load. Nummerical simulation of sliding carriage prototypes, in this research, were performed by incrementation of vertical load and horizontal load as well. Consequently, this paper evaluated proper shapes of inner holder of Sliding carriage and evaluated the effective contact area of inner hold.

본 연구는 공공도서관에 조성된 수직정원의 이용자 만족도와 선호도를 조사하여 관리방향을 제시하기 위하여 수행되었다. 이용후평가 방법을 적용하여 수직정원의 효과, 선호도, 이용행태 및 관리 등에 대하여 이용자 80명의 자료를 수집하였다. 도서관의 이용빈도가 높고 체류시간이 길며 학습과 독서의 목적으로 도서관을 이용하고 있으며 도서관 환경에 대한 만족도가 높다. 특히 정서적 안정감, 쾌적성, 안전성 등이 도서관 환경의 만족도를 결정하는 중요한 요인이 된다. 수직정원의 구성요소 및 종합만족도가 높으며 종합만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인은 설치 규모와 관리 상태이다. 수직정원의 조성으로 도서관의 이용 횟수가 증가하며 도서관 이용에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 평가하였다. 수직정원의 관리 주체는 공공을 선호하였으며 관리에 일부 참여의사를 가지고 있다. 도서관의 수직정원은 환경 개선효과 측면에서 만족도가 높고 정서적 측면에서 향상의 효과가 있어서 도서관 이용에 긍정적인 영향을 미치고 있다. 수직정원의 실효성과 도서관 이용활성화 측면에서 지속적인 관리가 이루어져야 한다. 이를 위해 유지관리의 예산과 이용자의 참여 유도를 위한 장기적인 계획 수립이 요구된다. 또한 IoT 기반의 스마트 유지관리기술을 접목하는 것도 관리 효율 향상에 도움이 될 것이다.