목 적 : 후방십자인대는 무릎 관절의 안정화를 위한 중요한 인대로 인체의 균형을 유지하는데 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 연구에서는 후방십자인대의 해부학적 구조에 따라 사방향 관상면 영상과 이중 사방향 시상면 영상을 획득하여 그 유용성을 평가하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 2016년 12월부터 2017년 1월까지 환자 20명을 대상으로 검사하였고 SIEMENS사의 Skyra 3.0T에서 knee coil을 사용하였다. 검사 방법은 T2 COR, PD SAG을 획득하고 원위부 후방십자인대의 해부학적 구조를 고려한 PD OBL COR과 전체적인 구조를 고려한 PD Dual OBL SAG을 획득하였다. PCL의 관상면 비교를 위하여 밑단점의 길이와 폭을 측정하여 비교하였고, 시상면 평가를 위하여 기시점, 중간지점, 밑단점을 측정하여 비교하였다. 측정결과를 Mann-Whitney 방법을 사용하여 통계적 유의성을 검정하였다. 정성적 방법은 기존의 관상면, 시상면 영상과 사방향 관상면, 이중 사방향 시상면 영상에서 후방십자인대를 비교하여 미흡, 대등, 우월 세 단계로 평가하였다. 결 과 : 검사를 진행한 결과 기존 관상면 영상보다 사방향 관상면 영상에서 원위부 후방십자인대의 길이는4 7.9%, 폭 14.9% 증가하였고, 기존 시상면 영상보다 이중 사방향 시상면 영상에서 기시점 19.8%, 중간지점 18.3%, 끝단점 33%의 증가된 것 으로 측정되었다. 결 론 : 사방향 관상면 영상과 이중 사방향 시상면 영상 모두 기존 영상보다 우월한 영상 검사방법으로 평가되었다. 이에 슬 관절 후방십자인대의 해부학적 관찰에는 기존 검사 방법에 사방향 관상면 영상 검사와 이중 사방향 시상면 영상 검사를 병 행하는 것이 유용할 것으로 사료된다.

In the Korean fashion industry, 3D printing systems are considered as new technology and a new opportunity. With 3D printers, consumers can be manufacturers and individuals can develop businesses with little upfront capital. In this study, a dress form for the typical Korean women’s body shape was developed using 3D technology (3D scanning, 3D modeling, and 3D printing). Ten women with apparel sizes 85-91-160 were selected from 3D body-scan data collected by SizeKorea of 201 women aged 25 to 34 (2010). First, 15 horizontal cross-sections were collected from the 3D scan data of the 10 subjects. Then, inside lines of those cross-sections were drawn at 15-degree intervals, and the lengths were measured. The average of the inside lines was connected to the internal spline curve, and the curves were used as the average cross-sections. The average torso body and the dress form of Korean women were developed into a 3D solid model using a 3D CAD program (Solidworks 2012). An output mockup was printed by the FDM type’s 3D printing system (Bonbot 1200, Bonbot 3-H4) using PLA material. The dimensions comparing the 3D solid modeling to the 3D printed mockup of the dress form were measured, and minor differences were between 0.00cm and 0.40cm. In the future, 3D printing systems are expected to be in use for various personalized dress forms.

Human β- defensin-2 (hBD-2) is an antimicrobial peptide which is produced by epithelial cells after stimulation with microorganisms or inflammatory mediators. However, little is known as to whether the LPS and nicotine induces the expression of hBD-2 in periodontal l igament (PDL) cells. T he p urpose o f this s tudy was t o investigate t he r oles o f MAPKs pathway o f nicotine a nd L PS-induced hBD-2 expression in PDL cells. The maximal expression of hBD-2 was observed in nicotine 5 mM and LPS 1 μg/ml treated PDL cells. Nicotine and LPS induced the phosphorylation of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 and 2 (JNK1/2), and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) MAPK. ERK1/2 inhibitor SB203580, p38 inhibitor PD98059, and JNK inhibitor SP600125, blocked the effects of nicotine and LPS on hBD-2 upregulation in PDL cells. These results collectively suggest that hBD-2 is up-regulated in nicotine and LPS-treated PDL cells through activation of p38, ERK and JNK MAPKs pathway. Our data regarding the up-regulation of hBD-2 may help us to understand the antimicrobial mechanism in periodontal disease

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cytokine-induced osteoclastogenesis on tooth movement related to orthodontic force. We evaluated the cytotoxicity as well as the expression of OPG and RANKL, which influence the homeostasis of bone metabolism. Titanium particles were applied to human periodontal ligament cells and subcultured fourth generation cells. The ALP assay and the MTT assay were used to assess changes in cytotoxicity. After 48 hours, cytotoxicity increased proportionally with the concentration of titanium. With 20 mg, the cytotoxicity was the lowest. R T-PCR was u sed for assessing m R NA l evels of O PG a nd R ANKL; after 96 hours, t he m R NAs of O PG a nd R ANKL increased steeply. A western blot analysis showed that with 20 mg of titanium, the protein expression of OPG increased linearly with time, especially a fter 96 hours, while t he p rotein e xpression o f RANKL d id n ot s how significant changes with titanium processing. Given the increase in OPG expression after the initial cytotoxicity, changes in cytotoxicity with titanium may be attributable to the antagonistic effect of OPG on cytotoxicity

In chronic ambulatory hemiplegic patients, structural changes might be developed at both ankles possibly due to unequal and repetitive weight bearing on tendons and ligaments. We examined ankles by sonography to find out structural changes of tendons and ligaments of both ankles in ambulatory hemiplegic patients. Nineteen ambulatory hemiplegic patients over 1 year were included as study subjects. All subjects had no previous trauma or disease history in their ankle joints and they were able to walk independently or with supervision but had spastic ankles with equinovarus tendency. We examined both ankle joints by sonography to see joint effusion and measure width, thickness, and area of tendons of the tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, and Achilles, and also ligaments of the anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular. We compared sonographic features of the hemi-side ankle with the sound-side ankle. There were no significant differences between hemi-side and sound-side ankles in almost all measured parameters of tendons and ligaments. However, the width of the hemi-side tibialis posterior tendon (8.61±1.37 mm) was narrower than the sound-side tendon (7.24±1.52 mm). With the amount of active joint motion and weight bearing possibly preventing ligament and tendon atrophy even though marked weakness, spasticity occurred during the chronic hemiplegic phase.

This research aims at developing the dress form for the aged women based on their body shapes using the three-dimensional body scan data with the body shape categorization(according to the previous research). To accomplish this goal, the sample group of representative body shape of the 50% of median was selected by using the high frequency proportion range of each type of body shape of the aged women, and the sample group of representative body shape of each type was averaged in a three-dimensional way by using the morphing method of a three-dimension reverse-engineered software. RP in the form of torso was produced based on the shape data of the final model and the data was formed into an actual object, by which an aged women’s dress form model was drawn out. The differences of the girth of the bust, hip and waist between the developed dress form model and the existing dress form model were examined. The result showed that the developed dress form had a bigger size of waist girth than that of bust and hip girth, compared to the existing dress form, which shows that it reflects the aged women’s tendency of abdomen obesity, so it’s expected to be more proper for the human bodies of the targeted age group than the existing dress form. These research results may help design the clothing suitable for the body shape of the aged women so that their demand for the clothing of good fit will be satisfied in the future.

Periodontalligament (PDL) fibroblasts have an ectomesenchymal origin and are known to participate not only in formation of PDL but also in the repair and regeneration of the a이acent alveolar bone and cementum. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism which is related to the development and differentiation of PDL cells. Recendy, we reported the PDLs (a periodontalligament-specific) 22 as a PDL fibroblast-specific mRNA which is not expressed in gingival fibroblasts. In this study, to examine the expression and functional characterization of PDμ22 mRNA and prαein in development and differentiation of periodontal 따sue ， we carried out northem analysis, insitu hybridization, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. The expression of PDLs22 mRNA was increased with PDL cell differentiation from the confluent to multilayer stage but decreased slighdy with mineralized nodule formation in vitro. πle PDLs22 protein was localized on the nuclear membrane and expressed throughout the differentiation of PDL fibroblasts in vitro. The PDLs22 mRNA and protein were expressed in the differentiating cementoblasts, PDL fibroblasts and osteoblasts along the r∞t surface and alveolar bone of the developing rat teeth. These results indicate that the PDLs22 plays an irnportant role in the differentiation of cementoblasts and osteoblasts and thus homeostasis of cementum, PDL and alveolar bone.

This paper suggests novel types of joint mechanisms composed of elastic strings and rigid bodies. All of the human hinge joints have the articular capsule and a pair of collateral ligaments. These fibrous tissues make the joint compliant and stable. The proposed mechanism closely imitates the human hinge joint structure by using the concept of tensegrity. The resultant mechanism has several characteristics shown commonly from both the tensegrity structure and the human joint such as compliance, stability, lightweight, and non-contact between rigid bodies. In addition, the role and feature of the human hinge joints vary according to the origins of a pair of collateral ligaments. Likewise, the locations of two strings corresponding to a pair of collateral ligaments produce different function and motion of the proposed mechanism. It would be one of the advantages obtained from the proposed mechanism. How to make a joint mechanism with different features is also suggested in this paper.

본 논문에서는 Telos Device를 이용한 검사 시 인가한 daN 힘의 차이와 무릎의 안정성에 관여하는 근육들의 개인차에 따른 전방십자인대의 동요 정도에 대해 연구하고자 한다. Telos Device를 이용한 Lachman Test로 검사하였으며, 오른쪽과 왼쪽을 각각 0, 15, 30 daN, 운동부하 후 30 daN의 힘으로 변화하며 검사하여 전방십자인대의 변화를 측정하였다. 근육량 측정은 CT(Computed Tom ography)를 이용하였으며, 힘줄(tendon)을 피해 근육을 측정하기 위해 무릎뼈(patella) 상방 8 cm의 위치를 검사하였다. 전방십자인대(Anterior Cruciate Ligament)의 변화 정도는 Piview의 Caliper 기능을 이용하여 측정 하였으며, 근육량은 CT 단면 영상을 Image J 프로그램을 이용하여 지방을 제외한 뼈와 근육의 면적을 측정 하였다. 측정값들은 SPSS Ver. 18을 이용하여 결과 값을 얻었다. Telos Device 로 인가하는 힘의 변화에 따라 전방십자인대의 동요 정도를 측정한 결과 오른쪽과 왼쪽 모두 15 daN 과 30 daN의 힘을 인가하였을 때 통계적으로 유의한 무릎 동요의 차가 발생하였으며(p<0.05), 30 daN 과 운동부하 후 30 daN 에서의 동요 정도는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>0.05). 근육면적의 차이와 전방십자인대의 동요 정도와의 상관관계에서 15 daN의 압력에서 오른쪽 r=-0.45, 왼쪽 r=0.44로 음의 상관관계를 보였다(p<0.05). Telos Device에 인가 하는 힘의 정도에 따라 전방십자인대의 동요는 커지는 것으로 분석되며, 또한 개인의 근육량의 차이에 따라 전방십자인대의 동요 정도에도 차이를 보이는 것으로 분석된다. 따라서 개인의 근육량의 차이에 따라 Telos Device에 인가되는 힘도 변화되어야 하는 것으로 사료된다.

원위 경비 인대 결합 손상은 외측 족관절 염좌보다 복귀하기 위해 두 배 이상의 시간이 들 정도로 치료가 어려우며, 종종 간과되며 놓치기 쉬운 손상이다. 늦은 진단으로 인한 만성 손상은 완치가 힘들 뿐더러 돌이킬 수 없는 결과를 나타내기 때문에, 원위 경비 인대 결합손상에 대한 치료의 핵심은 정확한 조기 진단과 초기치료를 통해 적절한 안정성을 획득하여 부작용이나 만성으로 변화 과정을 최소화는 것이다. 모든 급성 불안정 원위 경비 인대 결합 손상(2, 3단계)은 수술적 처치를 요하며 급성 손상에서의 적절한 치료는 만성 손상에 의한 부작용을 피할 수 있는 최고의 방법이다.