본고에서는 인관관계 연결구 ‘-는 바람에’, ‘-는 통에’, ‘-는 탓에’의 어휘 형태와 통사적 제약을 살펴보고 의미· 화용적 특징을 살펴보았다. 또한 현행 한국어 교재를 분석한 결과 교재마다 연결구의 제시 방법이나 연습 유형도 다름을 알 수 있었다. 본고에서 다룬 세 연결구는 유사한 의미 기능을 가지고 있으므로 앞에서 학습한 것과 비교하여 학습하는 것이 바람직하다. 따라서 ‘-는 통에’를 학습할 때 앞에서 이미 학습된 ‘-는 바람에’와 비교하여 학습할 수 있도록 교육 방안을 마련하였다. 또한 반복적인 문형 연습만 하는 것이 아니라 의사소통 능력을 신장시킬 수 있도록 표현영역인 말하기와 쓰기와도 연계하였다.

본 연구에서는 풍향의 변동을 명확하게 설명할 수 있는 바람의 지속성 또는 안정도를 구하는 기상학적 기법을 사용하여 우리나라의 바람 분포 특성을 분석하였다. 이에 바람 벡터의 스칼라 값에 따른 비율을 계산하여 바람의 지속성 및 안정도 지수를 구해 우리나라 바람의 분포 특성을 파악하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 1971-2000년의 68개 기상 관측 지점의 풍향 및 풍속을 분석하여 각 지점 바람의 지속성 지수 k와 안정도 지수 S값을 구하였으며, 이 값에 따른 바람의 분포 특성을 알아보았다. 우리나라의 바람은 고도가 높아 지형에 의한 마찰의 영향이 적은 산악지역에서 연중 안정도가 높았으며, 서해안보다 동해안과 남서해안의 바람 안정도가 더 높았다.

To understand the development mechanism of the aerosols in the surface boundary layer, the variation in the aerosol number concentration due to the divergence and convergence of the wind fields was investigated. The aerosol number concentration was measured in the size ranges of 0.3∼10.0 ㎛ using a laser particle counter(LPC) from 0000 LST on 03 Feb. to 0600 LST on 07 Feb. 2004 at Mokpo in Korea during snowfall. The Velocity Azimuth Display(VAD) technique was used to retrieve the radar wind fields such as the horizontal wind field, divergence, and deformations including the vertical air velocity from a single Doppler radar. As a result, the distribution of the aerosol number concentration is apparently different for particles larger than 1 ㎛ during snowfall, and it has a tendency to increase at the beginning of the snowfall. The increase and decrease in the aerosol concentration due to the convergence and divergence of the wind fields corresponded to the particles with diameters greater than 1 ㎛. It is found that the fluctuations in the aerosol number concentration are well correlated with the development and dissipation of snowfall radar echoes due to the convergence and divergence of horizontal wind fields near the surface boundary layer in the inland during the snowfall.

The air quality data is important for understanding and analyzing a surrounding influence. In that light, it is positively necessary for a propriety assessment to determine a location of the air quality monitoring sites. In this study, the climate analysis about temperature and wind, using the meteorological data in the Pohang, is conducted to do that. In the next stage, we distinguished the wind by east-west or north-south component, which has less correlation than temperature, analyzed and divided the wind sector. As the result, the wind circumstance of the Pohang is divided into major 5 wind sector; that is the urban area, the northeast coastal area, the east ocean and the west mountainous area. We think that an analysis on detailed wind sector by utilizing the numerical simulation is needed.

We focused on effects on data assimilation of simulated wind fields by using upper-air observations (wind profiler and sonde data). Local Analysis Prediction System (LAPS), a type of data assimilation system, was used for wind field modeling. Five cases of simulation experiments for sensitivity analysis were performed : which are EXP0) non data assimilation, EXP1) surface data, EXP2) surface data and sonde data, EXP3) surface data and wind profiler data, EXP4) surface data, sonde data and wind profiler data. These were compared with observation data. The result showed that the effects of data assimilation with wind profiler data were found to be greater than sonde data. The delicate wind fields in complex coastal area were simulated well in EXP3. EXP3 and EXP4 using wind profiler data with vertically high resolution represented well sophisticated differences of wind speed compared with EXP1 and EXP2, this is because the effects of wind profiler data assimilation were sensitively adjusted to first guess field than those of sonde observations.

A numerical study with Envi-met model is experimented to investigate the characteristics of wind pattern in apartment complex. In all case, most conditions such as wind speed, temperature, and surface features are considered as the same, but wind direction is the only different factor. The wind directions considered in this study have a meaning of prevailing wind direction. When the prevailing wind with the direction of 170° blows into the complex, the ventilation passage toward the outside of complex is formed and the stagnation of air is not expressed. In case of having the direction of 300°, most evident ventilation passages are composed. When the inflow wind direction is the northeast, 30°, there is some possibility of stagnation phenomenon. This is because the arrangement of buildings makes a right angle with the inflow wind direction.

We have investigated coarse wind sectors in Busan metropolitan area and simulated detailed wind field using local atmospheric circulation model, RAMS in preceding studies (Part I, Part II). In this study, we divided and analyzed local wind sector in Busan according to the preceding results. We found that Busan metropolitan area is divided into 2 or 3 local wind sector in each coarse wind sector. The 9 coarse wind sectors were classified into 20 local wind sectors in total. But three local wind sectors were finally excluded because of these sectors were located on the complex hill area and the sea. Local wind sectors, therefore, in Busan metropolitan area were defined as 17 regimes. We assessed the location of air quality monitoring sites at Busan metropolitan area using the information of these wind sectors. Most of these were located at proper points, but 6 sites were placed at 3 local wind sectors as a couple and no site was set up at 3 other sectors. Hence the location of these sites was in need of rearrange.

We have analysed the observed surface and vertical meteorological data to get atmospheric information over the Busan metropolitan area. For this, we have selected 10 days in all season such as spring, summer I(Jangma season), summer II(hot season), autumn and winter. The result which have performed cluster analysis using atmospheric data represented that these days are included to most frequently appeared synoptic cluster. We have simulated wind field around Busan metropolitan area which is assigned as 1km2 using RAMS. The calculated air temperature and the wind speed was similar to the observed the that, and the trends of daily variation showed good agreement. RMSE and IOA also showed reliable value. These results indicated the RAMS is able to simulate and predict detailed atmospheric phenomenon.

In this study, climate analysis and wind sector division were conducted for a propriety assessment to determine the location of air quality monitoring sites in the Busan metropolitan area. The results based on the meteorological data(2000～2004) indicated hat air temperature is strongly correlated between 9 atmospheric monitoring sites, while wind speed and direction are not. This is because wind is strongly affected by the surrounding terrain and the obstacles such as building and tree. In the next stage, we performed cluster analysis to divide wind sector over the Busan metropolitan area. The cluster analysis showed that the Busan metropolitan area is divided into 6 wind sectors. However 1 downtown and 2 suburbs an area covering significantly broad region in Busan are not divided into independent sectors, because of the absence of atmospheric monitoring site. As such, the Busan metropolitan area is finally divided into 9 sectors.

We employed two data assimilation techniques including MM5 Four Dimensional Data Asssimilation (FDDA) and Local Analysis and Prediction System (LAPS) to find out the effects of the changed initial conditions on the wind fields simulation according to the objective analysis methods. We designed 5 different modeling cases. EXP B used no data assimilation system. Both EXP F1 using surface observations and EXP F2 with surface and upper-air observations employed MM5 FDDA. EXP L1 using surface observations and EXP L2 with surface and upper-air observations used LAPS. As results of, simulated wind fields using MM5 FDDA showed locally characterized wind features due to objective analysis techniques in FDDA which is forcefully interpolating simulated results into observations. EXP F1 represented a large difference in comparison of wind speed with EXP B. In case of LAPS, simulated horizontal distribution of wind fields showed a good agreement with the patterns of initial condition and EXP L1 showed comparably lesser effects of data assimilation of surface observations than EXP F1. When upper-air observations are applied to the simulations, while MM5 FDDA could hardly have important effects on the wind fields simulation and showed little differences with simulations with merely surface observations (EXP F1), LAPS played a key role in simulating wind fields accurately and it could contribute to alleviate the overestimated winds in EXP L1 simulations.

본 글은 풍향별 바람 특성과 국지풍 바람에 의한 나타나는 질병을 문헌을 중심으로 검토하였다. 치눅은 눈먹는 바람이라 알려져 있다. 19세기 말 미국 몬태나에서 수분 내에 약 영하 -7.2℃에서 약 1.1℃로 온도가 올라가 12시간 내에 약 76cm의 눈을 녹였다고 한다. 이처럼 바람은 세계 곳곳에서 그 특성을 발휘하며, 주위의 환경을 변화시킨다. 바람의 역사는 바람이 부는 시기와 풍향에 수반되는 인류 건강의 역사로 간주할 수 있다. 특정 지역에서 고온의 서풍이 불게 되면 두통이나 피로감, 온난한 남풍이 불면 혈액 응고시간의 단축, 동풍이 불면 간질 등이 유발된다고 알려져 있다. 또한 바람은 피부 신경 반응계의 자극제로 작용한다. 인체의 피부 가까이에는 얇은 공기막이 존재하는데, 풍속이 강할 때는 공기막이 얇아진다, 그리고 풍속이 강할 때는 인간의 감정과 에너지가 강화된다. 즉. 뇌졸증 발작이나 경색증이 유발하고 혈압이 올라가게 된다. 고온 건조한 바람이 부는 경우에 세로토닌의 증가 아드레날린의 감소 등을 관찰할 수가 있다.

We focused on improvement in simulation of wind fields for the complex coastal area. Local Analysis and Prediction System(LAPS) was used as a data assimilation method to improve initial conditions. Case studies of different LAPS inputs were performed to compare improvement of wind fields. Five cases have been employed : Ⅰ) non data assimilation, Ⅱ) all available data, Ⅲ) AWS, buoy, QuikSCAT, Ⅳ) AWS, buoy, wind profiler, Ⅴ) AWS, buoy, AMEDAS. Data assimilation can supplement insufficiency of the mesoscale model which does not represent detailed terrain effect and small scale atmospheric flow fields. Result assimilated all available data showed a good agreement to the observations rather than other cases and estimated well the local meteorological characteristics including sea breeze and up-slope winds. Result using wind profiler data was the next best thing. This implies that data assimilation with many high-resolution sounding data could contribute to the improvements of good initial condition in the complex coastal area. As a result, these indicated that effective data assimilation process and application of the selective LAPS inputs played an important role in simulating wind fields accurately in a complex area.

Elements of atmospheric environment, temperature, humidity and wind, at the compus of KNU(Kyungpook National University) were investigated by the observations. The observed data were compared with those of DWS (Daegu Weather Station). The simulations of wind field and dispersions of polluted gases were conducted by MUKLIMO under the various conditions. The results show that the atmospheric environment of KNU are suitable but the campus does not play role as a heat sink in the city. The simulations of wind field show the air flows and wind channels in the campus clearly. The exhausted gases by motor vehicles on the northside street of campus affect very much to the campus with NW(300˚) wind. The running cars in the campus are also pollute much on the campus with the various wind directions. The characteristics of environmental conditions, various meteorological fields, wind channels, and dispersion of exhausted gases at the campus of KNU were understood quantitatively in the study.

In order to make use of the protection effect against wind by the vegetation, it examined whether it should make what vegetation form and arrangement using the 2-dimensional non-hydrostatic model. When the foliage shielding factor increases, it becomes hard to take in protection effect against wind in a residential section. When it makes height of vegetation high, it becomes hard to take in protection effect against wind with height. In the comparison in the case where vegetation high is gradually made low toward wind-stream from a vegetation, and the case of making it low gradually, although former tends to receive the protection effect against wind by the vegetation, attenuation of wind velicity becomes large. In the comparison in the case where foliage shielding factor and distribution of density of leaf are gathered gradually toward wind-stream from a vegetation. It has been understood to evaluate to height the influence that the vegetation multi-layer model by which the heat revenue and expenditure in the direction of the vegetation height is considered is used, and to characterize the vegetation group by the parameter setting.

우량계에 대한 바람의 영향은 우량의 감소와 강우자료의 일관성에 영향을 미치게 된다. 이러한 강우량을 보정하기 위해서는 강우의 감소율을 산정 할 수 있는 연구가 필요하다. 이러한, 강우의 감소에 대한 연구는 거의 수행되지 않았으며, 적절한 보정기법에 대한 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 강우의 입자 크기에 따른 낙하속도를 산정 하였다. 이를 이용하여 강우의 입자크기에 따라 강우의 감소율을 보정할 수 있는 모형을 실험을 통하여 검토하였다. 실험결과

As prevailing synoptic scale westerly wind blowing over high steep Mt. Taegulyang in the west of Kangnung coastal city toward the Sea of Japan became downslope wind and easterly upslope wind combined with both valley wind and sea breeze(valley-sea breeze) also blew from the sea toward the top of the mountain, two different kinds of wind regimes confronted each other in the mid of eastern slope of the mountain and further downward motion of downlsope wind along the eastern slope of the mountain should be prohibited by the upslope wind. Then, the upslope wind away from the eastern slope of the mountain went up to 1700m height over the ground, becoming an easterly return flow in the upper level of the sea. Two kinds of circulations were detected with a small one in the coastal sea and a large one from the coast toward the open sea. Convective boundary layer was developed with a thickness of about 1km over the ground in the upwind side of the mountain in the west, while a thickness of thermal internal boundary layer(TIBL) from the coast along the eastern slope of the mountain was only confined to less than 200m. After sunset, under no prohibition of upslope wind, westerly downslope wind blew from the top of the mountain toward the coastal basin and the downslope wind should be intensified by both mountain wind and land breeze(mountain-land breeze) induced by nighttime radiative cooling of the ground surfaces, resulting in the formation of downslope wind storm. The wind storm caused the development of internal gravity waves with hydraulic jump motion bounding up toward the upper level of the sea in the coastal plain and relatively moderate wind on the sea.

Weather elements were observed by the AWS (Automatic Weather System) and dustfall particles were collected by the modified American dust jar (wide inlet bottle type) at 4 sampling sites in Busan area from March, 1999 to February, 2000. Thirteen chemical species (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si, and Zn) were analyzed by AAS and ICP. The purposes of this study were to estimate qualitatively various bulk deposition flux of dustfall and insoluble components by applying regional and seasonal wind intensity. Frequency of wind speed were found in order of low(1-3㎧), very low(<1㎧), medium(3-8㎧) and high(>8㎧), and annual mean had higher range at low(1-3㎧) for 56.3%. Strong negative linear correlation were observed between dustfall and wind direction (northeastern and eastern), but strong positive linear correlation were observed between dustfall and wind direction (western and northwestern) at industrial, commercial and coastal zone(p<0.05). While a negative correlation were observed between wind speed frequency of very low(<1㎧) and dustfall, and positive correlation were observed between wind speed frequency of low(1-3㎧) and dustfall in coastal zone(p<0.05). The correlation coefficient was observed 0.556 between wind speed frequency of low(1-3㎧) and Ni by commercial zone(p<0.05). The correlation coefficient show well-defined insoluble trace metals (Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) and wind speed frequency of low(1-3㎧) at coastal zone, which was found significant difference(p<0.01).