Amorphous WO3 ･H2O films were fabricated via spin-coating of a WOCl4 solution at a low temperature of 80 °C, and the influence of gas atmosphere during film formation on electrochromic (EC) performances was systematically investigated. The films prepared under an Ar atmosphere exhibited a relatively porous morphology compared to those formed under air, which showed a more uniform and compact surface structure. These morphological differences significantly affected charge transport and electrochemical behavior. In particular, the films formed under air demonstrated enhanced electrical conductivity and faster ion transport due to the formation of a uniform surface morphology, leading to superior response speed and coloration efficiency. In contrast, films formed in the Ar atmosphere suppressed partial crystallization of WO3, thereby increasing the amorphous WO3 ･H2O fraction with abundant oxygen bonding sites that act as electrochemically active sites. This characteristic enabled a wider optical modulation during coloration. These results indicate that processing gas-atmospherecontrolled amorphous WO3 ･H2O films at low-temperature is an effective strategy for improving EC performance and expanding their applicability to flexible devices and energy-efficient smart window technologies.

한국 특산식물 조도만두나무에서 처음으로 Epicephala 나방의 수분 매개 활동이 확인되었다. 형태학적 및 DNA 바코드 분석 결과, 이 수분매 개자는 일본과 대만에서만 알려져 있던 Epicephala obovatella Kawakita and Kato, 2016 (조도만두가는나방, 신칭)으로 확인되었다. 본 연구는 이 종의 분포를 한국으로 확장시키며, 조도만두나무가 Glochidion–Epicephala 의무적 수분 상호작용에 참여함을 처음으로 입증한다. 이러한 결과는 분포가 제한된 특산식물의 보전 전략에서 기주식물과 수분매개자를 함께 고려해야 함을 시사한다.

한국 특산종 조도만두나무의 열매에서 Nesendaeus monochrous Voss, 1953 (담갈색조도만두바구미, 신칭)을 처음으로 발견하였으며, 본 종 이 새로운 종자 섭식자임을 확인하였다. 구북구 지역에서 Nesendaeus Marshall, 1931 (조도만두바구미속, 신칭) 속은 본 종만이 중국에서 보고된 바 있으나, 그 생물학적 특성과 생활사는 알려진 바 없다. 이 종은 일본에서 보고된 Heterochyromera imerodeus Kojima and Morimoto, 1996와 유사하지만, 상대적으로 긴 딱지날개와 끝부분이 이중으로 만곡된 둥근 형태로 뚜렷하게 구별된다. 본 연구에서는 이 종의 주요 진단학적 형질, 서 식지, 유충의 섭식 습성 및 기주식물 등 기초적인 생물학적 정보를 제시한다.

This study analyzes the semantic network of the Chinese character heng (橫, horizontal) based on the comprehensive data from the Hanyu Da Cidian (漢語大詞典), elucidating how the notion of ‘horizontal’ systematically acquired negative connotations in the Chinese language. Through a detailed examination of 31 semantic entries and a complete analysis of 407 compound words incorporating heng, it was found that negative meanings accounted for 51.6%, constituting a majority, while positive meanings represented merely about 10%. Initially referring to a wooden barrier placed horizontally across a doorway, heng evolved metaphorically to denote disorder, suddenness, violence, and reckless decisiveness. This semantic development contrasts sharply with the vertical axis (縱 zong, 經 jing, 直 zhi), which symbolically represents order, centrality, authority, and continuity. Consequently, the horizontal axis became semantically associated with disruption and deviation from established order. Conversely, the English concepts of “horizontal” and “lateral” predominantly carry positive or neutral connotations, embodying metaphors of fairness, equality, and creativity. Such divergences originate from the contrasting cultural contexts: the Chinese sedentary-agricultural civilization strengthened values centered on the vertical axis, whereas Western maritime, nomadic, and contractual traditions affirmed the positive symbolism of horizontal metaphors. In conclusion, the semantic orientation of heng offers linguistic evidence of the vertical-axis-centered thinking inherent in Chinese civilization and exemplifies significant structural differences in conceptual frameworks between Eastern and Western cultures.

본 연구에서는 『법화경』에 나타난 사리불의 위상에 대하여 주석가들의 해석과 범어본 문맥을 통해 종합적 검토를 시도하였다. 세친(世親)은 『법 화론』에서 성문을 네 유형으로 분류하였으나, 인물을 특정하지 않았다. 이로 인해 성문을 대표하는 사리불이 어느 유형에 속하는가를 둘러싸고 주석가들에 의해 다양한 견해가 제시되기에 이르렀다. 규기(窺基)는 사리 불을 대승에서 물러난 퇴보리심성문(退菩提心聲聞)으로 규정한다. 길장 (吉藏)은 붓다의 성문 교화에 있어 사리불의 역할을 인정하면서도, 유형 적으로는 퇴보리심성문이라는 입장을 취한다. 지의(智顗)는 경전의 구조 적 특징 등을 근거로 사리불을 문수보살과 동등한 대보살로 판정하므로 응화성문(應化聲聞)으로 규정하고 있음을 알 수 있다. 한편, 범어본에 기 술된 ‘보살의 밀약’, ‘보살의 비밀’, ‘보살의 가지’ 등의 용어는 사리불이 과거 석가보살과의 면밀한 계획 하에 의도적으로 성문의 모습을 선택하 여 붓다의 일승 교화를 도왔음을 시사한다. 이는 사리불의 보살행을 의미 하며, 따라서 범어본의 문맥을 고려할 때 사리불을 응화성문으로 규정하 는 것이 타당하다는 결론에 도달하였다.

Covalent organic framework (COF) membranes have emerged as promising candidates for hydrogen purification due to their tunable pore sizes and robust structures. However, achieving high selectivity and permeability simultaneously remains a challenge due to the inherent pore size distribution of COF materials. In this study, we fabricated two distinct COF membranes, TpPa-1 and TpTGCl, with pore sizes of 1.8 nm and 0.39 nm, respectively, using tailored synthesis methods. The TpTGCl membrane, synthesized via room temperature interfacial polymerization and vacuum-assisted filtration, exhibits an ultrathin nanosheet structure with an interlayer π–π stacking distance of 0.33 nm. This unique architecture, combined with its affinity for CO2 adsorption, enables exceptional hydrogen separation performance, achieving a H2/ CO2 selectivity of 52.5 and a H2 permeability of 3.49 × 10– 7 mol m− 2 s− 1 Pa− 1. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the steric hindrance effect as the primary mechanism for the selective permeation of hydrogen. The TpTGCl membrane effectively sieves larger gas molecules ( CO2, N2, CH4, etc.) without the need for material modification or excessive membrane thickness. This study demonstrates the potential of COF membranes with tailored pore sizes for high-performance hydrogen purification and offers valuable insights for the development of advanced separation technologies.

A hierarchical porous carbon/silicon composite material (CSCM) was prepared through KOH activation and acid leaching using coal gasification fine slag (CGFS) as the raw material. The KOH dosage, activation temperatures, and HCl acid amount were optimized. The obtained CSCMs showed higher pore volume in the range of 0.62–0.96 cm3/ g, and hierarchical porous structure with Vmicro./ Vmeso. ratio in the range of 1.54–3.31. The influence of Vmicro./ Vmeso. ratio of CSCM on CO2 adsorption at 0 °C was higher than that at 25 °C. Under higher specific area and pore volume, hierarchical pores with Vmicro./ Vmeso. ratio in the range of 2.81–2.91 were benefit for CO2 adsorption at 0 °C. The optimized CSCM demonstrated excellent CO2 adsorption capacities of 2.96 and 4.60 mmol/g at 25 and 0 °C, respectively. CO2 adsorption on CSCM was a heterogeneous physical process, and the cycle stability was excellent. Meanwhile, CSCM was mixed with Fe-based catalyst (Fe-K/CS) for CO2/ H2 catalysis. The hierarchical porous structure of CSCM improved the CO2 adsorption and H2 adsorption around the active sites, promoting CO2 conversion. The combination method of Fe-K and CSCM affected the distribution of CO2 hydrogenation products, and reasonable Vmicro./ Vmeso. ratio in CSCM effectively inhibited C–C chain growth, leading to higher olefins selectivity. The Fe-0.1K/CS-P catalyst achieved a CO2 conversion rate of 21.6% and a C2 =-C4 = selectivity of 47.7%. This study presented a promising approach for effectively utilizing CO2 and for the sustainable valorization of industrial solid waste.

In this study, ZnO porous nanorods were synthesised using a rotational hydrothermal process, and their performance as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) gas sensors was analysed. Compared to commercial ZnO nanoparticles and conventionally hydrothermally synthesised ZnO nanorods, the ZnO porous nanorods exhibited a more uniform structure and improved crystal growth in the (002) plane, with surfaces rich in porosity and oxygen vacancies. These structural and chemical characteristics significantly improved the sensitivity toward H2S, showing high detection performance at 250°C across various concentrations of H2S gas. Additionally, the sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity against other gases such as C2H5OH, C6H6, C7H8, and NH3. This study indicated that the rotational hydrothermal process is an effective method for developing high-performance ZnO-based gas sensors and suggests its applicability to other metal oxide materials.

This study evaluated the germination characteristics and predicted longevity of Weigela subsessilis, an endemic plant in Korea, under long-term seed bank storage. Seeds from 16 accessions were stored at –18 °C for 0, 5, 10, and 20 years, and their germination performance was assessed. The initial germination percentage (78.75%) remained stable after five years (79.67%) but declined significantly after ten years (62.90%). Two accessions tested after 20 years showed a steep reduction to 14.86%. MGT and T50 were stable, GI increased slightly, but PV and GV declined, suggesting dormancy release alongside reduced vigor. Seed longevity was predicted using Probit analysis The estimated initial viability (Ki) was 1.15, with a slope of –0.092, yielding a predicted P50 of 12.5 years (95% CI: 11.2–13.8 years). The confidence interval broadened with longer extrapolations, underscoring the uncertainty of projections beyond 15–20 years where empirical data remain limited. These results provide the first empirical evidence of viability decline in W. subsessilis seeds over two decades of storage. They highlight the need for systematic monitoring in seed banks, with testing recommended at five-year intervals beyond ten years of storage. Regeneration or recollection strategies should also be implemented as viability approaches critical thresholds. This study offers essential baseline data for developing conservation strategies for Korean endemic species and contributes to the sustainable management of native plant genetic resources.

본 논문은 고온 환경에 노출된 TRM 보강 RC 보의 잔존강도를 예측하기 위한 해석적 연구결과를 제시한다. 연구를 위해 상용 유한요소해석 프로그램인 ABAQUS가 사용되었으며, 콘크리트, 철근, CFRP grid, 모르타르에 대한 재료모델이 제안되었다. 본 연구에서 제안된 유한요소해석 모델의 검증을 위해 선행 연구결과에 대한 재현 해석이 수행되었다. 제안된 유한요소해석 모델의 예측 된 결과는 실험결과와 비교하여 잔존 극한하중과 극한하중 시점에서 각각 약 97.6%, 90.58%의 정확도를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 유한요소해석을 통한 균열양상은 실험결과와 비교적 정확하게 예측되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 제안된 해석모델은 고온 환경에 노출된 TRM 보강 RC 보의 잔존강도를 예측하기 위해 효과적으로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.