현대중국어에서 ‘也’는 활용도가 비교적 높은 단어이며, 부사와 접속사로 분류되고 있다. 또한 다른 부사나 접속 표현 등과 결합하여 강조의 관용구로 사용되기도 한다. ‘也’는 학습이 쉬운 단어로 인식되고 있으나, 초중급 단계가 지나면서 단어의 쓰임에 있어서 적지 않은 오류가 발생하는 경향이 있다. 이는 단어에 대한 이해가 충분히 이루어지지 못한 원인이라고 본다. 모든 단어는 생성 기원과 변화 과정을 가지고 있 다. 그러므로 고대중국어 조사 ‘也’가 어떻게 부사로 품사 변화를 하였는지 우선 살 펴볼 필요가 있다. 대체로 학계에서는 빈도 혹은 중복부사로 ‘也’를 분류하고 있지만, 일부 범위부사 혹은 관련부사 등으로도 분류되기도 한다. ‘也’의 하위분류에 대한 의 견이 일치하지 않다는 것을 알 수 있다. 본고에서는 고대에서 현대까지 ‘也’의 변화 과정을 살펴보고, 단어의 쓰임과 의미에 주목하여 ‘也’의 품사적 특성을 이해해보고 자 한다. 이를 통해 부사 ‘也’의 하위분류를 재설정해본다. 이를 통해 ‘也’에 대해 더 욱 심도 있게 이해할 수 있는 계기가 될 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.

There are many changes appeared with the Chinese degree adverbs as languages evolve over time, such as the emerging degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’ and the phrase structures like ‘巨多’, ‘巨好’, ‘巨痛’ are used in our daily communication commonly. This article discussed about the evolution mechanism of the Chinese emerging degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’s meaning in perspective of cognitive linguistics. First, we focused on the prototype meaning of ‘ju(巨)’ which is a adjective and the existing meaning of ‘ju(巨)’ which is used as a degree adverb. Second, we compared the image schema of the adjective ‘ju(巨)’ with the image schema of the degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’ and managed to find the differences between them. Then we studied the evolution mechanism of the degree adverb ‘ju(巨)’s meaning that is metaphor and made ‘ju(巨)’s metaphor mapping model. Third, we chose ‘巨多’, ‘巨好’ and ‘巨痛’ as examples by corpus-based study and used the conceptual blending theory to compared the conceptual blending spaces of them. Lastly, we found a general rule that can have reference significance to the study about the evolution of the other emerging degree adverbs, such as ‘狂’, ‘神’and so on. 저 자

The research on the subjectivity of the Adverb “Jianzhi” has always been limited to “hyperbole” and “emphasis”. This paper attempts to break through the lack of analysis on the specific characteristics of its subjectivity. On the basis of cognitive linguistics theory and subjectivity theory, it focused on the analysis of the characteristics of “Jianzhi” in the two dimensions of Subjectivity——directional dimension and measurement dimension, and explained the characteristics behind the phenomenon So as to clarify the pragmatic conditions of “Jianzhi”. “Jianzhi” has three characteristics——“forward”, “reverse” and “deviation” in the directional dimension of subjectivity. In the context of expressing “identification” and “progressive” semantics, it is expressed in a straight direction; in the context of expressing “denial” and “derogation”, it is expressed in a reverse direction; in the context of expressing “accident”, it is expressed in a deviation. “Jianzhi” shows the characteristics of “subjective increment” and “subjective decrement” in the measurement dimension of subjectivity.

본 논문의 목적은 대화협력원리를 통하여 『史記』 대화문에 출현하는 표경부사(表 敬副詞) ‘幸’의 함축 의미를 분석하고 어떠한 한국어 번역으로의 화행 표현이 효율적 인가를 살펴보는데 있다. 이를 위해 먼저 ‘幸’의 사전적 의미와 용법에 대해 알아보고, 화자와 청자의 맥락적 관점에서 의사소통 과정을 살펴보았다. 표경부사로 사용되 었을 때 ‘幸’은 단순히 허사의 용법으로 해석되는 것이 아닌 前後 맥락의 함축 정보에 따라 표현이 각각 달라지기도 한다. 해석과 번역은 문법적으로 같은 구조, 어휘적 으로 같은 형태의 문장일지라도 각각 내포된 의미에 따라 서로 다르게 표현된다.

The adverb “Jianzhi” is used frequently in modern Chinese, but most of its previous research focused on “subjectiveness”. To break through this limitation, this paper focused on the syntactic features and main semantic functions of the adverb “Jianzhi”. Firstly, in syntactic features, by organizing the structure with high frequency of “Jianzhi”, it is found that the common feature presented in the verb structure is to pay attention to the characteristics of the nature of the things, and in the adjective structure is to show that mainly modifies the high degree of complements. Secondly, we found that “Jianzhi” has two main semantic functions. The first one is “non-true value marking function” and the other one is “boundary function”. The former means the speaker reminds the listener that the central meaning in the “Jianzhi” sentence is not true, and the latter means when “Jianzhi” is modifying the degree component, it will set a boundary for the component, indicating the degree limit. The commonality of these two semantic functions is [+ default], so the main semantics of “Jianzhi” can be summarized as a temporary default to reach a certain amount or form a certain result, situation.

본 논고는 『史記』중「本紀」,「世家」,「列傳」의 대화문을 대상으로 하여 그라이스(Grice)의 대화협력원리 이론을 통해 화자의 화용양상을 살펴보았다. 협력원리로 화자의 대화를 분석해 보면 화자의 의도가 표면적 사전중심의 의미만이 아닌 이면의 함축적 정보에 의해 청자에게 효과적인 메시지가 전달되는 것을 알 수 있다. 함축은 화용론에서는 특히 중요한 개념이다. 기존의 통사론과 의미론이 문장 혹은 표면적 연구에 머물러 있었다면 화용의 관점에서는 발 화를 통해 화자가 상대방에게 전달하고자 하는 의도에 더 큰 비중을 둔다. 따라서 본 연구의 주된 목적은 기존의 연구와 번역에서 청자에 해당하는 독자에게 제공된 表謙副詞 “竊”과 “伏”의 부족한 함축적 정보를 알아보고 고전원문의 직역이 아닌 자연스러운 한국어 번역으로써의 대안을 살펴보는 것이다.

As an adverb with high frequency of usage, “Jianzhi(简直)” is widely used. However, there are still many problems unsolved in the past. Based on the grammaticalization theory and cognitive theory, this paper dis-cussed the conditions and mechanisms during the grammaticalization process of “Jianzhi”. and clarified the relationships among the meanings of “Jianzhi”. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: Firstly, When “Jianzhi” is located before other adjectives, it obtains the adverb function through reanalysis mechanism, and modifies adjective predicate and verb predicate. Secondly, under the influence of metaphor mechanism, the semantics of “Jianzhi” is mapped from spatial domain to mode domain. And “Jianzhi” derived the meaning of “fearfully”. Thirdly, through conceptual blending process “Jian” and “Zhi” generated the meaning of “completly”.

本文运用语料库方法对‘程度副词+V得/不C’结构的使用情况进行了调查，检索结果发现在1223个动词当中，可适用于该结构的动词有199个。经分析表明‘V得/不C’能否受到程度副词修饰、能否带宾语都与可能补语结构的词汇化程度、结构形式、充当补语的词类无关，而是由可能补语结构本身具有的可能意义表达出来的状态、性质特征所决定的。因此，本文将这些能受到程度副词修饰的可能补语结构看成一个语块(chunk）。并且把‘程度副词+V得/不C+O’中的‘O(宾语)’视为表示状态、性质的一部分，也将其包括在语块范围在内，因此该结构应该分析为‘程度副词+(V得/不C+O）’结构。

根據語法功能，語詞可分實詞和虛詞，虛詞含副詞、介詞、數詞等，對實詞具修飾和限定功用。使用虛詞，是語言成熟的標誌。副詞「先」、「廼」、「後」意指動作順序，分別具有先做某事，然後做某事之意。花東甲骨是目前所見最早一批甲骨材料，屯南甲骨以殷墟中期材料最多，「先」、「廼」在甲文辭例中常見，如〈花154〉「辛酉卜：丁先狩，廼又伐？」、〈屯658〉「其先燎，廼省鼓？」等，亦是表動作的前後次序，但後字僅十餘條辭例。本文分析與探討這三字在兩批甲文中的用法，與現代漢語比較，差異不大。相異之處在於廼字今已改「乃」字，後字表先後、然後之意多見。近年華語教學的熱潮，應該追溯語文原貌、流變，期能帶給他人正確的認識。

This study is aimed at applying conjunctive adverbs of type of "그러-‘ for education site of Korean language by clearing up syntactical condition and contextual meaning and mutual replacement relation of conjunctive adverbs having similar meaning to be able to use opposition conjunctive adverb of type of "그러-’. According to inclination of foreign learner who want to learn Korean by rule and formula instead of meaning explanation. So this study was represented table and chart as suggesting way of each items, and it could be called as new tryout that we could not find in existing studies. This discussion might be little different with meaning of conjunctive adverbs explained in the study of Korean language. In the selection of example, used example of Korean language text book for foreigners by considering level of learners. Therefore, this study was inconvenienced by impractical sentence and non-suggestion of concrete plan to be able to be used in practice lesson. But if teachers fully understood schematic pictures and used them in class, it could become a little help to reduce learner"s confusion occurred by using opposition conjunctive adverbs of type of "그러-."

본 연구는 일상 대화 말뭉치를 통해 <너무/되게/엄청 + 형용 사>의 의미적 선호를 분석하는 데 목적이 있다. 분석 결과, <너무+형 용사>에서는 [경험-심리]가 높은 선호도를 보였으며, <되게+형용사> 에서는 [경험-논리], <엄청+형용사>에서는 [사물-측량]이 높은 선호도 를 보였다. 한편, 세 정도부사에서 사물에 대한 추상적 묘사를 의미하 는 [사물-추상]의 의미 선호는 1건도 나타나지 않았다. 또한, 대부분의 의미 유형에서 <너무+형용사>의 의미 선호가 가장 많았으나 [사물- 형태]에서는 <되게+형용사>의 의미 선호가 많았다. 향후 정도부사의 피수식어로 동사나 ‘명사+이다’ 등의 의미적 선호 양상 분석이 이루어 지기를 바란다.

This study has focused on the two factors. The first things has investigated the way the Korean L2 learners apply the pattern of ‘adverb+ verb collocation’ in English to their ‘opinion paragraph writing’ on the topic sentences, with the focus on two factors: meta-discourse perspective on the genre of paragraphs and the writers’ strategies for selecting particular collocation types. Second element with the findings of the first step has suggested the effective writing methods for the Korean L2 learners. From 15th October to 2nd November, 2018, the researchers had examined the L2 learners’ topic sentences shown as in the their first drafts, to identify the attitude (I agree), engagement (consider) markers or self-mentions (I, We) and boosters (completely, fully, strongly, etc.) in meta-discourse resources which were founded on the types of essays. We had proposed that the learners would produce proper English ‘adverb+verb’ collocations based on the semantic features for verbs and adverbs in English and Korean with the feedback comments. Secondly, the researchers had reanalyzed the learners’ final products which have been focused on the learners’ self-correction for the deviant English-Korean collocations or non-collocation in English. The researchers had found out some pedagogical implications which had suggested for learning the suitable English collocation usage based on the findings of the study. The major thing has shown that the learners would depend on the meta-discourse resources in the process of accepting the academic writing styles or genre. Another implication of the findings is that the new insights into the development of L2 ‘adverb+verb’ collocational competence should be based on the nature of teaching methods that stress input-based or refrain from explicit vocabulary teaching.

This study explores Korean learners' knowledge of adverb positions in L2 English. A questionnaire of 28 items, constructed based on Ernst's (2002) scope-based theory of adverb positions, was administered to 56 Korean university students and 17 native English speakers. The data analysis revealed the following: 1) The Korean students' knowledge of adverb placement diverged from that of the native speakers in several aspects, possibly due to L1 influence or limited L2 proficiency. 2) Scope reversal errors incurred by incorrect adverb placement were relatively frequent in the learners' responses, with the low and mid proficiency groups exhibiting higher error rates. 3) The scope of manner adverbs was observed to be acquired before that of clausal adverbs, and speech act adverbs before evaluative and subject-oriented adverbs. 4) L1 influence was manifested in the avoidance of the s-final position for manner adverbs and in the interruption of the verb and object by an adverb. The status of the Interface Hypothesis in L2 acquisition (Sorace & Filiaci, 2006) was discussed in light of the results.

한국어 교육 분야에서 ‘부사’는 수의적인 문장 성분으로 쓰이는 까닭에 다른 품사에 비해 연구가 많이 이루어지지 못하였으며, 더불어 효율적인 교육 방안 또한 제시되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본고에서는 호응 정보를 가지는 부정부사 ‘전혀, 별로’를 중심으로 한국어 교재와 실제 언어 자료(말뭉치)의 분석을 거쳐 초급 학습자를 위한 기본적인 호응 관계의 분포를 알아보고 중․고급 학습자를 위한 다양한 용례를 말뭉치에서 추출하여 한국어 교육에 응용해 보고자 한다.

A considerable amount of literature on NPIs has taken syntactic/semantic approaches to identify their licensing environments. However, adverb NPIs in Korean reveal their own idiosyncratic distributational behaviors which the previous analyses cannot explain. Their behaviors reflect the speaker`s different attitudes about the event/situation he is describing. So any appropriate theory of NPIs should be able to account for such pragmatic functions to predict their properties correctly. For this purpose, we classify adverb NPIs into 4 types according to their distributional behaviors in rhetorical questions, and we describe their pragmatic functions; this pragmatic analysis gives a good account of why the 4 types of Adverb NPIs show different distributions in different sentence constructions.