백출(Atractylodes japonica)은 국화과(Compositae)에 속하는 다년생 식물로 한국에서 이뇨 작용, 수렴작용, 항알러지, 신경보호, 항암, 면역증강 및 위장관 보호효과 등으로 민간요법에서 널리 사 용되고 있다. 백출의 열수 및 70% 에탄올 추출물에 대한 DPPH 및 ABTS 자유라디칼 소거능으로 항산 화 활성을 측정하였다. 게다가 NO 생성, iNOS와 COX-2 단백질 발현을 웨스턴 블롯으로 측정하였으 며, 염증성 사이토카인의 발현을 RT-PCR 방법으로 측정함으로 항염증 효과를 측정하였다. 열수 및 70% 에탄올 추출물들의 항산화 활성은 농도-의존적인 효과를 보였지만, 추출용매에 따른 차이는 나타 나지 않았다. 70% 에탄올에 의한 백출 추출물에서 매우 강한 NO 활성 억제효과를 보였다. 백출 열수 및 에탄올 추출물은 NO 생성에 관여하는 iNOS 및 COX-2 단백질의 발현을 현저히 감소시켰다. 열수 및 70% 에탄올 추출물 모두 염증성 사이토카인인 IL-6 및 IL-1b는 현저히 억제시키지만, TNF-α의 발현은 약하게 억제시키는 결과를 얻었다. 본 연구를 통하여 백출 70% 에탄올 추출물이 NO 생성을 현 저히 억제하며, 염증성 사이토카인의 발현을 현저히 감소시키는 효과를 보이므로 염증성 질환 치료 및 개선에 널리 사용될 수 있으리라 생각한다.

The fabric, 100% Silk, was dyed with Atractylodes japonica extract solution. The effects of concentration of extracts (colorant), temperature of dyeing, time of dyeing and pH of dye bath were studied. As the concentration of extracts increased, color strength (K/S value) increased progressively. The K/S values increased with raising temperature, time and proper conditions were 80℃ and 80 minutes. Maximum K/S value was obtained at pH 3. The K/S values of mordanted fabrics were increased with increasing mordant concentration up to specific values. Surface color of dyed and mordanted fabrics were yellowish. Light color fastness of fabric with mordanting was fairly good 3/4 rating. The mordanted silk fabrics showed excellent antibacterial activity. The silk fabric dyed with Atractylodes japonica extract showed a superior UV protective property.

Background: Atractylodes japonica Koidz. and Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. belong to the family (Asteraceae). Their rhizomes, called white Atractylodes rhizomes, are used in traditional medicine. To address some issues with their cultivation, we recently developed eight hybrid cultivars by interspecific hybridization of A. japonica and A. macrocephala. This study was conducted to screen the hybrid cultivars that have high amounts of active ingredients and yield ability. Methods and Results: Experiments were conducted using the eight hybrid cultivars and A. macrocephala (control cultivar) in the experimental field of the department of Herbal Crop Research located in Eumseong, South Korea. We investigated the growth characteristics of the aerial and underground parts. Among the cultivars, ‘Sanwon’ had the highest rhizome dry weight (53.8 g/plant), followed by ‘Dachul’ (50.0 g/plant). In addition, the content of atractylenolide I, II, III and total active ingredients were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Compared with A. macrocephala, most of the inter-specific hybrid cultivars had a higher content of active ingredients and yield ability. Conclusions: Through study, we established the superior quality of Atractylodes inter-specific hybrid cultivars. In particularly, it was found that ‘Dachul’ may be grown as a superior cultivar, with high amount of active ingredients as well as yield ability.

Background : Atractylodes japonica koidz (AJ) is a perennial herb that belongs to Atractylodes genus. The dried rhizome of AJ is known as ‘Baek-chul’. The ‘Baek-chul’ is used as important traditional medicine in north-east Asia. It is considered to be effective for the treatment of stomach disorder, virus, diuresis, inflammation, arthritis. AJ is heavily depend on import from china and only few studies have been carried out. In this study, we develop SSR marker to build a foundation of breeding, to analyze genetic diversity and to construct core collection. Methods and Results : AJ resources was collected from each different place. To find simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker, we sequenced genomic DNA of AJ resources using Illumina HiSeq 2000 System. As a result of next generation sequencing (NGS), we obtained putative SSR loci. From these SSR primers, 553 SSR primer sets were designed successfully and confirmed polymorphism by in silico analysis. Nucleotide motifs ranged from tri- to penta-. Among these, 48 primer were tested in 4 individuals by capillary electrophoresis. Finally, selected 28 SSR marker were showed clear band and polymorphism by Electrophoresis. Conclusion : In this study, we developed 28 polymorphic SSR marker using NGS, and it could be used for analyzing genetic diversity of A. japonica. These marker would be useful for breeding of new cultivar in the future.

This study was carried out to determine the effects of light controls and leaf mold on root growth and physiological responses of Atractylodes japonica growing in forest farming. The experiment was performed by light controls (100%, 62.5%, 40.3% and 19.7% of full sunlight) and application of leaf mold to soil. Height, stem diameter, number of flower buds and root collar diameter were the highest in leaf mold within 62.5% of full sunlight (relative light intensity 62.5%). And these were the higher in leaf mold within each light level. As the shading level increased, light saturation point and maximum photosynthesis rate decreased. As the light level decreased, SPAD value increased in control and leaf mold. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, A. japonica was judged worse root growth under the lower light level. It was concluded that the light level was one of the most important factors to produce A. japonica. Also, producing high-quality of A. japonica with the price competitiveness by using leaf mold like the experiment can be an effective way to increase incomes for farmers.

This study was carried out in order to investigate the early growth and root development characteristics ofAtractylodes japonica container seedling. Experiment was performed by light intensity (100%, 60%, 25% and 10% of fullsunlight). Height was surveyed well under 25% of full sunlight (overall 11.013.0%). Root collar diameter was the highest inthe full sunlight (7.52㎜). It was the highest fresh weight (1.52g, 0.92g, 0.90g and 3.34g) under 25% of full sunlight, rootdry weight was getting higher in the higher light level and the highest in the full sunlight (0.13g). Total root length, rootproject area, root surface area and root volume were the highest under 25% of full sunlight (434.7㎝, 17.4㎠, 54.7㎠,0.55㎤, respectively) and the lowest under 10% of full sunlight. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, A. japonica isjudged nicely by maintaining 25% of full sunlight, excepting 10% of full sunlight. And light levels during the early growthare overly important to improve early growth.

This study was carried out in order to examine the germination characteristics of Atractylodes japonica seeds, and it was to develop the more efficient pre-treatment and production system of the seeds. Experiment was performed by two ways-temperature control (10, 15, 20, 25℃) and shading treatment (full sunlight, 35, 50, 75, 95% of full sunlight). Seed pre-treatment before the each experiment was carried out by temperature (with low temperature and wetting treatment (LTW) for 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days) and shading treatment (with drying at room temperature (DRT), drying at low temperature (DLT) and water soaking (WS) for 48 hours). Seeds of A. japonica were germinated well under temperature control (overall 85.3~100%), especially high temperature. And, the seeds pre-treated with LTW for 45 days germinated with a 100% success rate. Under the surveying shading treatment, the highest germination rate was 95.8% with DRT and overall 63.2~95.8%. Germination rate under seeds with WS was 63.2~7.8%. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, A. japonica seeds don't need to pre-treat cause of high germination, but if it is performed with LTW for a certain period of time, it would be more productive.

본 연구는 국내에서 소비되는 약용작물 중 경제적 가치가 높은 백출의 조직배양체계 확립을 위해 수행되었다. 공시재료로는 중국백출(A. macrocephala)과 한국자생백출(A. japonica)의 교잡종인 '다출' 품종의 뿌리와 액아를 이용하였다. 뿌리배양을 위해 BAP, 2-iP, IBA, NAA를 혼용 처리한 결과, 캘러스 유도율은 BAP 처리군에서 다소 높았으나, 캘러스 증식 및 뿌리의 유도에는 2-iP 처리가 효과적이었다. 뿌리조직은 낮은 싸이토키닌의 농도와 높은 옥신의 농도에서 캘러스 유도 및 증식이 원활하였으나 식물체 재분화에는 적합하지 않았다. 백출의 액아배양 시 BAP와 NAA의 혼용처리가 2-iP와 NAA 혹은 IBA 처리보다 재분화식물체 생산에 효과적이었다. 1.0 mg/L BAP와 1.0 mg/L NAA 조건에서 액아 당 신초 출현 수가 3.8개로 가장 많았고, 경직경이 5.0 mm 이상으로 양호하였다. 그러나 BAP를 2-iP로 대치하는 경우 재분화 식물체의 초장은 큰 경향을 보이나 액아 당 재분화 식물체의 수가 적은 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 Sucrose 농도를 70 g/L로 하는 경우 액아로부터 재분화한 식물체의 뿌리 비대에 효과적이었다. 본 실험 결과, 백출의 기내 대량증식을 위한 조직으로는 뿌리보다 액아조직이 효율적이며, 식물의 재분화에는 1.0 mg/L BAP와 1.0 mg/L NAA 적합하고, 고농도의 sucrose가 뿌리 비대에 유용한 것으로 사료된다.

The region containing 18S rRNA gene, ITS 1 and part of the 5.8S rRNA gene of the Atractylodes japonica Koidz was amplified by PCR and the product cloned in a pBluescript SK II plasmid. DNA sequence of the cloned DNA was determined and submitted to the GenBank (accession number EU678363). Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS 1 DNA showed close similarity with the other plant species of the family Compositae. The extract of the plant materials of five different members of the family Compositae was analyzed by HPLC to detect atractylon. Extract of the A. japonica Koidz showed presence of significant amount of atractylon. However, noticeable amount of atractylon was not detected by the same analyses from the extracts of the other plants belonging to the family Compositae including Artemisia capillaris, Chrysantemum zawadskii, Eclipta prostrata or Taraxacum platycarpum.

Two Atractylodes species, A. japonica Koidz. ex Kitam. (AJ) and A. macrocephala Koidz (AM) were used in this study. AJ population had higher amounts of Sesquiterpenoids and stronger tolerance to root rot but less vigor of root growth than AM population. Two populations (AJ and AM) were crossed to make interspecific hybrid population. A total of 98 lines propagated clonally were selected from a cross of AJ and AM, and evaluated for contents of sesquiterpenoids, atractylon (ATLN) and atractylenolide III (AT3) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and growth characters such as plant height, stem number and root weight. HPLC profiles of the hybrids were compared with those of parent plants, and it demonstrated the production of introgression hybrid by crossing between AJ and AM. Of 98 clonal lines,10 lines were selected by 10% level based on the growth vigor and tolerance to root rot, and AJM2102-51 line showed the heaviest root weight (117.1 g/plant) among them. A total of 98 hybrid lines contained on average 0.16 ± 0.10 mg/g of AT3, 2.00 ± 1.37 mg/g of ATLN, and 2.16 ± 1.40 mg/g of total sesquiterpenoids, showing high coefficients of variation (above 65%). Ten lines having high contents of sesquiterpenoids were selected, and AJM2101-15 had the highest amount (9.83 mg/g) of ATLN, and showed 40.8 g/plant of root weight similar to mean value (39.9 g/plant) of hybrid lines. The result showed that the introgression of both characters of vigorous growth from AM and high sesquiterpenoids content from AJ could be possible to make new hybrid lines by crossing between AJ and AM.

차광 및 화뢰제거를 통한 Source와 Sink의 인위적 조절이 삽주의 생장 및 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하여 삽주재배에 관한 정보를 제공하고자 차광율과 화뢰 제거시기를 달리하여 시험을 실시하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 정식기부터 계속된 차광처리는 생육초기에는 형태보다는 각 부위별 생체중에 주로 영향을 미쳤던 반면, 생육후기인 수확기에서는 차광율이 증가할수록 개체당 경수, 엽수, 근수, 잠아수 및 각부위별 생체중을 감소시켰다. 그러나 일정기간 생장이 이루어진 7월 1일부터 9월 30일까지 35%의 차광처리는 재배기간 내내 차광처리를 하지 않는 무차광과 개체당 생장 및 형태적 형질에는 차이가 없었으나, 단위면적당 수량은 오히려 많은 것으로 조사되었다. 2. 화뢰제거 처리는 처리시기가 빠를수록 개체당 근수와 지상부, 근경 및 뿌리의 생체중을 증가시켰을 뿐만 아니라 단위면적당 수량도 증가시키는 것으로 조사되었다.

재배 생력용으로 많이 이용되고 있는 멀칭 방법이 삽주의 생육에 미치는 효과를 구명하여 최적 멀칭방법을 확립하고자 무멀칭, 볏짚, 투명비닐, 흑색비닐, 이들 비닐과 왕겨를 혼용한 멀칭이 삽주의 어린싹, 초기 및 후기 생장과 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 삽주의 어린싹 무게는 투명 비닐을 이용한 멀칭에서 가장 많았던 반면, 어린싹과 관련된 형질중에서는 엽수, 어린싹의 길이는 볏짚을 이용한 멀칭에서 가장 작았다. 2. 생장초기에는 볏짚을 이용한 멀칭시 엽수, 근수, 경수, 엽폭, 지상부 및 근경의 생체중이 가장 적었던 반면, 왕겨와 흑색비닐 혼합멀칭시 뿌리 관련 형질인 근수, 근경중 및 근중이 가장 많았다. 3. 생장후기에는 지온이 낮았던 생장초기의 멀칭효과가 고온기를 경과하면서 그 효과가 사라져 생장 및 형태적 형질에서는 멀칭처리간 차이가 거의 없었다. 4. 단위면적당 수량과 상품 수량은 볏짚 단독멀칭과 왕겨와 흑색비닐의 혼합멀칭 에서 가장 높았다.

국내 한약재 시장에서 유통되고 있는 백출 건재약재의 기원을 판별하고자 해부형태적 특징과 종 특이적인 SCAR 마커 (SAjR2, SAmR1)를 적용한 실험 결과는 다음과 같다. 해부형태적 특징으로 A. japonica에서는 주피에 코르크층이 매우 발달하여 있었고, 코르크층 내부 또는 아래에 석세포대가 연속적으로 발달하고 있었다. 유실은 A. japonica에서 뿌리횡단면에 전체적으로 다수 분포하여 잘 발달하고 있었으며 피충부분과 잘 발달된 방사조직 내에서도 목섬유다발이 다수 관찰됐다. 또한 유세포 내의 침상 결정물도 A. macrocephala보다 많이 함유하고 있었다. 이러한 특징들을 종합한 결과, 국내 유통 국산 및 수입 백출은 모두 A. japonica의 해부형태적 특징을 따르고 있어 A. japonica로 동정되었다. 한편 RAPD clone으로부터 개발된 A. japonica 특이적인 SAjR2를 이용하여 PCR 한 결과 모든 샘플에서 600bp 크기의 한국백출 특이적인 밴드가 형성되었으며, A. macrocephala 특이적인 SAmR1을 이 용한 결과에서는 작물시험장에서 재배중인 A. macrocephala에서만 1200 bp크기의 특이적인 밴드가 형성되어, 시중에서 유통되고 있는 한국백출과 중국백출은 모두 A. japonica로 동정되었다. 결론적으로 해부형태적 특성과 SCAR 마커는 A. japonica와 A. macrocephala 기원식물의 동정과 유통 건재 약재를 판별하기에 유용한 방법이었다.

This study was carried out to compare chromosomal characteristics between Atractylodes japonica and A macrocephala. Cytogenetic analysis was conducted based on karyotype analysis and physical mapping using fluorescence in situ hybridization. As a result of karyotype analysis by feulgen staining, somatic chromosome numbers of A. japonica and A. macrocephala were 2n=24. The length. of the mitotic metaphase chromosomes of A. japonica ranged from 0.70 to 1.60μm with a total length. of 12.11μm and the homologous chromosome complement comprised six metacentrics, five submetacentrics and one subtelocentrics. On the other hand, the length of the mitotic metaphase chromosomes of A. macrocephala ranged from 0.90 to 2.35μm with a total length of 16.58μm and the homologous chromosome complement comprised seven metacentrics and five submetacentrics. The total length of A. japonica chromosomes was shorter than that of A. macrocephala, but A. japonica had one subtelocentrics (chromosomes 4) different from A. macrocepha1a. chromosomes. The F1SH technique using 17S and 5S rDNA was applied to metaphase chromosomes. The signals for 17S rDNA were detected on the telomeric regions of chromosomes 4 and 5 in both A japonica and A. macrocephala. The 5S rDNA signal was found in the short arm of chromosome 1.

To identify the variation of the RAPD patterns between two Atractylodes species, 52 kinds of random primers were applied to each eight of A japonica and A. macrocephala genomic DNA. Ten primers of 52 primers could be used to discriminate between the species and 18 polymorphisms among 67 scored DNA fragments (18 fragments are specific for A. japonica and A. macrocephala) were generated using these primers, 26.9% of which were polymorphic. RAPD data from the 10 primers was used for cluster analysis. The cluster analysis of RAPD markers showed that the two groups are genetically distinct. On the other hand, to identify the variation of the AFLP patterns and select the species specific AFLP markers, eight combinations of EcoRI/MseI primers were applied to the bulked A. japonica and A. macrocephala genomic DNA. Consequently, three combinations of EcoRI/MseI primers (EcoRI /Mse I ; AAC/CTA, AAC/CAA, AAG/CTA) used in this study revealed 176 reliable AFLP markers, 42.0% of which were polymorphic. 74 polymorphisms out of 176 scored DNA fragments were enough to clearly discriminate between two Atractylodes species.