When exporting nuclear-related items, export control is required from two perspectives: the control of “Trigger List Items” as controlled by Nuclear Supplier Groups (NSG) and the control of the “Items Subject to the Agreement” as specified in bilateral Nuclear Cooperation Agreements. While Trigger List Items and Items Subject to the Agreement are largely similar, there are some items where they do not overlap. Furthermore, national law for controlling each item is different. The Trigger List Items are governed by the Foreign Trade Act, and the Items Subject to the Agreement (Internationally Controlled Items) are governed by the Nuclear Safety Act. As a result, the detailed procedures and requirements for controlling each item are quite distinct. For the Trigger List Items, export license must be obtained in accordance with the Foreign Trade Act. The details such as responsible authority, the items subject to license, license requirements and procedures, penalties are specified in the Public Notice on Import and Export of Strategic Goods. For the Items Subject to the Agreement, the process and obligations set forth in bilateral agreements and related administrative agreements are fulfilled in accordance with the Nuclear Safety Act. However, in contrast to the Trigger List Items, the details for complying with the agreements are not specified legally. Since most of the Items Subject to the Agreement are fall within the category of the Trigger List Items, the obligations in accordance with the agreements are reviewed and implemented during the export license assessment process. However, if the Items Subject to the Agreement are not are fall within the category of the Trigger List Items, there is a risk of control omission. For example, this applies to cases of exporting tritium and tritium removal facilities, which are not the Trigger List Items, to Canada and Romania. Moreover, since subjects to the agreement and compliance procedures are respectively different for 29 bilateral Nuclear Cooperation Agreements signed with different countries, it is difficult for enterprise to recognize the appropriate procedures and obligations under the agreement by their own. The bilateral Nuclear Cooperation Agreements establish legal obligations between state parties while NSG are non-legally binding arrangements. Therefore, it could be even more necessary to comply strictly with the agreements. Consequently, legal improvements are required for effective implementations of Nuclear Cooperation Agreements. While it may be challenging to institutionalize details of 29 Nuclear Cooperation Agreements, it is essential to legally specify key elements such as the list of items subject to agreements, responsible authority, requirements and procedures for implement the agreement obligations, and penalties. Furthermore, domestic awareness on compliance with Nuclear Cooperation Agreements is lower compared to the system of export license for Trigger List Items. The continuous outreach is also necessary, along with institutional improvements.

The purpose of the study was to analyze effectiveness of Korea’s bilateral development cooperation for the agricultural sector in Myanmar using secondary time-series data from 1991 and 2018. This study utilized the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Results showed that Korea’s bilateral development cooperation in the agricultural sector had a positive effect on the agricultural GDP in Myanmar with a significant contribution. This study suggests that the Myanmar government needs to use ODA (Official Development Assistance) for efficient and sustainable agriculture in a more timely and manageable manner. Although the agricultural sector in Myanmar has great potential for development, there are various weaknesses such as the lack of access to foreign aid compared to other ASEAN countries due to the lack of stability in policy legislation. If it formulates better agricultural policies, laws, and legislation, there would be more support from Korea and other partner countries than ever before.

This research purposely conducts to identify Malaysian role in port bilateral diplomacy in ASEAN. Malaysia known as role leader in ASEAN and commit with excellence, drive the country among ASEAN since 1969. The research included Malaysia role within maritime working group where this forum or organization discuss and negotiate any issue related maritime sector in ASEAN. The research also highlights in Port Enhancement and Malaysia Port Strategic whereas Port Development in Malaysia that contribute to Port Bilateral, Port Alliance and Port in ASEAN. The objective includes i) to identify the issues and challenges in bilateral diplomacy in port shipping, ii) to identify Malaysian marine department role toward integrating ASEAN Maritime Working Group, iii) to find out Malaysian initiative for enhancement Malaysian Port Development through ASEAN port alliances, iv) to formulate Malaysia Port Strategic Plan toward the development of national port ASEAN port Alliances. For the literature review in this research is refer to five keywords which is Port Alliances, maritime working group, Malaysia contribution, Malaysia Port Development and Port Strategic Plan. This research is using qualitative method that refer to previous research, article, and journal. The collecting data consist of text transcribe form interview session into verbal and text written. There are selected organization such as Ministry of Transport and Port Authority. The interview process through online using Webex. The coding process take afterward for analysis and conclusion data. The theory formulation of relation diplomacy for this research is propose the objective to formulate Malaysia port strategic plan toward the development of national port ASEAN. Finally, the finding of this research that Malaysia plays significant role in port operation through ASEAN regional. The ministry of Transport plays as policy maker and drive the actor form Malaysia Marine Department and Port Authority in operation and regulatory. The recommendation is to increase the effectiveness of communication and enhance the efficiency of relation toward port bilateral.

The main purpose of the Bilateral Nuclear Cooperation Agreement is to obtain the prior consent of suppliers in the case of peaceful use of items covered by the agreement, application of IAEA safeguards, reprocessing, enrichment or transfer to a third country. Reports on inventory changes and status for mutually transferred obligated items should be exchanged annually. According to the Agreement, items subject to bilateral agreement information must be exchanged with each other prior to direct or indirect transfer of controlled items. And the importing country proceeds with prior confirmation. After that, upon receipt of the target item, shipment notification and shipment confirmation are made, and an annual report on the target item is made. Such as the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), annual reporting and management of obligated items are made centered on institutions that use a lot of nuclear materials. But there are cases of delays in the agreement work due to the implementation, and discrepancies in data are occurring in the process of checking inventory details of obligated items. In addition, it was difficult to check the inventory of items subject to the agreement and the status of Export and Import status online, making it impossible for managers to monitor all aspects of bilateral agreements. Currently, there is generated to inconsistent in information between the annual report and the international transfer report in terms of Export and Import control. To solve these problems, KAERI is aim of promoting transparency in the international nuclear power sector and enhancing national reliability. And It is planning to establish an Export and Import management system for items subject to bilateral. In order to ensure the accuracy, it is going to enhance the efficiency of management methods such as new registration for new institutions when exporting and Importing items. This has the ultimate purpose of improving the efficiency of the implementation of the agreement items through the systemization of the database of agreement items and the management of the implementation of the agreement based on the sincere and timely implementation of the agreement.

Professor Shen Wei’s new book-Decoding Chinese Bilateral Investment Treaties-has vividly depicted a vibrant China in bilateral investment treaties (BITs) and BIT arbitrations. The observations, analyses and findings in his book are supported with abundant empirical evidence and critical theoretical explorations. The ground-breaking contribution made by this book lies in demystifying the patterns inherent in China’s BIT law and practice and adopting versatile methodology to address the literature gap identified by the author. This book not only explores the symbiotic relationship between China’s domestic governance and global BIT networks, but also coherently addresses four inter-connected puzzles relating to Chinese BITs. Professor Shen’s study shows that China and its investors will be proactive rule-makers and active rule-users in the arena of international investment law and investorstate arbitration. This new book will surely be an invaluable inspiration for practitioners, scholars and other persons who have interest in this field.

한-아프리카 농식품 기술협력 협의체 (KAFACI)는 아프리카 농업 공통현안을 연구과제를 통하여 해결하고자 2010년에 출범하여 현재 한국 포함 20개국으로 구성되었다. 본 논문은 지난 10년간 회원국에서 수행한 결과를 바탕으로 KAFACI 회원 국과 비회원국 간의 양자 무역 흐름에 대한 국제 기술 협력의 영향을 분석하였다. 분석은 UN 상품 무역 통계 데이터베이스에서 2000년에서 2018년 동안 45 개 아프리카 국가 간의 양 자 무역 패널 데이터를 이용하였으며 국제 무역 중력 모델을 적용하였다. 또한, 내생성, 표본 선택 편의, 패널내의 상관관계 를 통제하는 표본 선택 기법을 적용한 핵크만 랜덤 효과 회귀 모형을 사용하였다. 분석결과 경험적 결과는 국제 기술 협력이 KAFACI 회원국과 비회원 국 간의 양자 무역 흐름에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 것을 보여준다. 이러한 연구 결과 이 외에도 KAFACI는 회원국과 아프리카 이외의 주요 무역 파트 너 간의 양자 무역 흐름을 크게 늘렸을 가능성이 있지만 여기서는 다루지 않았다. 또한 KAFACI 회원국의 기술 채택 수준과 비율은 무역을 잠금 해제하기 위해 경제의 공급 측면에 영향을 미치는데 중요하지만 여기에서는 다루지 않았다.

Bilateral relationships between Malaysia and Indonesia have always been cordial, augmented largely by their shared ethno-cultural, value and religious affinity. Cooperation and collaboration initiatives and arrangement between the two countries are well-established in various fields, ranging from security, economic and trade, health to education. However, these friendly bilateral relationships have been occasionally marred by diplomatic frictions and protests arising from their disputes over overlapping claims to maritime territory and boundary. Among the most notable, intractable on-going maritime territorial and boundary disputes between the two countries occur in the Malacca Straits. In resolving these particularly dispute, diplomatic negotiation has been the most common and if not, the only dispute resolution mechanism adopted by the two countries. What make the scope of this study departs from the existing literature is the focus placed on examining the process of diplomatic negotiations between Malaysia and Indonesia for amicable resolution of the disputes. Diplomatic negotiation is arguably the preferred method to delimit contested maritime boundaries as it has its own advantages compare to other alternative peaceful methods. This qualitative study uses content analysis approach to investigate and appraise the background and process of diplomatic negotiation between Malaysia and Indonesia to reach final settlement of their territorial area and boundary disputes in the Malacca Straits. In analyzing the case, the theoretical tools used are negotiation theory, and bilateral theory. The selected respondents for this study are comprised of experts and practitioners attached to government agencies such as Maritime Malaysia Enforcement Agency and Institute Diplomacy and Foreign Relation. Then, content analysis is applied to the coding process. The research finding reveal that the status of diplomatic negotiation between the government of Malaysia and Indonesia are still ongoing, with the immediate final resolution of the disputes remains to be seen. The contribution of this study lies in providing the strong facts and the real status about territorial dispute at Strait of Malacca between Malaysia and Indonesia and also the process of diplomatic negotiation between Malaysia and Indonesia in settlement the territorial dispute at Strait of Malacca.

Background: Stroke patients exhibit arm global synkinesis (GS), involuntary movement due to muscle weakness and irregular muscle tension. But currently there are few studies examined the effects of GS on activates of daily living in stroke patients. Objectives: To investigate the effects the effects of task-oriented bilateral movements, which promote brain plasticity and are based on neurological theory, using the unaffected arm and the affected arm. Design: Quasi-randomized trial. Methods: Twenty stroke patients were randomly assigned to experimental group I (n=10) and experimental group II (n=10). Before the intervention, arm GS was measured using surface electromyography, and the Motor Activity Log evaluated the quantitative and qualitative uses of the affected arm in daily life. The same items were measured four weeks later. Results: The changes in the GS of the arm of experimental group I showed statistically significant differences only in bending motions (P<.05). Both groups showed statistically significant differences in the amount of use (AOU) and the quality of movement (QOM) scores (P<.01). Comparing the groups, statistically significant differences in GS appeared during bending motions (P<.05), and in the AOU (P<.01) and the QOM scores (P<.05). Conclusion: The intervention in GS reduced the abnormal muscle tension of the affected side by increasing the use of the ipsilateral motor pathway, indicating its effectiveness in improving upper limb functions with smooth contraction and relaxation of the muscles.

Background: Due to aging, blood flow rate decreases, also posture and chewing habit may be changed. Objective: To identify that changes in blood velocity in the common carotid arteries (CCAs) in old persons with unilateral chewing habit (UCH) and forward head posture (FHP) in the elderly. Design: An observational cross-sectional study. Methods: Chewing habits, FHP, and CCAs velocities were assessed in 85 elderly subjects. Chewing habits were measured by visual observation. CCAs measured the peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), minimum diastolic velocity, and resistivity index. The subjects were divided into UCH and bilateral chewing habit groups depending on chewing habit. The subjects were also divided into >49 degrees and <49 degrees for comparison of blood flow between the left and right CCAs. Results: In the UCH, the chewing side had significantly higher EDV (P=.003), PSV (P=.023) than the non-chewing side. There was no significant difference in velocity between the CCAs in the FHP. Conclusion: This study shows that the blood flow velocity of the chewing side of UCH was higher, and unilateral chewing affects the CCAs velocity and thus highlight the importance of chewing habit in the elderly than head posture.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hemispheric damage in body composition of male adults with stroke experiences. The Fourth and Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) with body composition results obtained from the DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) assessments were used for this study. Survey data of 18 post-stroke men and 28 healthy controls were obtained. Both the lean and fat masses of the upper and lower limbs were utilized to compare for the compositions between the limbs in post-stroke subjects. In addition, the effect of exercise habit was also observed for the influence of physical activity in body composition. Mixed results in left and right limb compositions were shown between the groups. When the subjects were further divided based on walking days per week, sedentary (walk ≤2 d/wk) post-stroke group showed significantly greater fat mass and less lean mass than the physically active people (walk ≥ 3d/wk). In comparison to the healthy sedentary and physically active controls, two post-stroke groups showed greater variations. The results indicate that physical activity maintains or improve the quality of both the upper and lower limb composition in patients with post-stroke men.

Synovial cysts are found mainly in periarticular areas of the wrist, ankle, and knee, but also rarely in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Only 1 case of bilateral synovial cysts in the region of the TMJ has been reported. This case report described bilateral cysts in the TMJ in a 54-year-old Korean woman. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed bilateral oval cystic lesions lateral to the condylar capsule, whereas computed tomography (CT) apparently did not show the right hand side lesion. The cyst on the left side was surgically excised, and fine needle aspiration was performed on the right hand cyst. After 24 months, the long term follow-up showed no sign of recurrence.

This study aims to evaluate the status of implementation of bilateral-fishery order since the Korea-Japan Fisheries Agreement came into effect in 1999 in order to improve fisheries relationships between two countries. The agreement regulates bilateral-fishery order by the principle of the EEZ regime and mutual benefits among countries. (e.g. the mutual agreed fishing in EEZ and cooperation for resource management). However, the Korea-Japan Fisheries Agreement has some limitations such as reducing quotas of the mutual agreed fishing in EEZ, strengthening Japanese fisheries regulation, insufficient cooperation for fisheries management and joint countermeasures. In order to improve fisheries relationships between the two countries, it is imperative to rebalance quotas for the mutual agreed fishing in EEZ, to establish effective resource management systems in the Intermediate zone, to invigorate fisheries cooperation in the private sector, and to introduce new management systems by species over the all waters around East Asia. To accomplish such measures, it is necessary for Korean and Japanese governments to improve fisheries relationships based on trust and cooperation, achieving a win-win situation. Additionally, it is required to incorporate fisheries management among Korea, China, and Japan.

The Impact of transnational corporations’ activities on local communities and populations can result in violations of human rights. There are compelling reasons to hold TNCs liable for human rights violations. The regulation of TNCs has become a global public good, and joint forces are needed to hold TNCs more accountable for their violations of human rights. Bilateral Investment Treaties, as a main component of international investment law regulating international investment activities, require urgent reform in this area. This article examines why and how BITs could be drafted or amended in order to enhance TNCs’ human rights accountability. After taking stock of existing legal institutions regulating TNCs, this article analyzes the difficulties and hurdles in subjecting TNCs to human rights liability. Finally, this article probes into potential advisable proposals on how BITs should be reformed, both in substance and procedure, to better respect human rights.

양손 협응을 통한 상지의 정상적인 운동은 일상생활동작 수행의 질을 결정하는 필수조건이 된다. 그러나 뇌졸중으로 인한 신경학적 손상은 뇌손상이 일어난 반대측 신체에 감각운동적 기능장애를 일으키게 된다. 마비측 상지 훈련뿐만 아니라 양측 상지의 동시적 운동 수행이 마비된 상지의 기능회복에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그러나 양측 상지 훈련을 다양한 기능 수준의 환자군에게 적용한 연구가 없다. 다양한 양측 상지 훈련 개발을 위해 양측 상지를 이용한 과제 에 대해 정확한 분석이 이루어져야 할 것이며 치료 효과를 이어갈 수 있도록 양측 상지 훈련에 대한 홈 프로그램 운동이나 프로토콜 개발이 필요할 것이라고 생각된다.

Oral galvanism is known to induce chronic irritation on oral mucosa, but the related pathology rarely occurs. A 65 years old male complained of linear horizontal ulcerations on his bilateral buccal mucosa for one month. The oral ulcerations were parallel and approximated to his occlusal plane. He had multiple metallic crowns using gold and nickel cobalt alloy at bilateral upper and lower molar teeth, and also had accustomed to heavy smoking for more than twenty years. Biopsy examination was performed with immunohistochemical staining using antisera of PCNA, D2-40, and PARP. The epithelial ulcer had clear margin and was replaced by granulation tissue containing many dilated lymphatic vessels, which were positive for D2-40, but showed no feature of pseudo-necrotic membrane. Nearby epithelium showed the typical features of leukoedema, characterized by edematous keratinocytes with clear cytoplasms and pyknotic nuclei, low rete ridges, and rough superficial epithelial layer, where PCNA was rarely positive. Some superficial edematous keratinocytes showed perinuclear cytoplasmic vacuolization, and their peripheral nuclear chromatins were positive for PARP. Taken together, the present mucosa ulceration was different from aphthous stomatitis, herpes stomititis, oral lichen planus, etc., thus it was postulated that the galvanic current generated from between the upper and lower dissimilar metal crowns could affect the precedent leukoedema caused by heavy smoking habit and produce the linear horizontal buccal ulceration. Therefore, the present case was diagnosed as galvanic mucositis associated with leukoedema, and it was also hypothesized that the mild and persistent galvanic current was able to deplete the cytoplasmic fluid of leukoedema keratinocytes via the osmotic pressure difference elicited by increased ionic concentration of galvanism, and followed by severe keratinocyte apoptosis and oral mucosa ulceration.

목적 : 본 연구는 상호작용식 메트로놈(Interactive Metronome; IM)을 이용한 작업치료가 편마비 뇌성마비 아동의 신체 양측 협응과 균형 능력, 상지기능에 미치는 효과를 검증하기 위한 개별 실험 연구이다. 연구방법 : 선천성 뇌성마비로 진단 받은 편마비 아동 1인을 대상으로, 개별실험 연구방법(single-subject experimental research design) 중 ABA 설계를 사용하였다. 총 20회기로 매주 2회기씩 10주간 진행하였다. 기초선 4회기는 중재 없이 양측 협응을 평가하였고 중재기 12회기는 상호작용식 메트로놈을 이용한 중재를 1일 1회 40~45분씩 실시한 후 양측 협응을 평가하였다. 재기초선 4회기는 중재 없이 양측 협응을 평가하였다. 중재전과 후의 균형검사를 실시하였고, 중재 전, 중, 후에는 상지기능 검사를 실시하여 변화를 알아보았다. 결과 : 상호작용식 메트로놈 훈련을 통한 중재 결과, 양측 협응과 균형능력이 유의하게 향상되었고, 양측 협응의 향상에 따른 중재 전, 중, 후의 상지기능은 향상을 보였으나 유의하지 않았다. 결론 : 상호작용식 메트로놈 훈련이 편마비 뇌성마비 아동의 양측 협응과 균형능력 향상에 효과가 있다는 것을 확인하였고 편마비 뇌성마비 아동의 양측 협응과 균형 훈련의 중재방법으로 사용될 임상적 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

A 14-year-old female South American sea lion (Otaria byronia) with persistent vaginal secretion and chronic hemorrhagic diarrhea was encountered. During postmortem examination, the uterus was found to resemble a balloon with mucosal congestion and was filled with grayish milky material. The ovaries also had abnormal features, including necrotic surface lesions and multiple whitish foci in the cut section. Hemorrhages and ulcerated changes due to toxemia were observed in other organs, including the liver, spleen, lung, intestines, and lymph nodes. Microscopically, the left ovary contained interlacing fascicles of fibroblast-like cells with blunt-end nuclei showing cytoplasmic positive immunoreactivity against alpha-smooth muscle actin and desmin. The right ovary contained cells with round to cigar-shaped nuclei showing cytoplasmic positive immunoreactivity against vimentin. In conclusion, based on classification of bilateral ovarian tumors as a leiomyoma in the left region and a fibroma in the right region, this sea lion was diagnosed with chronic closed pyometra.

최근 선진국은 개발도상국의 REDD+ 활동을 지원하기 위해 매년 200억불을 목표로 기금을 조성하고 있고, 한국 역시 탄소배출권 확보 및 국제협력 활성화를 위하여 적극적으로 REDD+ 사업을 추진중이다. 한국의 REDD+ 협력 대상국을 선정하기 위해 대상 국가 선정 기준을 온실가스 감축잠재력 및 양자 협력 여부로 설정하고, 지구산림자원평가서(FAO, 2010)를 활용하여 REDD+ 협력 대상국으로 고려할 후보 38개 국가를 선정하였다. 온실가스 감축잠재력을 추정하기 위해서 산림이 전체 면적에서 차지하는 비율을 나타내는 산림률과 산림전용의 정도를 나타내는 산림전용률을 산출하였다. 기준치를 정할 때, 산림률은 2000 ~ 2010년간 대상 국가들의 연평균 산림률인 42%를 기준으로 하여 산림률이 높은 국가와 낮은 국가로 구분하였고, 산림전용률은 2000 ~ 2010년간 대상 국가들의 연평균 산림전용률인 0.2%를 기준으로 산림전용률이 높은 국가와 낮은 국가로 구분하였다. 보완적으로 산림청과 양자협력 체결 여부와 한국이 주도적으로 운영하고 있는 국제산림기구인 AFoCO 회원국 가입 여부를 고려하여 한국의 REDD+ 협력 대상국을 선정하였다. 본 선정기준에 따라 인도네시아, 미얀마, 캄보디아, 라오스가 한국의 REDD+ 1차 협력대상국으로, 브라질, 콩고민주공화국, 파푸아 뉴기니가 2차 협력 대상국으로 선정되었다. 결론적으로 REDD+ 협력 국가 대상국을 동남아시아에만 국한하지 않고 온실가스 감축잠재력이 높은 아프리카와 중남미로 확장시킬 것을 제안하는 바이다.