Metaverse is a virtual world where users can engage in various activities, and its market is expected to grow rapidly in the coming years (Hwang, 2021). Generation Z, also known as digital natives, are heavily involved in social media and often share selfies, making them more sensitive to body image concerns (Ameen, 2022). In the metaverse, users can create customized avatars, allowing them to experience an ideal body image. This study applies the “extraordinary self” theory to avatar creation, a concept that explains how people create an ideal, fantastic, or transcendent self by consuming experiences that set them apart from their mundane real self (Procter, 2021). Based on the theory, this study examines how dissatisfaction with body image of Generation Z can lead to the creation of avatars that manifest an ideal body image, which in turn, can influence self-congruence with the avatar and self-esteem in the metaverse. This study also looks into the possible effects of enhanced self-esteem on user’s intention to purchase virtual products and their loyalty to a specific metaverse platform. Therefore, the following hypotheses are developed.

Society’s emphasis on a thin body ideal may intensify an individual’s negative perceptions of fatness. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between sociocultural attitudes toward appearance (awareness and internalization of the female ideal) and anti-fat attitudes among middle-aged Korean women. In addition, the aim was to examine whether the body internalization of female ideals was a mediator in the proposed model. Participants included a sample of 264 middle-aged Korean women who completed a series of measures online. The following information was collected through online questionnaires: awareness and internalization of the female ideal, attitudes toward fat, body weight perception, and demographics. Data were analyzed using correlation analysis, descriptive analysis, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. The measurement model and the structural model testing provided an acceptable fit to the data, and all proposed pathways in the research model were statistically significant. Awareness of the female ideal was significantly and positively associated with internalization, and it significantly and positively predicted both constructs of anti-fat attitudes. Additionally, awareness of the female ideal was significantly and positively indirectly associated with attitudes toward fat peopledislike and willpower mediated by internalization. Overall, these findings suggest that society’s emphasis on female appearance and a thin body can ultimately result in significant stigmatization of overweight/obese individuals. This study emphasizes the importance of establishing a healthy appearance standard to reduce anti-fat prejudice.

This study was undertaken to examine body image distortion among female adolescents and identify related factors. Raw data from the 14th Korean Youth Health Behavior Survey were used. The proportion of participants exhibiting body image distortion was 39.5%, with the ratio being higher among female students of normal weight as compared to underweight female students. Logistic regression revealed that the risk of having a distorted body image was higher among high school females than in middle school females having lower subjective academic performance and household economic status. In addition, the risk of having a distorted body image was higher for students who drank alcohol when compared to students who did not drink, for the group engaging vigorously in physical activity (exercise) more than three times per week as opposed to the group exercising less than three times per week, and for the group consuming less than one serving of fruit per day as compared to the group consuming more than one serving of fruit per day. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that continuous nutrition education needs to be provided so that adolescents can correctly perceive their body images and form desirable eating habits.

Background: The body schema, which is constantly updated using somatosensory information, enables accurate movement. Since pain is reported as a possible source to alter the body schema, the left right judgement test (LRJT) has been widely used in the pain rehabilitation. However, there was a lack of consistency in the effect of the pain on the LRJT results, and for the effect of the LRJT as a part of intervention programs for pain patients. The deeper understand of the LRJT is necessary for better reproducibility, and to expand the therapeutic applications of the LRJT in the pain and musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Objects: This literature review aimed to understand the LRJT and to study the potential of the LRJT for therapeutic applications. Methods: The PubMed database was searched for studies relevant to LRJT. To establish the query set, the term was regarded from various perspectives. Results: The selected studies were classified into three categories: LRJT development, factors influencing LRJT, and therapeutic applications. Conclusion: Left right judgement test is the evaluation tool for the integrity of body schema as well as a tool for implicit motor imagery. Pain, proprioception, and other factors influence the performance of the LRJT.

The objective of this study was to develop a fashion therapy program for improving body image and self-esteem among male workers. Accordingly, the demand for fashion therapy programs was examined by conducting a literature review, survey, and in-depth interviews with men working in the Daegu and Gyeongbuk areas. The results are summarized as follows. The fashion therapy program followed a framework of “introduction-development-final” and was 60 minutes in length, for four sessions (one per week). The contents of the program consisted of a study of the participants’ appearance and any concerns they had about their body in Session 1. In Session 2, differences in image perception were examined according to color coding of menswear and personal color. Session 3 comprised understanding what styling is required to supplement men’s body shape and what style is suitable for each participant. The content of Session 4 determined how to build social performance or positive image using nonverbal elements. Overall, this study has great significance in that it has developed a study on fashion therapy program originally applied for psychological treatment with women that has been adapted as a program to help improve positive emotions and social competitiveness of male workers in an office environment.

목 적：일반적으로 DWI 검사의 Echo Planner Image(EPI)기법은 공기, 지방, 물 등 자화율 차이가 큰 물질에서 종종 왜곡 된 영상이 발생되는 특성이 있다. 또한 B0 field 영역의 불균일에 따라 발생 되어지는 왜곡현상도 1.5T보다 3.0T에서 더 크다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하고 보완하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 정상인을 대상으로 3D shim Whole body DWI와 SIEMENS의 Integrated-shim (i-shim) Whole body DWI의 영상품질을 비교 평가해 보았다. 대상 및 방법：본 연구는 2017년 12월부터 2018년 1월까지 정상인 10명(평균 나이 28.7±3.62세, 체질량지수 26.3±2.74)을 대상으로 하였다. 연구에 사용된 장비는 3.0T MRI 장비(Skyra 3.0T Elfs, SIEMENS, Germany)를 사용 하였으며, 20 채널 head&neck coil, 30 채널 body coil 2개, 18채널 spine coil을 사용하였다. 방법으로는 3D shim WB DWI와 i–shim WB DWI을 연속적으로 검사하였다. step당 TR/TE = 8500/ 56 msec, FOV450x450, matrix 134/134, NEX(b-value 0 =3NEX, 900= 4NEX), 50slice, Slice Thickness 5mm로 하였다. 영상획득시간은 pre scan을 포함하여 step당 3D shim DWI = 183sec, i-shim DWI = 227sec였다. 평가 방법으로는 재구성 된 영상(b-value=900)의 시상 면 영상을 가지고 정성적 분석과 Image J의 Plot profile기능을 활용한 정량적 분석을 하였다. 결 과：시상면 영상에서 척추와 뇌척수(spinal cord) 주변부의 신호소실, 틀어짐, 영상 품질, 3가지 항목을 정성적으로 평가 한 결과 i-shim DWI가 3D shim DWI보다 신호소실 평가에서 0.87점(17.4%)더 높게 받았으며, 틀어짐에서 1.1점(22%), 전체적 영상 품질에서 1.1점(22%) 높았다. 결과적으로 i-shim DWI가 3D shim DWI보다 높은 점수를 보였으며, Total image quality를 5점 척도로 평가한 결과 i-shim DWI가 1.3점(26%)이상으로 더 좋은 점수를 받았다. 정성적 평가에서 영상의 품질이 가장 좋지 않았던 목 부위를 정량적으로 분석해 본 결과, 3D shim WB DWI의 Area signal Plot profile 은 242.74(6.67)이었고, i-shim WB DWI의 Area signal Plot profile은 250.21(5.65)로 i-shim WB DWI에서 목 부위 Area 신호 면적이 더 넓어 신호소실이 더 적은 것으로 확인됬다. 또한 영상의 background 값을 normalize하여 signal intensity를 비교한 결과 3D shim DWI이 455.80(299.81), i-shim DWI이 718.80(376.40)으로 약 1.57배 더 신호강도 가 좋았다. 결 론：i-shim DWI은 기존의 3D shim DWI보다 자화율과 두께 차이가 심한 목 부분에서 자화 불균일에 의한 인공물을 효과적으로 교정할 수 있었으며, 결과적으로 B0 fileld 불균일에 따라 발생되어지는 인공물을 줄이는데 탁월한 것으로 확인됬 다. 또한 step이 인접한 각 table의 위치에서 왜곡에 따른 신호소실을 줄이고 움직임에 대한 보상이 탁월한 것으로 판단되었다.

The study aims to investigate the effects of media and self-image congruity of ideal body image on the dieting and exercising behaviors of Korean and U.S. female college students. This study focuses on the concept of self-image congruity in order to examine how respondents perceive actual and desired self-images compared to an ideal female body image selected by respondents. A self-administered survey was conducted, resulting in 331 total responses (194 from Korean students and 137 from U.S. students). The data were analyzed through descriptive analysis, t-test, exploratory factor analysis, and regression analysis using SPSS 23.0. The findings revealed significant differences between Korean and U.S. female college students. U.S. students were more exposed to body image ideals in the media than Korean students; however, Korean female students valued the information regarding ideal body image conveyed by the media more than U.S. respondents. Among Korean female students, exposure to media messages regarding ideal body image and media importance had significant effects on desired self-image congruity, while these factors were not significant among U.S. students. However, there was a negative effect of media exposure on actual self-image congruity among U.S. respondents only. Additionally, the study uncovered that Korean students manage their body image through dieting behaviors while U.S. respondents manage body image through exercise behaviors (weight training as well as cardiovascular exercise). The study provides further support for self-image congruity, which extends its applications to the body image field.

본 연구는 체육전공 남녀 신입생들을 대상으로 체질량지수(Body mass index; BMI), 신체이미지, 식사태도 및 신체활동량의 차이와 상관관계를 규명하는데 있다. 남녀 체육전공 신입생 595명(남녀: 341 vs. 254)이 본 연구에 참여하였고, 대상자들은 신체이미지(Body sahpe questionnaire; BSQ), 식사태도(Eating attitude test-26; EAT-26), 및 신체활동(International physical activity questionnaires; IPAQ)에 대한 설문지를 작성하였다. 체질량지수에 따라 분류하였을 때 정상체중은 67.2%로 나타났으며, 저체중은 5.4%, 과체중과 비만이 17.8%, 9.6%로 나타났다. 남학생들의 57.7%와 여학생들의 78.7%는 정상체중으로 분류되었다. BSQ 검사 결과 총 대상자 중 불만족의 비율은 48.2%로 나타났으며, 남학생 22.9%와 여학생 82.3%가 불만족으로 나타났다. EAT-26 검사 결과 전체 20.2%가 비정상적인 식사태도를 가지고 있었으며, 남학생과 여학생의 비율은 7.3% vs. 37.4%로 나타났다. 신체활동량 조사 결과 99%의 대상자들이 활동적으로 조사되었다. BMI, BSQ, EAT-26, 그리고 신체활동량은 남녀 간에 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다. 신체이미지와 식사태도는 남녀 대상자 모두에서 유의한 상관관계를 보였으며, 체질량지수는 남자 대상자들에서만 신체이미지와 식사태도와 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 그러나 신체활동량은 남녀 모두에서 다른 변인들과 상관관계가 없었다. 결론적으로 체육전공 대학생들의 신체불만족과 비정상적인 식사태도의 비율이 높으며, 신체이미지의 불만족이 높을수록 비정상적인 식사태도를 가지고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 따라서 이에 적합한 교육과 사회적 인식의 전환이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

목 적：일반적으로 DWI 검사의 Echo Planner Image(EPI)기법은 공기, 지방, 물 등 자화율 차이가 큰 물질에 서 종종 왜곡된 영상이 발생되는 특성이 있다. 또한 B0 field 영역의 불균일에 따라 발생 되어지는 왜곡 현상도 1.5T보다 3.0T에서 더 크다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하고 보완하기 위하여 본 연구에서는 정상인을 대상으로 3D shim Whole body DWI와 SIEMENS의 Integrated-shim (i-shim) Whole body DWI의 영상품질을 비교 평가해 보았다. 대상 및 방법：본 연구는 2017년 12월부터 2018년 1월까지 정상인 10명(평균 나이 28.7±3.62세, 체질량지수 26.3±2.74)을 대상으로 하였다. 연구에 사용된 장비는 3.0T MRI 장비(Skyra 3.0T Elfs, SIEMENS, Germany)를 사용하였으며, 20 채널 head&neck coil, 30 채널 body coil 2개, 18채널 spine coil을 사용하였다. 방법으로는 3D shim WB DWI와 i–shim WB DWI을 연속적으로 검사하였다. step당 TR/TE = 8500/ 56 msec, fOV450x450, matrix 134/134, Nex(b-value 0 =3nex, 900= 4nex), 50slice, Slice Thickness 5mm로 하였다. 영상획득시간은 pre scan을 포함하여 step당 3D shim DWI = 183sec, i-shim DWI = 227sec였다. 평가 방법으로는 재구성 된 B900 영상의 시상면 영상을 가지고 정성적 분석과 Image J의 Plot profile기능을 활용한 정량적 분석을 하였다. 결 과：시상면 영상에서 척추와 뇌척수(spinal cord) 주변부의 신호소실, 틀어짐, 영상 품질, 3가지 항목을 정성 적으로 평가한 결과 I shim DWI가 3D shim DWI보다 신호소실 평가에서 0.9점(18%)더 높게 받았으며, 틀어짐에서 1.1점(22%), 총 영상 품질에서 1.1점(22%) 높았다. 결과적으로 i-shim DWI가 3D shim DWI보다 높은 점수를 보였으며, Total image quality를 합산하여 평가한 결과 i-shim DWI가 1.03점 (20.6%)이상으로 더 좋은 점수를 받았다. 정성적 평가에서 영상의 품질이 가장 좋지 않았던 목 부위를 정량적으로 분석해 본 결과, 3D shim WB DWI의 Area signal Plot profile 은 242.74(6.67)이었고, i-shim WB DWI의 Area signal Plot profile은 250.21(5.65)로 I-shim WB DWI에서 목 부위 Area 신호 면적이 더 넓어 신호소실이 더 적은 것으로 확인됬다. 또한 영상의 background 값을 normalize하여 signal intensity를 비교한 결과 3D shim DWI이 455.80(299.81), i-shim DWI이 718.80 (376.40)으로 약 1.57배 더 신호강도가 좋았다. 결 론：i-shim DWI은 기존의 3D shim DWI보다 자화율과 두께 차이가 심한 목 부분에서 자화 불균일에 의한 인공물을 효과적으로 교정할 수 있었으며, 결과적으로 B0 fileld 불균일에 따라 발생되어지는 인공물을 줄이는데 탁월한 것으로 확인됬다. 또한 step이 인접한 각 table의 위치에서 왜곡에 따른 신호소실을 줄이고 움직임에 대한 보상이 탁월한 것으로 판단되었다.

This study investigated multidimensional body image, self-esteem, clothing benefits sought, and Body Image After Breast Cancer (BIABC) within surgical subgroups among breast cancer survivors. The study applied the questionnaire survey method and the main research was conducted through an online survey. The respondents included 207 breast cancer survivors between the ages of 30 and 59, each of whom received the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). Self-esteem, clothing benefits sought, examination, and demographic variables were measured using a 5-point Likert scale. The main results of this study are outlined below. For clothing benefit sought, six factors were formulated—pursuit of self-expression/social approval, function/health, compensation, femininity, fashion, and camouflage—and BIABC was defined by the four factors of body stigma/vulnerability, transparency, limitation and cancer concern. While MBSRQ and self-esteem did not show a statistically significant difference between groups differentiated by the surgical methods experienced, those who underwent mastectomies scored slightly lower than members of the other groups. Moreover, the reconstruction after mastectomy group showed the highest mean on self-expression/social approval, compensation, femininity and entire clothing benefits sought, followed by the lumpectomy group and mastectomy group. The lumpectomy group was found to have more positive BIABC than the mastectomy group. In particular, the mastectomy group showed a lower body stigma/vulnerability mean than the other groups. This study is meaningful in that it improves our understanding of the body image of breast cancer survivors and provides basic knowledge for developing products and marketing strategies for breast cancer survivors as consumers.

This study was conducted using a self boarding questionnaire survey to investigate body image perception, dietary habits and nutrient intakes according to interest level in health of female university students in Masan area (n=302). The subjects were divided into 2 groups according to interest level in health (‘High’ group, n=101, ‘Low’ group, n=201). Body image according to BMI was significantly different regardless of interest level in health (p<0.001). The answer percentage indicated that the purpose of weight control is health, regular use of the scale, and regular exercise were significantly higher in the high group (p<0.05). Nutrient knowledge score (p<0.01) and food frequency score (p<0.001) were significantly higher in the high group (p<0.01). There were no significant differences in nutrient intake, but intake, NAR and INQ of vitamin C were significantly higher in the high group (p<0.001). Nutrition knowledge score (p<0.01), food intake frequency score (p<0.01), and INQ and NAR of vitamin C (p<0.01) were positively correlated with the interest level in health. These results will be useful as a basis for the development of effective nutrition education programs in order to increase interest level in health and apply well in real life what have learned through the correct nutrition knowledge.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the differences of body compensation image on variations in the shoulder height and width of power shoulder raglan sleeve jacket. Nine samples were examined: 3 variations of the shoulder height and 3 variations of the shoulder width. The data was evaluated by 123 fashion design majors. The results were as follows; as a result of analyzing the body compensation image according to changes in the shoulder height and width of power shoulder raglan sleeve jacket, five factors were selected; the shoulder compensation factor, the bust compensation factor, the waist compensation factor, the arm compensation factor and the neck compensation factor. Among these factors, the shoulder compensation factor is the most important factor. Examining the major effect of the body compensation image based on changes in the shoulder height and width of power shoulder raglan sleeve jacket, it had an independent influence on factors about waist, neck, shoulder and arm compensation except a factor about bust compensation, had an influence on interacting effect of factors about shoulder, bust, waist, arm compensation, and it had no influence on interacting effect of a factor about neck compensation. This shows that the shoulder height has larger effect on neck compensation image than the shoulder width in power shoulder raglan sleeve jacket.

Recently, 18F-FDG PET based CT scan was a critical examination that the after, before plan diagnosis and treatment of tumors. But, due to the distortion of SUV that should be proportional to the metabolic rate of glucose in the tumor, the other measurement methods are being on study. In this study, compared the degree of distortion of SUV that according to the volume of the tumor analysis ROI and VOI using the NEMA IEC Phantom. The results, the SUVmax, mean value are rapidly decreased with threshold value 500 mm2 interval of the ROI analysis, 1500 mm3 interval of the VOI analysis. When compared SUVmax value SUVmean, ROI and VOI analysis VOI measurements was 1.077 times higher SUVmax was 0.981 times highe compared to the value of the ROI measurement. Compare MTV, SUV 2.0 as measured by the volume of the VOI to Volume showed a slightly higher results(Volume / MTV = 93.4 % ±14.8 %). Considering the above results, Tumor evaluation by 18F-FDG PET / CT scan Consider each threshold value should be analyzed due to larger SUV's Distortion depending on the size of the tumor. VOI analysis is recommended. because it showed the VOI analysis is higher than the ROI analysis SUVmax and lower SUVmean due to VOI analysis than once as a measure of the wider area as measured ROI analysis. MTV (R2 = 0.999), a result close to the actual size of the tumor. but, more research is needed in this regard, because SUV according to the standards of value are affected.

This study was performed to investigate the eating habit, body image, and weight control behavior by BMI in Korean female high school students. Data on the 16, 574 subjects was obtained from the sixth Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (2010). Only 52.2% of the subjects had regular breakfast. The rate of skipping breakfast was higher in the underweight group than in the obese group, but the rate of skipping dinner was on the contrary to this. Underweight students had a higher intake frequency of fruits, fast food, instant noodle, and snacks than the obese groups. 3.5% of underweight students considered themselves to be overweight or obese. 53.4% of obese students considered themselves to be overweight. The experience of weight control increased according to BMI, but underweight students considered weight control as an effort to be slimmer. Meal restriction was used more frequently to control weight. The perceived stress level was higher in obese student, especially due to appearance. Therefore, an appropriate, integrated and personalized high school nutrition program should be established for proper body image perception and to develop the self-esteem of female high school students.

The purpose of this study was to provide basic information regarding desirable body image recognition by examining body image recognition 395 middle school students in the Chungnam area. The average age of the subjects was 13.7 years for boys and 12.6 for girls. Their average height and weight were 165.4 ㎝ and 57.1 ㎏ for boys, and 155.7 ㎝ and 48.8 ㎏ for girls. As for body shape, girls thought that they were overweight more often and wanted to lose weight compared to the boys. Over half of the respondents answered that their weight control efforts were not systematic such ad via professional counseling. Weight control by students was attempted by themselves in order to control their weight by skipping meals. Further, the subjects exhibit dietary behavioral problems such as overeating, skipping meals, unbalanced diet, and eating speed. In conclusion, correct body image recognition is needed and families and schools should make efforts to help students properly control their weight and adopt proper eating habits.