This study examines the impact of a university-level elective, Practical English Conversation, designed with Seligman’s (2011) PERMA framework, on students’ emotional and cognitive experiences. The course incorporated communicative speaking tasks and collaborative interaction in real-life contexts to promote positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment in English language learning. Participants were 51 undergraduates from two sections of the course who completed both pre- and post-course surveys out of 63 enrolled students. Using a mixed-methods design, a 15-item PERMA-based questionnaire was administered at the beginning and end of the semester. Paired-sample t-tests showed significant improvements across the five PERMA domains. Qualitative reflections analyzed using NVivo further illustrated both supportive and challenging aspects of the course, including workload, speaking anxiety, and group participation dynamics. The findings provide preliminary insights into how PERMA-informed course design may shape learners’ emotional and cognitive experiences and contribute to a more supportive and reflective learning environment for students in university English communication classrooms and related learning contexts.

The adoption of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has attracted growing attention across industries due to its potential to transform organizational processes and value creation. Despite its high applicability, however, the diffusion of generative AI in the telecommunications industry remains limited. Existing studies have largely focused on identifying individual barriers to AI adoption, providing insufficient understanding of how these barriers interact and form a complex hierarchy of constraints. Addressing this gap, this study investigates the structural interrelationships among barriers to generative AI adoption in the telecommunications industry. Based on a comprehensive literature review and expert validation, fifteen key barriers were identified. Using a Delphi-based Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) approach, this study examined the hierarchical influence structure among the barriers. Subsequently, the Matrix Impact Cross-reference Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) technique was employed to classify the barriers according to their driving power and dependence. The results reveal a four-level hierarchical structure in which environmental barriers play a foundational role. In particular, the absence of alignment in institutional frameworks and technical standards emerges as a root-level barrier exerting strong influence on higher-level constraints. Regulatory uncertainty and concerns about job displacement function as independent drivers linking foundational environmental conditions to execution- level constraints. Most technical, organizational, and economic barriers are concentrated at the intermediate level, forming a highly interdependent execution layer. At the top level, delays and uncertainties in decision-making regarding generative AI adoption appear as outcome-oriented barriers resulting from the cumulative effects of lower-level constraints. By highlighting that barriers to generative AI adoption in the telecommunications industry operate as a structurally connected system rather than isolated factors, this study extends existing adoption research through a structural perspective. The findings provide practical insights for telecommunications firms in prioritizing adoption strategies and offer implications for addressing institutional and regulatory conditions that shape the diffusion of generative AI.

This study examines the operational performance of a Manufacturing Execution System (MES)-based smart factory and presents a case study to provide practical insights for the effective adoption of smart factories by small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Korea. While Industry 4.0 and Korea’s Manufacturing Innovation 3.0 policy have accelerated the digital transformation of manufacturing sites, the emerging paradigm of Industry 5.0 places greater emphasis on human-centricity, sustainability, and resilience. The case company, S Corporation, is a mid-sized automotive parts manufacturer that implemented an MES-based integrated platform encompassing production management, materials management through a Warehouse Management System (WMS), quality management via a Quality Management System (QMS), and equipment management. This integration enabled real-time monitoring and control of shop-floor operations, thereby enhancing data-driven decision-making. The case analysis, supported by a review of related literature, identifies significant quantitative improvements, including increased productivity, reduced defect rates, shorter lead times, and improved inventory turnover. In addition, several qualitative benefits were observed, such as enhanced process visibility, operational standardization, faster managerial decision-making, and a reduced workload for shop-floor operators. Overall, this study demonstrates a smart factory operational model that integrates the technological foundations of Industry 4.0 with the value-oriented principles of Industry 5.0. The findings provide meaningful implications for SMEs seeking to achieve sustainable and human-centered digital transformation in manufacturing.

This longitudinal case study examines how a non-specialist English for Specific Purposes (ESP) instructor, trained in English education but with limited disciplinary expertise in Bio-Health, designed and refined an ESP course through the integration of generative AI over a three-year period (2023–2025). Using a mixed-methods approach, the study analyzed changes in instructional design practices and student perceptions. Data sources included annual student surveys, instructional materials, and the instructor’s reflective journals. Findings indicate that generative AI functioned as an external cognitive resource that reduced disciplinary content burden and supported instructional decision-making. Over time, instructional focus shifted from compensating for content limitations to structuring learning experiences through AI-supported design decisions, particularly in reading, vocabulary instruction, and project-based learning. Student perceptions of course effectiveness and major relevance increased, with the most positive evaluations following AI-supported project implementation in 2025. These changes are conceptualized as AI-mediated hybrid expertise, referring to professional knowledge in which pedagogical expertise is reconfigured through AI-supported access to disciplinary knowledge.

This study examines the reinterpretation and application of imagery from Greek goddesses in modern fashion brands, focusing on symbolic meaning and design strategies. Using qualitative case studies of selected global luxury and outdoor fashion brands, it analyzes four goddess archetypes—Hera, Aphrodite, Athena, and Artemis— and examines how their mythological attributes are translated into modern fashion expressions and brand identities. Hera embodies authority and order, is reflected in luxury fashion through structured silhouettes, refined tailoring, and classical aesthetics that emphasize dignity and formality. Aphrodite symbolizes beauty and sensuality through designs that highlight the body, use fluid materials, and express femininity, reframing sensuality as an empowered form of self-representation. Athena, embodying wisdom and martial strength, is reinterpreted as the image of the intelligent and autonomous modern woman through architectural silhouettes, armor-inspired details, and a restrained yet powerful visual language. In contrast, Artemis represents nature, independence, and guardianship, reflected in outdoor fashion brands through sustainability-driven practices, functional design, and ethical management instead of explicit visual symbols. The findings indicate that contemporary fashion brands selectively adapt mythological archetypes fit brand values, consumer identities, and broader socio-cultural discourses, including feminism and sustainability. This study contributes to fashion and cultural studies by demonstrating the continued relevance of ancient mythological symbolism in contemporary fashion branding.

Catch per unit effort (CPUE) is widely utilized as an index of stock abundance in fisheries assessments, but its interpretation is often complicated by temporal and spatial variation in fishing activity. For this reason, CPUE standardization is essentially needed to produce indices that better reflect the actual stock status. In Korea, however, the limited availability of detailed operational data has posed challenges for effective CPUE standardization. In this study, CPUE data for sailfin sandfish (Arctoscopus japonicus) caught by the East Sea mid-sized Danish seine fishery were standardized using records from the Korean Fishery Radio Station (FRS) from 2004 to 2024. The dataset mainly consists of fishing dates, locations (30’ × 30’ latitude-longitude grids), and catch weights. A generalized linear model (GLM) was applied, incorporating year, quarter, area, and their interactions as explanatory variables. Among these, the year was identified as the most influential factor, followed by quarter and area. The standardized CPUE showed a more stable trend than the nominal CPUE, which showed an increase from 2004 to 2017 and a sharp decline thereafter. This suggests that the standardized CPUE more accurately reflects the underlying dynamics of sailfin sandfish stock abundance. Despite the absence of detailed logbook records, the FRS records effectively captured the spatial distribution of fishing activity and operational patterns, demonstrating their potential as alternative data sources for CPUE standardization. Nevertheless, limitations remain due to the self-reported nature of the data, which may lead to low coverage and potential reliability issues. Improvements in both the quantity and quality of data collection and reporting are necessary to enhance the utility of such data in stock assessments. This study highlights the potential and challenges of using FRS data for CPUE standardization and provides practical guidance for its application in fisheries management.

This study examines the integration of ChatGPT into an advanced Korean course in a U.S university context, with a focus on its instructional design and classroom implementation. Over a semester, eighteen students used ChatGPT as a supplementary tool within process-oriented writing tasks. Survey data were used to examine learners’ responses to this instructional use of ChatGPT. The results indicate that students perceived ChatGPT as particularly helpful for grammatical corrections and receiving immediate feedback. Learners who recognized its benefits reported a positive impact on the usefulness of feedback, their writing development, and interest in future AI use. However, concerns about over-reliance, ethical issues, and occasional inaccuracies were also noted. By situating ChatGPT within a specific instructional context, this study highlights both the perceived benefits and limitations of AI-assisted writing in Korean language education. This study also offers practical guidance for educators, including structured stages for AI application in writing, usage guidelines, assessment criteria, and sample prompts. Finally, it emphasizes a balanced approach in which AI complements, not replaces, teacher feedback to maintain quality through professional judgment.

To secure food safety while fostering a new business called a shared commercial kitchen, it is important to establish appropriate regulations. However, no research has been conducted to confirm the hygiene management status and hygiene levels of shared commercial kitchens in Korea. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to provide basic data for identifying sanitary blind spots and establishing reasonable regulatory levels that reflect them by conducting a sanitary and phytosanitary survey of 10 industries that advocate for shared commercial kitchens. According to the survey, document management (44.7%), personal hygiene (47.0%), and food hygiene (48.9%) were found to be weak, and the swab test conducted in shared commercial kitchen workshops showed that the aerobic plate count from the hands of workers was “at a level that needed to be corrected” and confirmed that personal hygiene management was necessary. Considering the mandatory application of HACCP and cGMP to shared commercial kitchens by the US FDA, it is necessary to consider setting up international-level safety management regulations to enhance the hygiene of shared commercial kitchens in Korea and ensure food safety.

최근 BIM은 단순 3차원 모델링을 넘어 표준화된 속성 데이터의 품질 확보와 체계적 관리가 핵심 요구로 부각되고 있으며, 온톨로 지 및 지식그래프 기반의 데이터 관리･추론 방식이 주목받고 있다. 그러나 지식그래프 기반 BIM 데이터는 부재 간 구조 관계 분석, 설 계 검토, 물량･속성 정보 조회 등 실무 의사결정을 지원할 수 있으나, SPARQL･Cypher와 같은 그래프 질의어를 직접 작성해야 한다 는 점에서 실무 적용에 제약으로 작용한다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 사용자가 자연어 질문을 기반으로 그래프 질의를 자동 생성할 수 있는 GraphRAG 기반 질의 자동 생성 프레임워크를 제안하였다. 먼저 CSV 기반 속성/관계 테이블에 규칙을 적용해 노드･관계를 생 성하고 그래프 데이터베이스에 적재하는 CSV-to-LPG 파이프라인을 구현하여, LPG 지식그래프 구축 절차를 자동화하였다. 이후 Few-shot Learning 기반 프롬프트 설계를 통해 사용자의 자연어 질문을 Cypher 쿼리로 자동 변환하는 자동 질의 생성 모듈을 구현하 였다. 전체 프레임워크는 Graph-ACQ 시스템으로 개발하여 라멘교 BIM 데이터를 기반으로 적용하였다. 검증 결과 LPG 스키마 유효 성과 Cypher 자동 생성, Cypher 질의 수작업 과정에서 정확도 모두 100%를 달성하였고, 질의 생성 시간은 평균 7.1초에 처리되었다. GraphRAG 기반 질의 생성 방식은 부재 간 공간･구조 관계를 명시적으로 활용하므로, 설계･검토 과정에서 요구되는 연결 관계 분석, 구조 구성 파악, 물량･속성 정보 조회 등 관계 기반 질의를 자연어로 수행할 수 있다. 또한 Few-shot Learning 기반 접근을 적용하여 교 량 뿐만 아니라 다양한 공종 내에서도 질의 생성을 가능하게 함으로써, 프로젝트의 확장성을 확보 가능하다.

Necrotizing sialometaplasia (NSM) is a benign, self-limiting inflammatory condition of the salivary glands. Its clinical and histological resemblance to malignancies, such as squamous cell carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma, requires careful differentiation. While NSM predominantly affects the hard palate, its occurrence in atypical sites like the retromolar trigone is exceedingly rare and presents a significant diagnostic challenge. We report a case of NSM in a 30-year-old female presenting with a painful, indurated ulcer on the retromolar trigone. The lesion developed following a periodontal flap operation, suggesting an iatrogenic ischemic etiology. Despite an initial clinical suspicion of SCC, an incisional biopsy revealed extensive coagulative necrosis and prominent squamous metaplasia of the minor salivary glands. The diagnosis was confirmed by key histopathological features: the preservation of the underlying lobular architecture and the absence of cytologic atypia. The patient was managed conservatively, with complete resolution within six months. This case underscores the necessity of including NSM in the differential diagnosis of persistent gingival ulcers. Accurate histopathological recognition is paramount to avoid misdiagnosis and subsequent unnecessary, aggressive surgical intervention.

Potholes accelerate the pavement deterioration rate, posing a significant challenge to the Pavement Management System (PMS). Furthermore, potholes severely undermine road safety and traffic efficiency by causing vehicle damage and inducing evasive maneuvers. However, conventional manual maintenance methods are limited in their ability to respond rapidly to such degradation due to the inevitable time lag spanning from pothole occurrence and detection to repair. To address this, this paper proposes a fully automated framework that integrates real-time detection via crowdsourcing with robotic repair. In this paper, we quantify total delay times, comprising reporting, waiting, and repair phases, of 15 major routes in Jeju Island using an one-dimension corridor model. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed system reduces the detection-to-repair time by over 90%, effectively eliminating administrative waiting times and significantly decreasing the number of residual potholes. This indicates that the proposed strategy can enhance the overall efficiency of the transportation network by minimizing the delay time and the number of residual potholes. By transitioning from methods reliant on manual labor to an operational model driven by data and operating in real time, this study confirms the technical and economic feasibility of the proposed system in optimizing the PMS, thereby simultaneously ensuring road safety and minimizing social costs.

Mirizzi syndrome is infrequently associated with fistula formation, particularly a unique biliopleural fistula. The ideal therapeutic strategy remains diverse across guidelines, which usually includes surgical excision to eliminate the source of infection. We reported a case of a 60-year-old jaundiced female with pleural effusion resulting from a biliopleural fistula. Imaging revealed a cystic lesion close to the periphery of the upper right diaphragm, connected to the gallbladder. Following initial pleural drainage, an abdominal exploration was conducted to excise the fistula and remove the gallbladder. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for obtaining optimal outcomes for patients with biliopleural fistula.

교육감 직선제는 후보자와 당선자의 성별·연령별·학력별 편중, 정치적 중 립을 훼손하는 정치 성향, 자치단체장과 갈등으로 교육의 정치화 등의 논란 이 확대되고 있다. 본 연구는 지방교육자치에 관한 법률을 통해 교육감 선출 제도의 변화를 통해 2010년 이후 교육감 선거 결과를 중앙선거관리위원회 선거관리시스템을 통해 분석하며, 교육감 직선제에 대한 대안적 논의를 분석 하고자 한다. 교육자치법을 통한 법률교육감 직선제는 많은 문제점은 첫째, 교육감 선거에서 후보자와 당선자가 남성과 60대로 편중되고, 교육자 출신 과 대학원 학력이 과도하며, 초선보다 재선 이상의 비율이 매우 높다. 둘째, 교육감은 정치적 중립을 요구받으나 당선자의 정치 성향은 보수보다 진보가 강화되는 추세이다. 교육감 직선제에 대한 대안적 논의는 첫째, 교육감 직선 제에 대한 논란이 제기되고 있지만 직선제의 유지는 불가피하다. 둘째, 교육 감 직선제의 대안은 교육감-시・도지사 공동 등록제, 교육감-시・도지사 런 닝메이트제, 당원을 배제한 교육감 후보 정당 추천제, 당원에 의한 교육감 후보 정당 공천제 등이 논의되고 있다. 따라서 교육감 직선제는 헌법적 규정 을 존중하면서 교육의 자주성과 전문성을 보장할 수 있는 제도적 보완이 필 요하다.

본 연구는 팬들이 자발적으로 ENHYPEN 멤버 이희승의 ‘Bills’와 BGM ‘Once Upon a Time’을 결합해 만들어낸 ‘이희승 행진곡’의 밈 확산 사례를 중심으로, K-pop 팬덤의 2차 창작이 어떤 플랫폼 전략과 주체적 실천을 수반하는지를 질적으로 분석하였다. 연구 자료는 각 숏폼 플랫폼에서 활동하는 네 유형의 참여자―팬 창작자, 팬 확산 참여자, 일 반 창작자, 일반 확산 참여자를 대상으로 한 반구조화 심층 면접을 통해 수집되었다. 연구 결과, 팬들은 아이돌에 대한 애정과 공동체 소속감을 바탕으로 자발적 팬 노동을 수행하며 콘텐츠 확산에 기여한 반면, 일반 이용자들은 밈의 유행성과 자신이 만든 2차 창작물이 대중적 파급력에 대한 욕심을 중심으로 참여하였다. 플랫폼 알고리즘은 이러한 참여를 매 개하며 팬과 일반 이용자의 경계를 허물고 K-pop 콘텐츠의 탈팬덤화와 대중화를 촉진하였다. 본 연구는 이러한 현상을 통해 참여문화 이론의 확장 가능성을 제시하고, K-pop 콘텐츠가 특정 팬층의 전유물이 아닌 ‘플랫폼–이용자 공동 창작’의 대중문화 현상으로 진화하고 있음을 규명 했다는 데 의의가 있다.

미술품의 자산화 경향이 증가함에 따라 객관적 시가감정 시스템의 중 요성이 커지고 있다. 그러나 국내에서는 관련 제도가 미비할 뿐 아니라 시가감정 기관의 신뢰 구축 메커니즘에 대한 연구도 부족하다. 본 연구 는 Mayer et al.(1995)의 신뢰 이론(능력, 선의, 진실성)을 적용하여 미 국을 대표하는 미술품 감정기관인 미국감정가협회(Appraisers Association of America, AAA)의 신뢰 형성 메커니즘을 분석하였다. 연구 방법으로 는 문헌 분석과 AAA 소속 감정가들과 국내 시가감정 전문가들을 대상으 로 심층 인터뷰를 병행하였다. 연구 결과, AAA는 감정가 개인 자격 인 증과 기관의 공신력이 결합된 신뢰 구조를 가진다. 첫째, 능력(ability) 측면에서는 AAA의 체계적인 전문 교육 과정(CASP)과 미국감정평가실무 기준(USPAP)의 의무적 준수가 전문성의 객관적 지표로 작용했다. 둘째, 선의(benevolence)는 고객의 이익을 최우선으로 하는 투명한 소통과 이 해상충 방지 규정을 통해 확보되었다. 셋째, 진실성(integrity)은 감정가 의 독립성과 객관성을 보장하는 엄격한 윤리강령의 내재화를 통해 발현 되었다. 본 연구는 구체적인 사례를 통한 접근으로 국내 미술품 시가감 정 시스템의 신뢰도 제고 방향을 제시하였다는 데 학술적·실무적 의미가 있다.

비정상적으로 긴 공통관으로 십이지장 유두부의 오디 괄약근의 기능이 미치지 않는 선천성 기형인 AUPBD는 담낭암이나 담도암 등의 악성종양이 발생할 수 있다는 점에서 임상적으로 매우 중요하다. 담관 확장을 동반하지 않는 AUPBD는 담관 낭종을 동반하는 경우와 비교하여 드물게 증상이 발생하고 대부분의 환자들이 진행된 병기의 담낭암이 발생할 때까지 진단되지 않으므로, 담관이나 췌관을 직접 확인할 수 있는 영상진단 검사를 시행해보지 않으면 진단이 늦어질 수 있다. 그러므로 담도계 암이 발생하기 이전에 APUBD를 조기 진단하는 것이 중요하다. 담관 확장을 동반하지 않는 AUPBD에서는 담낭벽의 비후 소견이 진단의 중요한 단서가 될 수 있으므로, 담석을 동반하지 않고 담낭벽의 비후를 보이는 환자에서는 감별진단에 AUPBD의 가능성을 고려하는 것이 필요하다. 저자들은 영상진단검사에서 간 종괴 소견을 보였던 환자에서 간에 침윤된 담낭암과 이에 동반된 AUPBD 증례를 경험하였고, 이 환자에서 담낭암의 발생에 있어서 AUPBD가 연관되었을 것으로 생각되어 문헌고찰과 함께 보고한다.

본 연구는 공공서비스 AI가 인권을 침해하는 구조적 메커니즘을 분석하고, 인권기반 거버넌스 모델을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 공공서비스 AI의 권리 침해는 단순한 기술 결함이 아닌 제도 설계와 운영 과정에서 구조적으로 발생한다. 이에 본 연구는 인권기반접근(HRBA)을 이론적 토대로 삼아, 네덜란드 SyRI와 호주 Robodebt 사례를 비교 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 공공서비스 AI의 인권 침해는 3단계 메커니즘 을 통해 형성되고 누적된다. 첫째, 설계 단계에서 행정 효율성 중심의 목표가 우선되면서 권리 보호 장치가 충분히 내장되지 못한다. 둘째, 운영 단계에서 자동화된 판단이 알 권리와 이의제기권을 실질적으로 약화 시킨다. 셋째, 결과 단계에서 사회경제적 취약 집단에 감시와 제재가 불균형하게 집중된다. 이러한 발견에 기초하여 본 연구는 공공서비스 AI를 국가 권력 행사의 새로운 인프라로 재정의하고, 인권영향평가(HRIA) 를 핵심으로 하는 거버넌스 체계를 제안한다. 이는 기존의 위험기반 규제가 간과한 절차적 권리 보장과 구조적 차별 통제를 통해 공공서비스 AI 거버넌스의 인권적 공백을 보완하는 데 기여한다.

Background: In the South Korean private insurance sector, manual therapy faces increasing scrutiny, necessitating objective evidence for continued reimbursement. Traditional measurements often lack reproducibility or clinical practicality. Objectives: This study evaluated the feasibility of belt-stabilized hand-held dynamometry (HHD) as an objective tool for documenting strength changes and informing insurance coverage decisions. Design: A two-case clinical report. Methods: Two adult males undergoing post-operative knee rehabilitation with manual therapy were included: (1) ACL reconstruction with medial meniscus injury and (2) ORIF after knee trauma. With participants seated at the table edge and the trunk stabilized by gripping the table, knee flexion was set at 95°. Belt-stabilized HHD was used to measure isometric knee extension and flexion (three trials; maximum value recorded in N). A single examiner (>15 years’ experience) used a standardized protocol across sessions. Results: Case 1 improved from 44% (extension) and 42% (flexion) limb symmetry to 71.4% and 69.6% by session 20, supporting continued care and reimbursement after 30 sessions. Case 2 showed 60.2% extension symmetry at session 20, but subsequent reassessments lacked consistent improvement, contributing to discontinuation. Conclusion: Belt-stabilized HHD may provide a practical, low-cost method to quantify strength changes and support transparent clinician–patient–insurer communication; larger prospective studies are needed.

This study investigates character collaboration strategies in the context of rising kidult fashion as an emotional and cultural consumption trend. Jo’s kidult consumers typology and Byeon’s character function theory were used to analyze 33 SPAO collaboration cases released between 2022 and 2024. The study adopts a two-stage qualitative content analysis method: 1. categorizing the cases into four types of character collaboration strategies: character-centric, narrative worldview-immersive, fandom-centric, and retro sensibility; and 2. interpreting each type through an integrated framework combining emotional design, nostalgic bonding, and social identity theory. Data were collected from publicly available digital sources and examined with respect to emotional visualization, product design, affective messaging, and participatory/social-media strategies. The findings show that character-centric collaborations were most prevalent (45.5%), emphasizing direct visual cues and everyday product integration. The other three types account for 18.2% each, highlighting narrative immersion, fandom identity, and generational nostalgia, respectively. Character collaboration operated as an affective and symbolic communication mechanism that structures emotional connection, identity expression, and cultural resonance. The results demonstrate that character collaboration is a strategic tool for strengthening consumer engagement, cultural inclusivity, and brand loyalty. The study positions kidult fashion collaboration within an integrated emotional identity and offers a framework for brands to develop emotional comfort products, immersive storytelling designs, fandom-driven engagement, and intergenerational appeal.

This study aimed to provide agricultural drones to small-scale rice farming communities and assess their ability to manage and utilize these drones collaboratively without external support. Conducted in Paraguay in 2024, this research was part of the Korea Partnership for Innovation in Agriculture (KOPIA) project under the Rural Development Administration of the Republic of Korea. The target f armers w ere f rom six communities in t he I tapúa and Misiones d epartments t hat had adopted KOPIA's cultivation techniques to enhance rice productivity. In rice fields, drones are primarily utilized to spray pesticides, including herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides, as well as to apply urea fertilizer. The shared use of drones was organized into two groups: one for the Itapúa Department and another for the Misiones Department, with each group receiving one drone. Community members shared the drones and collected per-hectare usage fees to cover pilot fees, drone repairs, and spare parts. From August 2024 to July 2025, during one rice season, the Itapúa Department group recorded 106 drone usage services, w hile the Misiones Department g roup had 1 18 services. In the Itapúa g roup, approximately 70.2% of the total funds collected were spent on shared drone use, with around 38.4% allocated for pilot fees. Sharing agricultural machinery could provide a viable solution, enabling tenant farmers to access essential equipment without the financial burden of ownership.