Distant metastasis is an uncommon but critical determinant of prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study aimed to evaluate clinicopathological risk factors associated with distant metastasis and overall survival (OS) in surgically treated patients with OSCC. A retrospective review was conducted on 116 patients who underwent surgery for oral cancer at Samsung Medical Center between 2018 and 2024. Clinicopathological variables—including depth of invasion (DOI), extranodal extension (ENE), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), perineural invasion (PNI), and worst pattern of invasion (WPI)—were analyzed. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to assess prognostic factors. Distant metastasis occurred in 9.1% of patients and was significantly associated with inferior OS (P < 0.0001). In univariate analysis, LVI, ENE, WPI, and multiple metastatic lymph nodes were significantly associated with poor prognosis. Multivariate analysis identified focal LVI as an independent predictor of OS (HR = 14.23, 95% CI: 1.85–109.67, P = 0.011). Subgroup analysis showed a higher frequency of distant metastasis among patients without neck dissection and those with deeper tumor invasion, although statistical significance was not consistently achieved due to limited events. The lung was the most common site of metastasis, and median post-metastatic survival was 5 months. LVI, ENE, WPI, and nodal burden are significant prognostic factors for OSCC. Focal LVI was independently associated with survival. These findings support the integration of high-risk pathological features into postoperative surveillance and treatment planning.
Common benign oral soft‑tissue lesions include irritation fibroma and cemento‑ossifying fibroma (COF). Complete surgical excision is the standard treatment. We describe two cases where the overlying oral mucosa was recycled as an autologous free mucosal graft to cover the surgical defect. In both cases, the lesions were excised with tumor‑free margins. The overlying mucosa was dissected, trimmed, and adapted as a free mucosal graft to cover the defect, fixed with sutures to minimize micromotion. A soft diet and hygiene instructions were provided. This report highlights two cases where the overlying normal oral mucosa was preserved as a free mucosal graft after complete excision of irritation fibroma and cemento‑ossifying fibroma. The technique respected the principle of complete excision, avoided additional donor‑site morbidity, and achieved favorable tissue integration. While prior literature described these lesions as submucosal nodules covered by normal mucosa, systematic use of the preserved mucosa for reconstruction has not been reported. However, this report have limitations, including the small sample size and restricted follow‑up. A free mucosal graft from overlying oral mucosa may be a simple, cost‑effective, and practical option for reconstruction of small to medium intraoral defects when appropriately indicated.