To utilize textured vegetable protein (TVP) in food manufacturing, TVP was soaked in salt solutions of different concentrations. Physicochemical quality characteristics of TVP were then measured. When TVP was soaked in a salt solution, the pH tended to increase compared to the control. However, the pH decreased after 18 hours of soaking. The salinity of the control decreased slightly from the initial value depending on the soaking time. The group treated with salt solution showed higher salinity than the control. Water absorption capacity of the control increased as the soaking time increased. However, water absorption capacity of the group treated with salt solution decreased as the concentration of salt solution increased. Lightness of the group treated with salt solution showed less change than the control during soaking. The redness increased as the concentration of salt solution increased. The yellowness increased compared to the control during soaking. Hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of the control decreased during soaking in water. The group treated with salt solution showed significantly higher hardness, gumminess, and chewiness as the concentration of the salt solution increased. However, adhesiveness, elasticity, and cohesiveness generally did not show significant differences among samples.

현재 도로포장 유지보수 과정으로부터 노화된 폐 아스팔트가 발생하며, 순환 아스팔트로서 재활용하기 위해 아스팔트 오일을 첨가제 등과 함께 혼합하여 노화된 아스팔트의 성상 회복 및 유동성을 개선하여 도로포 장 재료로 활용하고 있다. 또한 아스팔트 오일의 사용은 저온영역의 성능 개선에도 영향을 미쳐 개질아스팔트 제작에도 활용하고 있으며, 개질 아스팔트는 SBS(Styrene Butadiene Styrene), SBR(Styrene Butadiene Rubber)등 고무계열의 폴리머와 오일 등을 원 아스팔트에 혼합하여 아스팔트 바인더의 공용성을 향상시키는 기술로서 폴리머는 아스팔트의 고온 영역의 물성, 오일은 저온영역의 물성을 개선하는데 사용된다. 이 중 폴 리머에 관한 연구는 활발히 이루어지고 있는 반면 아스팔트에 사용하는 오일에 관한 연구는 상대적으로 연 구가 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 오일의 사용으로 인한 아스팔트의 물성 변화에 관한 실험적인 검토가 필요 하다고 판단된다.

This study evaluated the changes in the quality characteristics of extracts (Quantum Energy) from Rehmannia glutinosa, ginseng, balloonflower, Poria cocos, and Adenophora stricta. The extracts were prepared through a six-day aging process, during which the pH decreased with a longer aging period while the viscosity and oBrix values were increased. The color difference (E) of the extracts ranged from 0.27 to 0.49 for all samples, indicating minimal color change with aging. The free sugar content was highest for fructose and glucose, while lactose was not detected. Furthermore, the total free sugar content ranged from 24.518 to 27.646 g/100 g, generally decreasing with the aging time. Benzo[a]pyrene in the extracts ranged from 0.040 to 0.074 g/kg, which is below the limit of quantification. In addition, all extracts were free of total aerobic bacteria, Escherichia coli, and coliforms, confirming that the aging method used in this study was microbiologically safe.

The production of the North Korea fisheries industry has been steadily falling since it reached its peak in the 1980s. The production of thefisheries industry is an important indicator of the current status and changes in the North Korea fisheries industry as a whole. This study reviewed the production volume of the North Korea fishery and derived changes and characteristics of the North Korea fisheries from the standpoint of production changes. Changes in North Korea's fisheries industry in the situation of falling production are as follows. First, the production of capture fisheries has fallen sharply. Second, the production of seaweed farming increased. In particular, the production of kelp farming has increased rapidly since the 1970s. Third, North Korea is trying to diversify its production means to cope with the decline in production. The characteristics of the North Korea fisheries from the viewpoint of falling production are as follows. First, the proportion of seaweed aquaculture in the fishery output is excessively high. In particular, the proportion of kelp is high. Second, production facilities are concentrated in the East Sea. Third, there is little production of fish farming using deep-sea fishing and sea sponges. Fourth, the production of the fisheries industry is falling continuously in the long term.

This study aimed to examine the morphological characteristics and variation in main traits by comparing the growth of individuals of Ecklonia cava Kjellman (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) under an aquaculture environment. This survey was conducted from April 2018 to November 2019 at the aquafarm in Jindo-gun, Jeollanam-do (South coast of Korea). To classify the morphology of individuals in the aquaculture farm of E. cava, we investigated fourteen morphological characteristics and calculated four ratios between the measured values. Juvenile individuals showed a simple or oblong lanceolate, and at 3-4 months, a short stipe and holdfast developed, along with a bladelet that developed into the secondary blade form. At 5-7 months, secondary blades were found to develop irregularly on the primary blade. At 8-10 months, the primary blade expanded and secondary blades elongated. At 11-12 months, the secondary blades became oblong. At 13-14 months, the thallus area expanded. At 15-16 months, tertiary blades were formed, the thallus became more complex, the stipe thickened, and the holdfast widened. At 17-18 months, secondary blades clearly developed along with lobes. At 19-20 months, tertiary blades developed and became similar to mature natural blades. In the principal component analysis (PCA), the monthly population of the first year (Q1) and that of the second year (Q2) of the cultured population were divided along PC1, which is related to secondary blade morphological characteristics and the holdfast width. Q2 and natural populations are distributed in descending order of volume in Jeju (J), East Coast (E), and South Coast (S) along PC2, which is related to primary blade and stipe morphological characteristics. The results of this study were judged to offer important criteria for the development of different varieties of E. cava.

Understanding changes in fermentation characteristics and microbial populations of forage silage during ensiling is of interest for improving the nutrient value of the feed for ruminants. This study was conducted to investigate the changes in fermentation characteristics and bacterial communities of whole crop rice (WCR) silage during the ensiling period. The chemical compositions, pH, organic acids and bacterial communities were evaluated at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months after ensiling. The bacterial communities were classified at both the genus and species levels. The dry matter content of WCR silage decreased with the length of storage (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in crude protein and NDF contents. Following fermentation, the pH level of WCR silage was lower than the initial level. The lactic acid content remained at high levels for 3 to 6 months after ensiling, followed by a sharp decline at 12 months (p<0.05). Before fermentation, the WCR was dominated by Weissella (30.8%) and Pantoea (20.2%). Growth of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (31.4%) was observed at 3 months after ensiling. At 6 months, there was a decrease in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (10.2%) and an increase in Levilactobacillus brevis (12.8%), resulting in increased bacteria diversity until that period. The WCR silage was dominated by Lentilactobacillus buchneri (71.2%) and Lacticaseibacillus casei (27.0%) with a sharp reduction in diversity at 12 months. Overall, the WCR silage maintained satisfactory fermentation quality over a 12-month ensiling period. Furthermore, the fermentation characteristics of silage were found to be correlated to bacterial microbiome.

In this study, we designed and manufactured a large angular contact ball bearing (LACBB) with low deformation using JIS-SUJ2 steel and analyzed changes in its structural characteristics and chemical composition upon heat treatment. The bearing was produced by hot forging and heat treatment including a quenching and tempering (Q/T) process, and its properties were analyzed using 4 mm thick specimens. A difference in the size distribution of the carbide in the outer and inner parts of the bearing was observed and it was confirmed that large and non-uniform carbide was distributed in the inner part of the bearing. After heat treatment, the hardness value of the outer part increased from 13.4 HRC to 61 HRC and the inner part increased from 8.0 HRC to 59.7 HRC. As a result of X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, the volume fraction of the retained austenite contained in the outer part was calculated to be 3.5~4.8 % and the inner part was calculated to be 3.6~5.0 %. The surface chemical composition and the content of chemical bonds were quantified through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and a decrease in C=C bonds and an increase in Fe-C bonds were confirmed.

The characteristics and spore production of Gonji7ho, Bunhong, and Sunjung fruiting bodies were assessed at different growth stages. The shape of the Pleurotus species fruiting body starts out short and small, then takes on a typical mushroom shape as it grows. Gonji7ho has a long stalk, Bunhong has a short stalk and a wide cap, and Sunjung's cap and stalk dimensions are intermediate. Each variety displayed deep color at the beginning of growth but became steadily lighter with continued growth. The shape of the linkage between the mushroom stalk and cap changed from an initial central position to a lateral position after the growing stage. Gonji7ho cap diameter increased 7-fold from 15.5 mm (5 days of growth) to 37.9 mm (9 days of growth). Growth rates for each growth day measured using the growth percentage of the previous day were 285.5% (5 → 6th day), 182.2% (6 → 7th day), 129.4% (7 → 8th day), and 103.8% (8 → 9th day). This trend was also observed in Bunhong and Sunjung, but Bunhong’s growth rate was more rapid (4.9 fold on day 6, 2.7 fold on day 7) and continued to increase through day 9. Harvest yield, which is of greatest interest to farmers, displayed a similar trend spanning the growth period, as did cap diameter. Gonji7ho harvest yield increased rapidly until day 7 of growth (more than 177%), then growth slowed down beginning around day 8, and further decreased on day 9 (98%). Similar trends were observed in Bunhong and Sunjung. Bunhong showed characteristic rapid growth in harvest yield (4.9 fold compared to the previous day on day 6 and 2.7 fold on day 7), and the increase continued through day 9. A decrease in mushroom harvest yield commonly seen in the late growth stage is thought to be due to the death of some mushrooms and decomposition of cap tissue. Basidiospore content increased with number of growth days but decreased after day 8. Gonji7ho yielded the highest production on day 7 of growth, coinciding with harvest time, with 209,000,000 spores. This trend was also observed in Bunhong and Sunjung. These results will provide researchers with basal data and guide farmers in selecting the optimal harvest day.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sterilization, storage period and washing yuzu, according to the washing method, during the storage period. The results showed that the fungus size increased as the storage period increased, and no mold occurred in the yuzu washed with ozone water until 20 days. After 30 days of storage, a mold of 124.1±13.9 mm2 was observed. The no-treatment sample had a fungus of 814.5±72.8 mm2 in size on day 0 and the fungus the largest fungus was 6,362±636.7 mm2 on day 30. In the case of water treatment, the fungus was 286.4±31.5~4,836.4±484.6 mm2 in size. The results of the study confirmed that washing yuzu with ozone water has a sterilizing effect.

To develop customized food products for gastric cancer patients, it is crucial to understand their dietary characteristics and changes in their perception of smell and taste due to their condition. This study conducted in-depth interviews and administered olfactory and gustatory tests on 20 patients with gastric cancer. A control group of 20 healthy, gender and age matched individuals, was included for comparison. Patients reported difficulties in sustaining their appetite, particularly during chemotherapy. This could be attributed to gastrointestinal discomfort and an altered perception of smell and taste. The olfactory test revealed that cancer patients were significantly less sensitive than the control group. Also, a smaller number of participants in the cancer group were reported to have a normal taste function, which enabled them to perceive umami, one of the five basic taste compared to those in the control group. These findings demonstrated that gastric cancer patients experience post-surgical digestive issues, chemotherapy-induced changes in smell and taste, and appetite loss. To improve the quality of life of these patients and the efficacy of the treatment, it is necessary to consider not only their nutritional requirements but also other factors such as appetite loss and discomfort when developing meals specifically for them.

Chinese as a foreign language education is one of China's crucial national and governmental strategy. Over the past 70 years of development, Chinese as a foreign language education has made remarkable achievements, but it faces great challenges. In China, the term Chinese as a Foreign Language Education is the last in a series of terms from Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language to Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages and then to International Chinese Language Education, and in its development has passed from the 1.0 era to the 4.0 era. This article aims to present new goals by examining the achievements and characteristics of Chinese as a foreign language education step by step from the perspective of governance and drawing out their implications, identifying the causes of its development, and forecasting future tasks

This research studied the electrical characteristics, IR transmission characteristics, stealth functions, and thermal characteristics of infrared thermal-imaging cameras of copper-sputtered samples. Nylon samples were prepared for each density as a base material for copper-sputtering treatment. Copper-sputtered NFi, NM1, NM2, NM3, NM4, and NM5, showed electrical resistance of 0.8, 445.7, 80.7, 29.7, 0.3, and 2.2 Ω, respectively, all of which are very low values; for the mesh sample, the lower the density, the lower the electrical resistance. Measuring the IR transmittance showed that the infrared transmittance of the copper-sputtered samples was significantly reduced compared to the untreated sample. Compared to the untreated samples, the transmittance went from 92.0–64.1%. When copper sputtered surface was directed to the IR irradiator, the IR transmittance went from 73.5 to 43.8%. As the density of the sample increased, the transmittance tended to decreased. After the infrared thermal imaging, the absolute values of △R, △G, and △B of the copper phase increased from 2 to 167, 98 to 192, and 7 to 118, respectively, and the closer the density of the sample (NM5→NFi), the larger the absolute value. This proves that the dense copper phase-up sample has a stealth effect on the infrared thermal imaging camera. It is believed that the copper-sputtered nylon samples produced in this study have applications in multifunctional uniforms, bio-signal detection sensors, stage costumes, etc.

무등산국립공원의 과거(1966년)와 현재(2017년) 항공사진으로 암설사면 분포면적을 분석했고, 암설사면과 그 일대 의 식생을 조사하여 암설사면의 면적 변화에 영향을 주는 식생의 특성을 알아보았다. 무등산에 외관상 보이는 암설사면 의 면적은 과거보다 ¼수준까지 줄어들었다. 이곳의 암설사면은 51년 동안 식생 피복에 의해 연평균 2.3ha씩 감소했다. 특히, 저지대 완경사지에 소면적의 암설사면은 식생 피복이 활발하여 대부분이 사라졌다. 하지만 서향, 남서향, 남향 그리고 대면적의 암설사면이 남아 있었는데 이는 태양의 복사열이 암괴의 표면온도를 급속도로 상승시켜, 수분 건조에 따른 수목 생육이 불리해졌기 때문이다. 이런 입지특성 때문에 가장 넓은 덕산너덜 중간부의 소규모 식생은 인접한 산림지역과 다른 특성을 보였다. 덕산너덜에는 양지바른 곳이나 내건조성이 뛰어난 수종이 흔하게 출현했다. 하지만, 토양조건이 양호한 계곡부에 잘 자라는 호습성 수종 또한 세력이 우세했다. 이곳 일부에는 암괴 틈사이로 세립물질과 유기물 축적으로 토양층이 발달해 이런 수종이 정착해 자라는 것으로 보인다. 한편, 무등산 정상부에는 산림이 암설사면 을 덮었는데 고지대에 전형적으로 자라는 신갈나무·철쭉이 우세했다. 이곳은 덕산너덜처럼 암괴 밀도가 높지 않고 토양이 드러나, 식생 발달에 유리했다고 본다. 또한 이곳에는 계곡부에 출현하는 물푸레나무와 당단풍나무의 세력이 강했다. 이는 일부 지역에 암괴들이 떨어져 아래에 쌓이면서 원지형을 오목한 형태의 함몰지형으로 만들어, 빗물 집수로 인해 토양수분이 높아졌기 때문이다. 결론적으로 암괴사면의 면적, 암괴밀도, 분포유형이 암설지형에서의 식생발달과 종조성에 지대한 영향을 미쳤다고 본다.

본 연구는 2020년 5월부터 10월까지 4대강 사업의 하나로 준공된 8개의 낙동강 보 구간에 서식하는 저서성 대형무척 추동물의 생물다양성 변화와 군집분석을 수행하였으며, 2010년부터 2020년까지 약 10년간의 저서성 대형무척추동물 주요 분류군에 대한 변화상을 분석하였다. 조사결과 저서성 대형무척추동물은 총 3문 5강 18목 52과 83속 97종 128.1개 체/m2가 출현하였으며, 오염지표생물인 깔따구류(Chironomidae sp.)와 실지렁이류(Tubificidae spp.)가 전체적으로 우점하였다. 군집분석결과 우점도지수는 평균 0.62±0.20이고 다양도지수는 1.87±0.63로 낙동강 보 상류에서 가장 안정적으로 분석되었다. 낙동강 보 중앙부에서는 실지렁이가 우점하였으며, 칠곡보와 강정고령보에서 가장 불안한 군집구조가 나타났다. 군집안정성 분석결과 상대적 회복력과 저항력이 높은 특성군I이 높게 나타났으며, 저항력과 회복력이 낮은 특성군III이 소수 분포하는 것으로 나타나 현재 낙동강 보 구간의 군집은 매우 불안한 상태로 분석되었다. 섭식기능군에서는 잡아먹는무리가 비교적 높게 출현하였고, 썰어먹는무리, 모아먹는무리, 걸러먹는무리는 낮게 나타났 다. 서식기능군에서는 굴파는무리와 기어오르는무리가 우세하게 출현하여 대부분 용존산소가 낮은 정수생태계에서 출현하는 기능군들이 많이 분포하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 주요 법적보호종으로는 상주보와 낙단보에서 멸종위기야생 생물 II급인 노란잔산잠자리(Macromia daimoji)가 분포하고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 과거부터 10년간의 분석결과 종수와 개체수는 댐 공사 직후에는 증가하였지만, 2016년 이후부터 급감하면서 다시 안정화되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 우점종으로는 깔따구류가 모든 지점에서 우점하는 것으로 나타났으며, 현재 약 50% 수준의 비율로 유지되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. EPT 그룹은 2011년을 기점으로 대폭 감소하였으며, 이중 강도래목과 날도래목은 회복하지 못하는 것으로 분석되었다. 오염지표생물인 실지렁이류는 2012년 공사 완료 후 증가 추세를 보였으며, 2015년과 2020년에 개체수가 폭발적으로 증가하였다. 멸종위기야생생물 I급으로 지정된 귀이빨대칭이(Cristaria plicata)는 2011년 합천창 녕보에서 출현 후 관찰되지 않았으며, 멸종위기야생생물 II급인 노란잔산잠자리는 2015년까지 7개의 구간에서 드물게 확인되었으나 현재 분포 서식처가 급격히 줄어든 것으로 확인되었다.

This study aims to examine the changes in Pyongyang-bu during the late Joseon period and Pyeong-an Gamyeong through gazetteer, pictiroal maps and various literature. The results are as follows. To begin with, unlike other gamyeong, Pyongyang-bu had an exclusive government office facility from the beginning and had a different status because of the route for envoys from Ming. Therefore historical sites related to Gija were important. Second, the importance of Pyongyang city-wall increased even more through the Japanese Hideyoshi invasions in 1592 and the Manchu Invasion in 1636. However, since the post-war restoration was insufficient they focused on defense reducing the size of Pyongyang city wall. Third, as society stabilized, Pyongyangbu's finances were greatly secured. King Sukjong systematically reorganized Pyongyang city wall and facility of Pyongy-an gamyeong. The nothern wall in located high place, Gamyeong and storage in middle height and military force and guesthouse in the center of Pyongyang-bu. I-a and warehouse facilities in the far south were placed around the Daedonggwan. The urban structure that runs from Daedonggwan to Daedongmun was the same as other city. Another pertinent point is Pyeong-an gamyeong had more military facilities and rear garden and pavilion than before. In clunclusion, Pyeong-an gamyeong did not pass through three gates, but only through two gates. And it was characterized by more various space and having more pavilions than other gamyeong.

2020년 경기도내 유통 중인 고춧가루의 미생물 오염도를 구매 장소, 원산지, HACCP 및 살균 여부에 따라 조사 하고, 보관방법에 따른 품질 변화를 연구하였다. 유통 중인 고춧가루 100건을 수거하여 검사한 결과 3건(대형마트 2건, 재래시장 1건)에서 Bacillus cereus가 검출되었으며, 27건(대형마트 9건, 재래시장 18건)에서 Clostridium perfringens가 검출되었다. 대형마트와 재래시장에서 수거 한 고춧가루의 일반세균수 검출량은 통계적으로 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 7 log CFU/g을 초과하는 고춧가루의 수는 대형마트보다 재래시장이 더 많았다. 보관온도(30oC, 4oC, -20oC)와 보관용기(지퍼백, 비닐봉투)에 따라 7개월까지 저장 실험한 결과, 저장 기간에 따라 미생물학적 품질 에는 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 30oC에 저장한 고춧가루의 수분함량 및 ASTA color value는 저장 3개월 이후 크게 감소하였다. 따라서 고춧가루의 장기 보관 시 품질을 유지하기 위해서는 냉장고 또는 냉동고에 보관하는 것이 바람직하다고 생각된다.

본 연구는 코로나-19 환경에서 소비자가 인식하는 골프 어플리케이션(App)특성이 몰입정도와 소비행동에 관하여 인과 관계(SEM)를 적용하여 골퍼들이 인식하는 어플리케이션 서비스를 탐색하고, COVID-19 이후 골프산업을 예측하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2021년 6월 1일 ~ 8월 10일까지 표본계획에 의해 모바일 서베이(URL)를 사용하여 총 235명을 분석에 사용했다. 결과를 도출하였다. 첫째, 어플리케이션의 이동성, 신뢰성 특성이 몰입증진에 통계적으로 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 가설이 채택되었다. 둘째, 몰입증진은 소비행동에 통계적으로 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 가설이 채택되었다. 마지막으로 어플리케이션의 정보성, 이동성 특성이 소비행동에 통계적으로 유의미한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 가설이 되었다.