The genus Silpha Linnaeus, 1758 in Silphinae includes 33 species worldwide. This group is flightless and known to feed on invertebrate carcasses from the ground surface. In South Korea, 3 species have been recorded, and S. koreana Cho& Kwon, 1999 is an endemic species, distributed only Mt. Taebaek and Mt. Mindung. Up to date the immature stages of the species has never been studied although the species has significant value as an endemic species. The present study is the very first one ever conducted describing the larval morphological characters of S. koreana along with images of larval stages. Furthermore, we report observations on developmental lengths for each stages of the species.

2020년 6월 25일 조영남 그림 대작(代作)사건에 대한 대법원 판결이 있었다. 이 사건은 사기죄로 기소되어 대법원에서 무죄를 선고받았지만, 그 사안을 들여다보면 저작권 귀속과 저작권 침해의 문제임을 알 수 있 다. 이에 본 연구에서는 이 사건의 사실관계를 기초로 하여 저작권법상의 쟁점이 되는 저작권 귀속과 저작권 침해의 문제에 대해서 논의를 하였다. 피고인은 자신이 저작자이고 공소외인은 조수라는 주장에 대해서 저작 권법상 저작권 귀속에 관한 법리를 중심으로 하여 피고인의 주장에 대해 검토하여 보았다. 저작권법은 아이디어를 제공한 자가 아니라 이를 표현 한 자에게 저작권이 귀속되도록 하고 있는데 이 사건의 사실관계를 살펴 보면 피고인은 아이디어를 제공하였을 뿐이고 실질적으로 표현을 한 자 는 공소외인 이므로 저작자는 공소외인이 된다는 결론을 도출하였다. 피고인은 자신의 그림은 개념미술 그리고 팝아트에 해당하기 때문에 개념을 제시한 자신에게 저작권이 있고 공소외인에게는 저작권이 없다는 취지의 주장에 대해서 개념미술의 개념과 팝아트의 개념을 살피고 2인 이상의 사람이 팝아트나 개념미술의 창작에 관여하는 경우 저작권은 누 구에게 귀속하게 되는지에 대해서 살펴보았다. 개념미술이나 팝아트라고 하더라도 저작권법이 표현을 보호하고자 하는 취지를 벗어날 수는 없기 때문에 피고인이 아무리 팝아트적인 요소인 화투를 가지고 꽃으로 표현 하라는 것을 지시하였다고 하더라도 결국 캔버스에 어떻게 그릴 것인지 구상하고 이러한 구상을 토대로 실질적으로 그림을 그려낸 사람은 공소 외인에 해당하므로 공소외인이 저작권자가 된다는 결론을 도출하였다. 피고인과 공소외인의 거래 관계를 일반적으로 대작계약이라고 칭하고 있는 점에 대해서 대작계약의 정의와 대작계약의 경우 누구에게 저작권 이 귀속되는지에 대해서 살펴보았다. 대작계약은 양도불가능한 저작권의 양도를 목적으로 하고 있기 때문에 대작계약은 무효이고, 저작권은 미술 품을 창작한 자에게 원시적으로 귀속되므로 이 사안에서 저작권은 공소 외인에게 귀속된다고 할 수 있다. 저작권이 공소외인에게 귀속되는 경우 피고인이 미술품에 직접적으로 덧칠을 한 행위는 저작권법상 동일성 유지권을 침해한 행위가 되므로 이 를 근거로 공소외인은 피고인에게 저작권법에 따라 민ᆞ형사상의 구제를 청구할 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze how secondary-school-teaching-licensed- teach ers-in-elementary-school perceived physical education teaching in elementary school and how they practiced physical education actually in class. To achieve these goals,

This study examined the ingredients and cooking methods of side dishes in "Chosunmusangsinsikyorijebub" during the year of 1924, approximately. In the recipe for Tang (Guk), there was much use of various parts of beef, fish, shellfish, vegetables, and mushrooms, and soybean paste, hot pepper paste, and soy sauce were used as seasonings. For Chootang and Byulchootang, cinnamon powder was added at the end of cooking. In foods such as Tang (Guk), Gigimi, Chigye, Chim, and steamed dishes, which were made of beef, pork, chicken, various fish, Chinese cabbage, and over ripened cucumbers, and thickened by adding buckwheat powder or wheat powder, the taste of the food was changed by controlling the gravy content. In the recipe for Gorim-Cho, ingredients such as beef, pork, chicken, and various fish were used, which were cooked in boiling water and soy sauce. Boiling or steaming were employed as the cooking methods for Baeksuk, where beef rib Baeksuk was seasoned with salt and fermented shrimp and then boiled. For porgy and herring Baeksuk, the internal organs of the fish were first removed, and then they were steamed with pine needles. Hoei incorporated the flesh of various meats, various beef organs, pork skin, and fish as ingredients, and different dipping sauces and pine nut powder were also used.

This study examines the details and characteristics of prizewinning plans of Cho-Sun housing plan competition promoted by Daily Cho-Sun Company during Japanese colonial period. The main features of Cho-Sun housing plan competition were that the competition held with an application of popular newspaper readers and a judging committee was composed of only Korean architects, especially Park, Gil-Ryong as the president of the board of examiners. Cho-Sun housing plan competition put ideological factors for the improvement of living as like advancing to the cultured(modern) life, respecting for family life, respecting for privacy of family members and so on. First of all, the competition suggested the direction of the improvement of dwelling spaces which focused on making harmonious home life. This study found common characteristics of prizewinning plans of Cho-Sun housing plan competition as the result. First, Cho-Sun housing plan competition introduced a centralized house plan as a model of the improvement of small-sized houses. Second, architectural orders of western or japanese style mingled with ones of korean traditional style in prizewinning plans as entrance hall, western style reception room(parlour), maid's room, bathroom for example. And a manner of seating using chairs was brought into the style of living which would be assumed in the prizewinning plans. Third, traditional way of composing dwelling spaces was maintained, receiving the characteristics of dwelling spaces of japanese style simultaneously, which central corridor was put at the heart of house for improving arrangement of rooms and flow lines. Fourth, lavatory and bathroom were placed inside of the house.

Through reinvestigations of early years of King Young-Joe provincial castles, Jeonju Eupsung, this study seeks to broaden the understanding of castle construction of the later period of Chosun Dynasty. Jeonju Eupsung was established by reform-minded king and his loyalist Cho, Hyun Myung. Their new conceptual framework for reconstruction of Jeonju Eupsung was affected by Yoo, Hyung Won, a realist scholar of 17th century. It is obvious that adopted new administrative systems of financing, building and maintaining of Jeonju Eupsung were based on the his theories of castle. This study demonstrates that Jeonju Eupsung built by Cho, Hyun Myung, during the early years of King Young-Joe were based on those new concepts and systems of the new age. The study shows that the designer of this castle had in mind efficient construction design and execution and effective defense of provincial towns located on flat ground. And, the study explains how those original designer sought higher productivity through greater localization of securing resources and more detailed and improved organization of construction responsibilities. In short, this study seeks to prove that the provincial castles of the early 18th century reflected the new thinking on practicality that was spreading throughout the society of Chosun Dynasty at the time.

The Chinese Hamster Ovarian cells CHOK1 are one of the most extensively used cells for the evaluation of gene expression and toxicology. However, these cells are frequently used for biomedical research without consideration of their cytogenetic characteristics. Therefore, we carried out to investigate the karyologic profiles, the frequency and type of chromosome aberration, and the distribution of telomeric DNA on chromosomes of the CHOK1 cells. The GTGbanding and fluorescence in situ hybridization on CHOK1 cells were performed to characterize the karyotype and the distribution of telomeric DNA. The present study revealed that the chromosome modal number of CHOK1 cells was 2n=20; eight chromosomes appeared to be identical with those of the normal Chinese hamster, whereas the remaining 12 chromosomes were shown to be translocated, deleted, inversed, or rearranged from Chinese hamster chromosomes. The telomeric DNA on CHOK1 chromosomes was intensively distributed at the centromeres rather than the ends of chromosomes. In addition, three chromosomes had interstitial telomeres and one marker chromosome entirely consisted of telomeric DNAs. The frequency and type of chromosome aberrations in CHOK1 cells were examined. Of the 822 metaphase spreads, 68 (8.3%) cells resulted in chromosome aberrations of which the chromosome breakage was the most frequently occurred.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of IRES controlled reporter gene on screening and production of recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) proteins from cultured CHO cells. The cDNA was cloned for EPO from human liver cDNA. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we generated recombinant human EPO (rhEPO) with two additional N-glycosylations (Novel erythropoiesis-stimulating protein: NESP). Wild type hEPO and NESP were cloned into expression vectors with GFP reporter gene under regulatory control of CMV promoter and IRES so that the vectors could express both rhEPO and GFP. The expression vectors were transfected to cultured CHO-K1 cells. Under microscopy, expression of GFP was visible. Using supernatant of the culture, ELISA assay, immunocytochemistry and in vitro assay using EPO dependant cell line were performed to estimate biological activity to compare the production characteristics (secretion levels, etc.) between rhEPO and NESP. The activity of NESP protein, obtained by mutagenesis, was described and compared with its rhEPO counterpart produced under same conditions. Although NESP had less secretion level in CHO cell line, the biological activity of NESP was greater than that of rhEPO. These results are consistent with previous researches. We also demonstrated that rhEPO and GFP proteins expressed simultaneously from transfected CHO cell line. Therefore we conclude that use of GFP reporter gene under IRES control could be used to screen and produce rhEPO in cultured CHO cells.

Homeostatic pH is very important for various cellular processes, including metabolism, survival, and death. An imbalanced-pH might induce cellular acidosis, which is involved in many abnormal events such as apoptosis and malignancy. One of several factors contributing to the onset of metabolic acidosis is the production of lactate and protons by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in anaerobic glycolysis. LDH is an important enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of pyruvate to lactate. This study sought to examine whether decreases in extracellular pH induce apoptosis of CHO cells, and to elucidate the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in acidification-induced apoptosis. To test apoptotic signaling by acidification we used CHO dhfr cells that were sensitive to acidification, and CHO/anti-LDH cells that are resistant to acidification-induced apoptosis and have reduced LDH activity by stable LDH antisense mRNA expression. In the present study, cellular lactic acid-induced acidification and the role of MAPKs signaling in acidification-induced apoptosis were investigated. Acidification, which is caused by -HCO₃⁻ free conditions, induced apoptosis and MAPKs (ERK, JNK, and p38) activation. However, MAPKs were slightly activated in acidic conditions in the CHO/anti-LDH cells, indicating that lactic acid-induced acidification induces activation of MAPKs. Treatment with a p38 inhibitor, PD169316, increased acidification-induced apoptosis but apoptosis was not affected by inhibitors for ERK (U0126) or JNK (SP600125). Thus, these data support the hypothesis that activation of the p38 MAPK during acidification-induced apoptosis contributes to cell survival.