한국 민주주의가 제도적으로 공고화되었다고 평가하는데는 폭넓은 합 의가 존재한다. 그러나 한국 민주주의의 정치문화적 기반이 민주주의의 제도적 공고화 만큼이나 견고한지는 불명확하며, 한국인의 민주주의에 대한 이해에 대해서도 알려진 것이 많지 않다. 이에 본 연구는 한국인들 의 민주주의에 대한 이해가 어떤 차원으로 구성되어있는지, 민주주의에 대한 여러 이해가 존재한다면 그것이 왜 다른지를 분석하는 것을 목적으 로 한다. 세계가치관조사에서 수행한 한국인 대상 설문조사 데이터를 활 용하여 분석한 결과, 한국 유권자들은 민주주의 구성개념으로 절차적 민 주주의, 실질적 민주주의, 권위주의적 요소 순서대로 민주주의에서 중요 한 가치라고 인식하고 있었다. 또한 본 연구는 국가안보에 대한 우려는 권위주의적 요소에, 실직우려는 실질적 민주주의에 유의미한 영향력을 보인다는 것을 확인하였다.

북한은 핵·미사일 개발로 인한 경제제재, 코로나19 방역으로 인한 북· 중 국경 폐쇄, 기상이변으로 인한 식량부족 등 삼중고(triple whammy) 를 겪으며 일방적으로 차단했던 남북 연락통신선을 복구하는 등 남북관계 개선에 대한 의지를 일부 보이고 있다. 또한 미국의 바이든 대통령과 외교안보팀 고위직 대부분은 이란과의 공동포괄행동계획(JCPOA: The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action)에 참여하였고 이 합의를 주요한 외교적 성과로 인식하고 있으며 북한과의 핵협상에서도 이를 적용해야 한다고 주장하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 이란의 공동포괄행동계획 사례를 DIME (Diplomacy, Intelligence, Military, Economy) 요소로 분석하여 북한 특수성에 맞는 북한의 비핵화 방안을 DIME 구상으로 모색하는 것이다. 북한 비핵화를 위해 외교적 구상으로 ‘다자주의에 입각한 단계별 비핵화 합의’가 필요하며 정보적 구상으로 북한을 NPT체제로 복귀시켜 국제 핵 비확산 체제 안에서 미확인되고 핵심적인 핵프로그램에 대한 정보에 접근하는 ‘선택적 검증’을 추진해야 할 것이다. 군사적 구상으로 북한의 핵 고도화와 핵사용에 대한 ‘전방위 억제전략(full spectrum deterrence strategy)’이 필요할 것이며 경제적 구상으로 ‘비핵화 조치에 상응하는 대북제재 완화’를 추진하며 중대한 합의 불이행시 원상복구(snap-back) 할 수 있는 조항을 포함시켜야 할 것이다.

Ensuring timely ovulation concerning the service is valuable. A satisfactory conception rate can be achieved by making sure that ovulation occurs within 7-18 hours after artificial insemination (AI). Delayed ovulation is one of the disturbances commonly encountered in repeat breeding animals. Although demanding research, many studies have not been conducted. Therefore, we aimed to examine the relation between ovulation confirmation and conception rate in dairy cattle. The research findings showed that the signs of true estrus were bred 12 hours after the onset of estrus by AI in cattle. Also, the performance of AI on ovulation was confirmed by the presence of fluctuant Graafian follicles through rectal palpation. From the results, we confirmed that cow encountered delayed ovulation were bred again. The Conception rate in cows with confirmed ovulation was 51.9%, while for those without confirmed ovulation were 33.3%. In conclusion, the results indicate that ovulation confirmation will likely increase conception rate.

This study is to compare the effect of estrus synchronization and embryo transfer between Korean and Mongolian cattle. Embryos were collected from 9 donors housed in Asan city in South Chungcheong Province, South Korea. Embryos were collected 9 donors from Khushaat sum, Selenge province and Bayanchandmani sum, Tov province in Mongolia. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Controlled Internal Drug Release (CIDR) and Prostaglandin (PG) were used for superovulation. Subsequently, Artificial Insemination (AI) was done for donor cow and embryo was collected after 7 and 8 days. Collected embryos were compared between Mongolian and Korean cattle. Finally, good quality and fresh embryos were transferred to 50 and 22 recipients of cows in Korea and Mongolia respectively. The findings show that Korean native cattle each donor cow produced on an average 16.9 embryos and, 10.9 embryos were found transferable. But in case of Mongolia the average production of embryos per donor cow was 8.6 embryos and, 6.2 embryos were found transferable. Embryo collection after 7 and 8 days was not difference in embryo production in Korea. But, in Mongolia embryo production after 8 days was found more efficient than the 7 days. Korean native recipient's cows (74.6%) and Mongolian recipient's cows (71.0%) respectively were found transferable ovarian stage. The result suggested that efficiency of embryo production from the superovulation method treated of Korean cow were higher than the Mongolian cow. The pregnancy rate of Korea native cattle was 72%, which was about 10% higher than that of Mongolia cattle.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of vitamin or mineral supplements on the conception rates of dairy heifers when replacing the last injection of GnRH with hCG in ovsynch protocol (experiment 1) and also to investigate whether the estrus synchronization treatment in the heifer stage affects the conception rates after 1st parturition (experiment 2). In experiment 1, 50 heifers were randomly assigned into 3 groups: 20 heifers each in groups 1 and 2, and 10 in group 3. All three groups were treated with an intramuscular injection of GnRH on day 0 (day 0 = the day of program start), PGF2α on day 7 and hCG on day 9, and were inseminated on day 10, 12~16h after hCG injection. In group 1 (vitamin group), the heifers were treated with an intramuscular injection of 5 ml of vitamin-ADE 500Ⓡ, and group 2 (mineral group) was treated twice with an intramuscular injection of 30 ml of mineral supplement-LAPTOVETⓇ on a one-week interval beginning on the day of hormone treatment (day 0 and day 7 respectively). Group 3 (control) was treated only with hormones. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by ultrasonography through a rectal probe. First service conception rates (FSCR) and average services per conception (ASPC) were recorded for all subjects. Of the total 50 heifers, 6 (2 in group 1, 3 in group 2, and 1 in group 3) heifers were eliminated due to accidents during experiment 1. FSCRs were 58.8% (10/17), 66.7% (12/18) and 44.4% (4/9) in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. ASPCs were 1.53±0.72, 1.27±0.59 and 1.63±0.74 in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Although there were no significant difference between the groups, relatively good results (higher FSCR and lower ASPC) were obtained in both group 1 and 2. In experiment 2, 11 primiparous cows from group 2 of experiment 1 in heifer stage which had been treated both with the hormones for estrus synchronizing and mineral supplements (ES group), and 12 primiparous cows treated only with minerals (non-ES group) were compared to examine the effects of estrus synchronization program on conception rates after 1st parturition. Following the examination, postpartum ASPCs were 1.55±0.82 and 2.17±1.47 in ES group and non-ES group, respectively. The postpartum average days open (ADO) were 116±56 and 197±93 in ES group and non-ES group, respectively. Although there were no significant difference between the two groups, desirable results (lower ASPC and shorter ADO) were found in ES group after 1st parturiton. In conclusion, experiment 1 indicates that vitamin or mineral supplement with ovsynch protocol may have some positive effect on FSCR and ASPC of dairy heifers, and in experiment 2, ES program in heifer stage had a positive effect on ASPC and ADO following 1st parturition.

본 논문은 자연환경의 변화가 젖소의 인공수정 수태율에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 먼저 종속변수로는 32개 농가의 인공수정자료를 이용하여 60개월(2008년 1월~2012년 12월)의 월별수태율을 구해 패널 자료로 구성하여 이용하였다. 젖소의 인공수정 수태율에 미치는 주요한 설명변수로 자연환경 변수로는 기온, 강수량, 그리고 풍속을 이용하였고, 월별 효과를 제어하기 위해 월별더미변수도 사용하였다. 분석 결과를 보면, 자연환경 설명변수 중 기온 변수가 가장 유의성이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 평균 기온이 1℃ 상승하면 수태율은 약 –0.6% 하락하는 것으로 추정되었다. 더미변수를 활용한 추정에서는 1월, 4월, 6월, 7월, 8월의 더미변수가 유의성이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 추정치를 보면 평균 수태율은 1월의 경우 약 44%, 4월의 경우 약 33%, 6월은 약 32%, 7월은 약 31%, 8월은 약 27%인 것으로 나타났다. 수태율은 기온이 높아지는 여름이 될수록 낮아지며 겨울의 경우 수태율이 높은 것으로 분석되었다.

W.B.예이츠는 자신의 시대의 시인들이나 동료시인들과는 다른 시간을 구상하고 있다. 대부분은 시간을 진행하는 것이거나 은유적인 것으로 사용한다. 예이츠는, 블레이크처럼, 시간과 맞붙어서 영원성과의 관계를 다룬다. 즉, 모든 시간이 순간적으로 인식된다. 이런 견해의 차이는, 음유적, 민속적, 물리적이고 형이상학적 견해의 혼합에서 생긴 것으로, 근본적으로 그의 견해와 작품에 영향을 미친다.

The research aimed to provide accurate and basic data comparing different perceptions of head family’s food and food for religious ceremonies depending on age with the goal of sustaining traditional Korean food in the future. The gender distribution of the participants was 274 Males (42.5%) and 370 Females (57.5%). Age distribution was 211 participants (32.7%) in their 20s, 215 participants (33.3%) in their 30 to 40s, and 220 participants (34%) in their 50 to 60s. The older generation appeared to beaware of the definition of head family or 'The eldest’s house of head family’ as well as the concept of one’s family five generations ago with more reductive and emphasis than imaginary concept of head family of the younger generation. The image of the head family was perceived as ‘head family’s food’ in younger generations and as ‘eldest son’ in older generations. Family role and meaning most often manifested as ‘succession of tradition’ and ‘cultural symbols’ in younger generations, respectively, whereas older generations responded ‘hallmark of the head family’. Family ancestral rites and head family’s food had positive effects on awareness of head family’s food. Moreover, those with experience in practicing family ancestral rites responded that head family’s food should be more popular. People who viewed family’s food more positively were more open with the idea thathead family’s food could go mainstream. In conclusion, positive perception of head family’s food and traditional pride are crucial environmental factors in public support of popularizing head family's food to the public.

This study investigated students' alternative conceptions of plate boundaries and their conception revision according to the pattern of students' reasoning. Participants were twenty-two 10th grade high school students. All participants were asked to draw the three types of plate boundaries and to explain their drawings. Nine students participated in the reasoning activity. To this end, a semi-structured interview was conducted during which key questions were asked for the students to individually answer. The key questions used in the reasoning activity were created, by utilizing questions used in the previous studies. The findings revealed that the alternative conceptions of plate boundaries were classified into three levels based on established criteria. Students who attempted a variety of reasoning strategies such as causal reasoning, using an analogy, abductive reasoning, data reconstruction and concept combination, revised their alternative conception to a scientific conception after the reasoning activity. On the other hand, some students could not revise their alternative conceptions because they only conducted an incomplete reasoning strategy. The study also found that they were unable to use other reasoning strategies, either.

The study aimed to determine the physical characteristics of estrus mucus and conception rates in dairy cattle. Samples of estrus mucus from the cervix were collected from 108 dairy cattle during heat and were examined for color and consistency. Samples were taken from bred animals at starting from day of breeding to the completion of one estrus cycle. The color of the cervical mucus was studied based on its transparency while the consistency was based on the thinness and thickness of the cervical mucus. The dairy cattle were bred and the pregnancy diagnosis was performed at the 60th day post breeding. Findings showed that the estrus mucus of the dairy cattle was transparent in 58.3%, turbid in 31.5% and dirty in 10.2%. It was further observed that the mucus consistency of the dairy cattle was thin in 74.1% and thick in 25.9%. In the pregnant group, 67.3% mucus samples were found transparent, turbid in 23.6% and dirty in 9.1%. However, the corresponding figures for the non-pregnant group had 49.1%, 39.6% and 11.3%. The consistency of cervical mucus was found to be thin in 74.1% and thick in 25.9% of dairy cattle. The conception rates of dairy cattle with thin and thick consistency of cervical mucus were 81.8% and 18.2%, respectively. Pregnant was associated with consistency of cervical mucus (p<0.10). Findings indicated that dairy cattle with thin consistency of cervical mucus and had clear discharge were pregnant cows.

The purpose of this quantitative research was to examine whether there were statistically significant differences in Islamic elementary public school teachers’ curriculum orientation and teaching conception across demographic variables of gender, age, and teaching experience. Data were collected through questionnaires from 65 Islamic elementary public school teachers. Data were analysed through Rasch analysis and tests of inferential statistics. The results of the data analysis show that, over all: 1) the teachers’ curriculum orientation tended to be “technological” and “academic” rather than “social reconstructionistic”; and 2) the teachers tended to conceptualize teaching as “apprenticeshipdevelopmental” and “knowledge transmission” rather than “nurturing” or “social reform”. Tests of inferential statistics revealed a significant difference between male and female teachers’ conception of teaching. A significant difference was also found in the teachers’ curriculum orientation across the demographic variable of teaching experience. No significant difference was found across the variable of age. Correlations were identified between the teachers’ curriculum orientation and teaching conception. The findings of this study provide evidence for policy makers, school leaders, researchers, parents, and teacher educators that the curriculum orientation and teaching conception of the majority of the teachers seems to be incompatible with the nature of character education that necessitates teachers to be “nurturing” and “social reconstructionistic”. In addition, evaluation and reorientation of paradigms and approaches in teacher education and educational objectives and further research are suggested.

Confucianism is the major school of Chinese traditional culture. Lun Yu as the foundational and dominant literature of Confucianism represents the particularity and the basic idea of Chinese traditional culture. Abundant thought of Gods will included in Lun Yu provides unquestionable evidence and valuable resources for exploring and analyzing the conception about Gods of Chinese traditional culture. The Gods ontology which is the trinity of mind, Gods will and Gods, the function of Gods that different Gods are responsible for the different transactions, and the psychic concept performed by exceptional people or in special moment that show in Lun Yu have a profound impact on contemporary Chinese Gods concept and the awareness of beliefs. Therefore, researching the conception about Gods of Chinese traditional culture based on the thought of Gods included in Lun Yu has important significance both in theory and practice.

In Korea, there has recently been a hot debate around the theory of sudden enlightenment by Jinul, one of the two greatest scholar monks in the history of the Buddhist tradition of Korea. This debate was provoked by a contemporary monk named "Seongcheol," who criticized Jinul's theory is not perfect due to its emphasis on the need of gradual practice for the ultimate awakening. Since Jinul literally embraces the idea of sudden enlightenment with gradual practice, Seongcheol's criticism has some persuasive power. This debate is important in that it might shed light on the nature of human mind in general in the aspect of its fundamental characteristics. Daosheng, the original proponent of sudden enlightenment in China, emphasizes that the sudden enlightenment of Buddha nature in one's own mind consists in overcoming the objective observation of Buddha nature and perceiving Buddha nature through a spontaneous and subjective self-awakening. Since the ultimate identity of human person in its subjectivity has recently been challenged by some scientists and philosophers, the significance of sudden enlightenment in East Asia, especially in regard with Jinul's theory, might be reexamined in the context of this contemporary challenge so that it can contribute to the deeper discussion on the uniqueness of the nature of human subjectivity.

The decreased fertility is frequently thought to be problem of cattle production. However, studies figure out that number of these problems is related to bull factors especially in artificial insemination setting. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the fertility status of bull by their estimated relative conception rate of cows that were inseminated by frozen semen from Korean proven bulls. Here we use the non-return rate (NRR) to access the bull fertility whereas, the NRR was define as the proportion of bulls that semen were used to inseminate cows and the number of cows that did not return for another service within 60 days. The data from 54,388 artificial inseminations (AI) were analyzed from 88 KPN semen. The NRRs of highest and lowest fertile bull were 83.81 and 51.33%, respectively. And mean NRR was 68.27%. In comparison to previously reported study, our data shows 17.38% higher NRR and the absolute value of difference in 50%>NRR and 50%<NRR group was 22.17 and 10.51, respectively (p< 0.001). In conclusion, the decreased fertility might consider as key aspect in achieving considerable conception of cows in existing integrated farming system at Korea.

This study was carried out to develop the useful inducing method of estrus for Korean native cows. Under the condition of estrus induction by administering for the cows in which corpus luteum (CL) in ovaries was detected by ultrasonography, ovarian responses and the changes of progesterone () concentration against compared with conception rate were observed in cows and heifers. In inducing estrus administering . to the cows which has corpus luteum in ovaries, ovarian reponses, the changes of progesterone concentration, and conception rate were identified and compared. The results attained from the studies were as follows. Significant decreases of CL in size over time after administration were detected in both cow and heifer groups (p<0.001), but not different between groups in the CL regression rate (p>0.05). In addition, the percentage changes relative to the plasma concentration on day 1 after treatment were decreased to below 1ng/ml. The growth rate of follicle was observed as 31% on day 1 and 42% on day 2 in cows, and 34% on day 1 and 97% on day 2 in heifers, resulting that growth of heifers are faster than that of cows (p<0.05). The conception rate after treatment were 60.5% and 64.2% in cows and heifers, respectively. It also indicated that the conception rate after estrus observation with injection was as high as 66.6% while that with timed-artificial insemination (TAI) regardless of the estrus observation was 56%, which means the pregnancy rate of artificial insemination after estrus observation was higher than that of TAI (p<0.05). In the result of all above, there were significant decreases in CL size and the plasma concentration by days but rapid growth in follicles, which has no differences in cows and heifers. The conception rate was commonly high after estrus observation and more than 50% under TAI.

본고는 그동안 학계에서 여러 이견이 있었던 보어 개념에 대해 문제점과 타당 성을 검토하고 일정한 방법과 기준을 통해 해결책을 제시하고자 하였다. 일반 언 어학 관점으로 볼 때 보어라는 개념 자체가 정의 내리기 어려운 측면이 있고 이를 한문에 적용하는 과정에서 한문 문법 서술 체계의 기준을 정하지 못함으로 인해 여러 문제가 노정되었다고 보여진다. 문제 해결을 위해서는, 한문에서 무엇을 보 어로 볼 것이냐가 아닌 한문에 과연 보어가 존재하느냐에 대한 논의가 선행되어 야 한다. 본고에서는 한문에서 소위 보어로 분석되어지는 언어 현상이 실제는 보 어가 아닐 수 있으며 따라서 보어라는 용어를 상정할 필요성이 없다는 소견을 제시하였다. 학문 문법의 측면에서 보면 한문을 좀더 정치하게 분석하기 위해 동사 뒤의 명사성 성분 및 유관 언어 현상을 세밀히 나누는 것이 필요하겠지만 학교 문법의 각도에서 보자면 실제 한문 독해력 신장과는 일정 정도 거리가 있는, 문법 을 위한 문법이라는 논란의 여지가 있을 수 있다. 따라서 목적어와 보어를 하나로 통일하여 목적어라는 개념을 쓰는 방안, 혹은 또 다른 용어, 예컨대 ‘客語’를 상정 하는 방안 등을 통해 간략하면서도 명확한 학교 문법 서술을 고려할 필요가 있을 것으로 생각된다.

This study was undertaken to determine whether the presence of fertility-associated antigen (FAA) in semen would influence semen characteristics and conception rate of artificial insemination in Hanwoo. The response to FAA of 36 heads of proven bull, 7 heads of young bull, and 27 heads of performance-tested bull was that one proven bull was FAA-negative and the others were FAA-positive, therefore FAA-negative bull was 1.4%. FAA-negative bull was lower in first and second semen concentrations than those of FAA-positive bull in 5,301 semen of 21 heads of proven bull, then FAA-negative bull was fewer as 11.5% in total sperm counts. The estrus of 22 heads was 70d-nonreturned in 36 cows first inseminated with frozen semen of FAA-negative bull, but that of 249 heads in 378 cows first inseminated with frozen semen of FAA-positive bull. Each conception rate was 61.1% and 65.9%, respectively. The difference of conception rates was 4.8%. These results indicate that the response of FAA to semen were influenced semen characteristics and conception rate of artificial insemination, but further investigations are needed to confirm the results.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between conception rate and other parameters (body condition score; BCS, progesterone concentrations and follicle size) before estrus induction with CIDR(intravaginal progesterone-releasing controlled internal drug release). The conception rate in cows with < 2.75, 2.75 to 3.25, and 3.25 <, BCS regardless of AI (artificial insemination) time was 46.6%, 63.3%, and 46.6% at CIDR insertion, respectively. The conception rate regardless of BCS was 54.9% in cows inseminated based on detected estrus, and 48.7% in cows inseminated at 72 to 80 hours (timed artificial insemination, TAI) after removal of CIDR. The conception rate regardless of AI time was 40.0% in cows with low progesterone concentrations (less than 1.0 ng/ml), and 56.6% in cows with high progesterone concentrations (more than 1.0 ng/ml) at CIDR injection. The conception rate regardless of progesterone concentrations was 53.8% in cows inseminated based on detected estrus, and 38.0% in cows of TAI after removal of CIDR. The conception rate regardless of AI time was 43.3% in cows with small follicle (less than 5 mm), 53.3% in cows between 5 mm to 10 mm of follicle, and 63.3% in cows with large folliclc (more than 10 mm) at CIDR injection, respectively. The conception rate regardless of follicle size was 58.4% in cows inseminated based on detected estrus, and 45.9% in cows of TAI after removal of CIDR. These results indicated that if the cows with BCS 2.75 to 3.25, active corpus luteum, and/or large dominant follicle (more than 10 mm) are used for estrus induction, the conception rate will be greater.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between conception rate and other parameters (body condition score; BCS, progesterone concentrations and follicle size) before estrus induction with . The conception rate in cows with (2.75, 2.75 to 3.25 and 3.25), BCS regardless of AI (artificial insemination) time was 47.5, 67.5% and 48.5% at injection, respectively. The conception rate regardless of BCS was 59.0% in cows inseminated based on detected estrus, and 46.2% in cows inseminated at 72 to 80 hours (timed artificial insemination, TAI) after injection. The conception rate regardless of AI time was 43.0% in cows with low progesterone concentrations (less than 1.0 ng/ml), and 67.5% in cows with high progesterone concentrations (more than 1.0 ng/ml) at injection. The conception rate regardless of progesterone concentrations was 59.9% in cows inseminated based on detected estrus, and 48.1% in cows of TAI after injection. The conception rate regardless of AI time was 36.0% in cows with small dominant follicles (less than 5 mm), 56.0% in cows between 5 mm to 10 mm of follicle size, and 65.5% in cows with large dominant follicles (more than 10 mm) at injection, respectively. The conception rate regardless of follicle size was 57.3% in cows inseminated based on detected estrus, and 47.6% in cows of TAI after injection. These results indicated that if the cows with BCS 2.75 to 3.25, active corpus luteum, and/or large dominant follicle (more than 10 mm) are used for estrus induction, the conception rate will be greater.