임신랫드에 융모성성선자극호르몬을 투여한 후 모체의 황체와 태아에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 임신랫드에 융모성성선자극호르몬제제인 Profasai 1000(Serona, Switzland) 50 또는 100IU를 임신 4, 8, 12 또는 16일에 각각 투여한 후 임신20일에 부검하여 태아와 모체에 대한 조사를 한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 황체는 모든 대조군과 HCG투여군에서 그 수가 거의 비슷한 수준이었고 임신8일의 경우에 그 수가 비교적 감소되었다. 2. 태아의 흡수는 임신 4, 8및 12일의 HCG투여군과 임신 12일의 대조군에서 나타났지만 임신4일의 경우가 발생빈도가 현저하게 높았고 임신 12일의 경우는 매우 낮았다. 3. 태아의 체중은 임신4일에 50IU의 HCG투여군에서만 감소되었다. 4. 태아의 골격검사에서 기형발생과 골화의 이상은 인정되지 않았지만 변이는 인정되었다. 변이는 14번늑골만 인정되었으며, 임신 4, 8 그리고 12일의 HCG투여군과 임신8일과 16일의 대조군에서 다양하게(5.26~8.33%) 나타났다. 5. 임신랫드에 HCG를 투여하면 태아의 흡수가 나타날 수 있지만 골격형성 과정에서 반드시 변이가 발생된다고 생각하지 않는다.

본 연구는 2015 개정 교육과정을 기반으로 개발되어 사용되고 있는 중등학교 영어 교과서의 읽기 지문에 나타난 고빈도 어휘 뭉치(lexical bundles)의 유형과 특성을 고찰하고, 어휘 뭉치가 갖는 구조적, 기능적 특징을 살펴보고자 한다. 또한 원어민 참조 코퍼스와의 비교·분석을 통해 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 알아보고자 한다. 이를 위해 2015 개정 교육과정 중·고등학교 영어 교과서의 읽기 지문을 코퍼스로 구축한 후 고빈도 어휘 뭉치를 비교·분석하였으며, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중학교 교과서에 비해 고등학교 교과서의 읽기 지문이 다양한 내용과 더 많은 양의 텍스트를 다루므로 예상대로 더 많은 어휘 뭉치가 출현하였으며, 어휘 다양성 또한 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 어휘 뭉치의 구조적 분석을 통해 동사구 결합 유형의 비율이 가장 높은 중학교 읽기 지문은 구어 담화적인 성격을 지녔으며, 전치사구 결합 유형의 비율이 높은 고등학교 읽기 지문은 학술적인 글의 특성을 지녔음을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 중·고등학교 교과서 어휘 뭉치의 기능적 분석 결과 지칭 표현 기능의 어휘 뭉치가 70% 이상의 높은 비율을 차지하였는데, 이는 교과서 읽기 지문이 문어적 특징을 지녔음을 보여준다. 한편, 중학교 교과서의 고빈도 어휘 뭉치 유형이 고등학교 교과 서에서 나타나지 않는 경우가 있었고, 원어민 코퍼스에서 빈도 높게 쓰인 표현이 교과서에서는 쓰이지 않은 경우와 원어민들의 사용 빈도에 비해 교과서에서의 사용 빈도가 지나치게 높은 어휘 뭉치도 있었다. 이는 영어 학습자들이 영어를 이해하고 표현하는 의사소통 능력을 꾸준히 향상시 킬 수 있도록 어휘와 어휘 뭉치 표현이 학년별, 학교급별 연계와 위계를 고려하여 반복적으로 접할 수 있도록 나선형으로 제시될 필요가 있으며, 실제 의사소통 상황에서의 활용 빈도와 중요도를 고려한 어휘 뭉치를 교과서에서 균형적으로 다룰 필요가 있다는 것을 시사한다.

This study aims to clarify how happiness and haengbog are conceptualized among emotion concepts based on the conceptual theory of cognitive linguistics using COCA for English corpus and RIKS for Korean corpus to ascertain the validity of the research results. Second, this study tries to identify the differences in terms of cultural variation as well as common language commonalities between the two languages by contrast analysis of emotion concepts in English and Korean.

The present study investigates the collocations of the first person plural possessive pronoun in order to identify L1 influence in Korean EFL learners' writing, in comparison with native English speakers’ writing. From a cognitive linguistic perspective, this learner corpus research focuses on the use of the first person pronoun OUR in English, which seems to be negatively transferred by somewhat peculiar usages of the Korean equivalent pronoun wuli. The contrastive interlanguage analysis first shows that Korean learners significantly overuse first person plural pronouns whereas they significantly underuse first person singular pronouns, compared to native English speakers. Second, it also indicates that the distribution of frequencies of the ‘OUR + noun’ collocations according to a classification based on the Sejong Corpus seems very similar in both corpora, and that the frequencies are likely to be dependent upon specific individual collocates. Third, Korean learners appear to particularly overuse six specific ‘OUR + noun’ collocations rather than ‘MY + noun’ collocations, which can be argued to be empirical evidence of L1 influence. The findings of the present study are expected to provide valuable implications to English language teaching in classroom in Korea.

This study explores the frequency distribution of the verb seem together with its three alternating complement structures: to-infinitive, that-clause, and adjectival/nominal complements. Based on an analysis of sample data selected from COCA, we investigate the conditions that may influence the choice among these argument structures. Our analysis has shown the following results: First, of the three complement structures, the that-clause complement was rarely used, a pattern consistent with the findings of previous studies. Second, discourse pragmatic factors such as information status and topichood of the subject, and judgement/evaluative semantics of complements were shown to be involved in the selection of the argument structure. Third, the preference for simpler structures evidenced in the usage data suggests the economy principle as a possible force behind the argument selection. The preliminary findings of this study should be complemented by future research with bigger sample data.

The main purpose of this paper is to study the differences in use between the English adjectival synonyms distant and remote through COCA(The Corpus of Contemporary American English), and to assess Korean college students’ understanding of distant/remote+noun combinations. The major findings of the paper are summarized as follows. First, The adjective distant is mostly used with space/place nouns, while remote is mainly used with information/communication/ computer-related or abstract nouns. Second, according to nouns which they occur together with, the two adjectives sometimes have (almost) the same meaning (e.g. distant/remote island), and sometimes a considerably different meaning (e.g. distant/remote office). Third, the same noun is sometimes used in different meanings (e.g. distant/remote connection), depending on whether it is used with which one of the two adjectives. Fourth, the overall average score of the subjects was as low as 45.2%, and the average score by type was 62.6%(remote+noun), 56.6%(distant+noun), and 16.4% (distant-remote+noun).

본 연구는 한국 대학생 134명을 대상으로 구두 인터뷰를 통해 수집한 영어 말하기 코퍼스에 대해 코퍼스 기반 분석을 적용하여 학생들의 말하기에 나타난 특징을 규명하고 일반적인 오류와 연어 사용 오류에 대해 탐구하였다. 오류 분석은 질적 연구 도구와 절차를 적용하여 오류를 추출한 후 분류 하고 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 한국 대학생들의 말하기 코퍼스에 사용된 총 어휘 수는 33,306으로 나타났으며 유형이 다른 어휘는 총 2,308개였다. 유형이 다른 개별 어휘군을 분석한 결과 영어 원어민이 가장 빈번하게 사용하는 1,000 어휘군의 90% 범위에 해당하는 것으로 보아 한국 학생들은 원어민이 빈도 높게 사용하는 쉬운 일상 단어를 반복적으로 사용하는 것으로 보인다. 오류 분석 결과, 가장 빈번하게 나타난 오류 유형은 생략(omission)과 비문(misformation)으로 규명되었으며, 세부적으로는 정관사, 전치사, 시제 불일치, 단수/복수형 오류가 빈번하였다. 연어 오류 분석 결과, G8-D(동사+전치사+목적어) 유형의 문법적 연어 오류가 가장 빈번하였으며, 어휘적 연어 오류에서는 L1(동사+명사/대명사) 유형이 가장 흔하게 나타났다. 한국 대학생들이 영어 말하기에서 흔하게 범하는 이러한 오류들은 다른 언어 기능 사용 측면에도 지장을 줄 수 있으므로 향후 한국 학생들을 위한 영어 교재 개발과 교수·학습 활동 개발과 적용 시에 이러한 특징과 양상을 반영하여 이를 해결할 방안을 모색할 필요 가 있다.

The present study investigates usage of English futures, will and be going to, by Korean EFL learners and American native English speakers. The examined usage data are extracted from the native speaker corpus, the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), and two learner corpora, the Kyungpook National University (KNU) Student English Learner Corpus-Written (KSELC-W) and the KNU English Learner Corpus (KELC), and compared to determine interlanguage developmental patterns and usage similarities or differences between native speakers and nonnative speakers. In support of existing literature, the findings from the current study reveal that the American native English speakers of COCA significantly overuse both will and be going to in the spoken register compared to the combined written registers. Furthermore, the findings also indicate that although the writing samples of the learner corpora were written during formal EFL education settings, will and be going to usage by the Korean EFL learners closely resemble the usage data of the combined written-all registers of COCA. Finally, semantic analyses show that the advanced learners of KSELC-W use be going to quite correctly with the semantic senses in the present form. In contrast to the learners in Coates (1983), they use be going to to deliver the sense of epistemicity rather than the root intention senses.

Though the importance of spectral characteristics of Korean vowels in the hVd syllable has been recognized in the literature, it has never been studied whether static spectral measurements at a (steady-state) central section are enough to characterize Korean vowels in spontaneous speech, or dynamic spectral measurements across the temporal dimension can better characterize vowels. Despite ample reported evidence of the perceptual influence of non-spectral cues on spectral properties of vowels in the literature, no reports have yet been released on the difference in the degree of the perceptual influence of non-spectral cues (e.g., place and manner of the preceding or following phones, F0, speaking rate, prosody, and gender) on spectral properties of vowels. Through Neural Network pattern recognition modeling in a supervised mode, it was found that dynamic spectral models with non-spectral cues better explain vowel perception than static spectral models and furthermore, flanking phone identities, and manner and place of flanking phones are perceptually the most influential while duration, F0 and speaking rate are perceptually far less contributive than argued in the literature.

본 논문은 게임 도메인에서 웹 코퍼스를 이용하여 감성사전을 구축하는 방법과 구축한 감성사전의 평가 결과를 기술한다. 감성사전 구축을 위해 먼저 트위터 형태소 분석기를 이용해 국내 한 포털 사이트의 게임 관련 웹 문서를 기반으로 어휘를 수집하여 감성 사전 어휘 목록을 만들었고, 목록에 있는 단어들 중 동사와 형용사 품사의 단어들에 대해 감성 사전을 구축하였다. 구축된 감성 사전의 평가를 위해 영어 기반의 Senti-word Net(SWN)을 한글로 번역한 한국어 SWN을 이용하여 정밀도와 재현율 값을 계산하였다. 평가 결과 긍정과 부정 감성의 F-1값에 대한 평균이 형용사의 경우 0.85, 동사에 대해 0.77을 각각 보여 주었다.

Present study investigates whether the syntactic constraints of English reflexives and pronouns originally proposed in Standard Binding Theory (SBT; Chomsky 1980, 1981, 1986) are well-reflected in written corpus data in British English by using the ICE-GB corpus. Four linguistic factors including structural relations between the reflexives/pronouns and their antecedents were used to analyze 1,000 sentences (400 reflexives and 600 pronouns) extracted from the ICE-GB corpus. The results demonstrated the following: i) The linguistic factors related to binding conditions showed structural differences between reflexives and pronouns in English; ii) English reflexives showed more cases of discourse binding (i.e., binding outside the sentential boundary) than the original expectation of SBT; iii) With the domain of sentential binding, structural constraints such as c-commanding and binding domain (Governing Category: SSC and TSC) were nearly violated with reflexives.

In our daily life, we often use temperature terms to convey not only literal meanings which show physical temperature but also figurative meanings as an important way of communication. Among the temperature terms, this paper focuses on ‘cool’ and aims to investigate its usage and meanings in depth through a corpus of American newspapers. First, ‘cool’ is dealt with statistically in terms of grammatical functions and semantic aspects as a quantitative analysis. Second, this paper analyzes the meanings of ‘cool’ found in the corpus of newspapers and explores how its literal meanings are metaphorically extended in detail as a qualitative analysis. In this way, this study explains that the meanings of ‘cool’ are derived from our conceptualization and this conceptualization is primarily based on human physical and cultural experience.

The present study investigates the semantics involved in the L2 English article use by Korean EFL learners. The examined usage data were extracted from the researcher compiled learner corpus, the Kyungpook National University Student English Learner Corpus-Writing (KSELC-W). The importance of current research is in the fact that the investigated data was not collected through formal elicitation tasks or grammar focused activities. Therefore, the learner corpus data represent Korean EFL learners' unconscious knowledge of the English article system and their performance on timed writing sessions which did not focus on grammar. The findings reveal that Korean EFL learners do not make random misuse or overuse errors in production of English articles the and a(n) and that the patterns are in accordance with the Fluctuation Hypothesis. Additionally, results show that the semantic feature specificity effects the Korean EFL learners in the current study and provide supporting data for direct UG access underlying article choice. These results support previously reported findings by Ionin et. al. (2004, 2009) and Ko et al. (2009).

Previous studies on the English conative alternation have resorted to semantic constraints like “attempt”, “motion”, and “contact” on verbs and have taken Levin’s (1993: 41-42) verb classification about the alternation for granted. This study, based on authentic corpus data extracted from BYU-BNC, shows that simple semantic-constraint-based approaches are insufficient and Levin’s (1993) classification is problematic. In particular, this study shows that the verb classes that participate in the conative alternation in English can be classified in terms of entailments about change, motion, and contact and that some classes and subclasses exhibit idiosyncratic properties which cannot be captured by the previous approaches and Levin’s (1993) classification.

By comparing a corpus of Korean learners of English with a native speaker corpus, this study shows to what extent and in what ways Korean learners acquire English modal verbs can, could, may, and might (Hunston 2002). This corpus study revealed that the Korean learners underused could, may, and might. Two factors can explain the pattern of the Korean learners’ acquisition of the 4 modal verbs. First, the difficulty of combining tense with the modal verbs impedes the learners’ preterit form use of the modal verbs. Second, the epistemic modality is acquired much later than the root modality such as possibility, permission, and ability (Gibbs 1990). Since may and might typically associate with the epistemic modality, the learners rarely used those modal verbs.

It has been claimed that a polysemous expression will occur in different patterns depending on the specific meaning intended. This suggests that, conversely, the pattern in which an expression is used should reveal which of its meanings are intended by the speaker/writer. In the paper, the meaning-pattern association of the phrasal verb stand by is investigated, based on the observation of the corpus, Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). The result shows that each meaning of the phrasal verb stand by occurs in a separate set of preconstructed patterns so that it can be easily distinguished from the others. One meaning of stand by, ‘to be present but fail to stop something bad from happening’ is set apart from other meanings, ‘to support’ and ‘to be ready,’ which are more closely linked together. This contrastive meaning has a more restricted set of preconstructed patterns than the other meanings. That is, a meaning that sets itself apart will have a more restricted set of patterns to reflect its specialized usage.