Recently, transfer learning techniques with a base convolutional neural network (CNN) model have widely gained acceptance in early detection and classification of crop diseases to increase agricultural productivity with reducing disease spread. The transfer learning techniques based classifiers generally achieve over 90% of classification accuracy for crop diseases using dataset of crop leaf images (e.g., PlantVillage dataset), but they have ability to classify only the pre-trained diseases. This paper provides with an evaluation scheme on selecting an effective base CNN model for crop disease transfer learning with regard to the accuracy of trained target crops as well as of untrained target crops. First, we present transfer learning models called CDC (crop disease classification) architecture including widely used base (pre-trained) CNN models. We evaluate each performance of seven base CNN models for four untrained crops. The results of performance evaluation show that the DenseNet201 is one of the best base CNN models.

청보리 신품종 ‘녹양’은 총체생산성이 높고 생육후기 녹체성이 우수하며, 도복에 강하고 보리호위축병에 저항성 인 품종이다. 이 품종은 2001년 ‘낙영’을 모본, 육성계통인 ‘SB77368-B-145’를 부본으로 교배하여 선발된 ‘SB01T2017- B-B-1-2’ 계통을 2007년～2012년까지 관찰시험, 생산력검정 시험과 지역적응시험을 거쳐 2012년에 육성되었다. ‘녹양’ 은 반포복 초형으로 파성이 Ⅲ 정도이며, 잎은 담녹색이면 서 넓고, 줄기 굵기는 중간 정도이며, 이삭은 길고 까락은 일반망이다. ‘녹양’은 잎과 줄기의 후기녹체성이 ‘영양’에 비해 오래 지속되었다. ‘녹양’의 초장은 104 cm로 대비품종 인 ‘영양’에 비해 장간형이고, 평균 출수기와 성숙기는 각 각 5월 6일과 6월 4일로 ‘영양’보다 늦었다. ‘녹양’은 ‘영 양’보다 추위와 도복에 강하였고, 보리호위축병에 대하여 익산(Ⅲ형), 나주(Ⅰ형), 진주(Ⅳ) 등 모든 지역에서 저항성 을 보였다. ‘녹양’의 평균 건물수량은 전작에서 12.8톤/ha, 답리작에서 11.5톤/ha으로 영양’에 비하여 각각 7%, 2% 증수하였다. ‘녹양’과 ‘영양’ 모두 황숙기에 곡실의 탈립 정 도가 매우 낮았고, 조사료 품질은 조단백질 함량 7.2%, ADF 25.9%, TDN 68.5%로 ‘영양’과 대등하였고, 젖산함량 도 3.36%로 3.04%인 ‘영양’과 비슷하였으며, 사일리지 등 급은 2등급으로 양호하였다.

청보리 신품종 '녹양'은 총체생산성이 높고 생육후기 녹체성이 우수하며, 도복에 강하고 보리호위축병에 저항성인 품종이다. 이 품종은 2001년 '낙영'을 모본, 육성계통인 'SB77368-B-145'를 부본으로 교배하여 선발된 'SB01T2017-B-B-1-2' 계통을 2007년~2012년까지 관찰시험, 생산력검정시험과 지역적응시험을 거쳐 2012년에 육성되었다. '녹양'은 반포복 초형으로 파성이 III 정도이며, 잎은 담녹색이면서 넓고, 줄기 굵기는 중간 정도이며, 이삭은 길고 까락은 일반망이다. '녹양'은 잎과 줄기의 후기녹체성이 '영양'에 비해 오래 지속되었다. '녹양'의 초장은 104 cm로 대비품종인 '영양'에 비해 장간형이고, 평균 출수기와 성숙기는 각각 5월 6일과 6월 4일로 '영양'보다 늦었다. '녹양'은 '영양'보다 추위와 도복에 강하였고, 보리호위축병에 대하여 익산(III형), 나주(I형), 진주(IV) 등 모든 지역에서 저항성을 보였다. '녹양'의 평균 건물수량은 전작에서 12.8톤/ha, 답리작에서 11.5톤/ha으로 영양'에 비하여 각각 7%, 2% 증수하였다. '녹양'과 '영양' 모두 황숙기에 곡실의 탈립 정도가 매우 낮았고, 조사료 품질은 조단백질 함량 7.2%, ADF 25.9%, TDN 68.5%로 '영양'과 대등하였고, 젖산함량도 3.36%로 3.04%인 '영양'과 비슷하였으며, 사일리지 등급은 2등급으로 양호하였다.

Background: Some plants have harmful effects on fungi and bacteria as well as plants. Incorporating into soil as green manures are effective in reducing population densities of soil pathogens. Methods and Results: Twenty-three species of green manure crops were cultivated after the harvest of 6-year-old ginseng and then incorporated green manure into the soil at the flowering stage. The following year, the root rot ratio of 2-year-old ginseng and soil chemical properties were investigated. Sorghum sudanense, Helianthus annuus, and Helianthus tuberosus were relatively high in dry matter production. Without incorporating green manure into soil, NO3, EC (electric conductivity) and K were decreased by 95%, 79% and 65%, respectively. When green manure was incorporated to soil, P2O5 and NO3, were reduced by 41% and 25%, respectively. The survived root ratio of 2-year-old ginseng were significantly increased by 56.2%, 47.5%, and 47.3% in Sorghum sudanense, Ricinus communis and Helianthus tuberosus, respectively, In addition, there was a significant increase in Secale cereale, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Atractylodes macrocephala, and Smallanthus sonchifolius. The survived root ratio of ginseng showed a significant positive correlation with soil pH and a negative correlation with NO3, and EC. Conclusion: Cultivation of Chrysanthemum family mainly using rhizome and root as green manure was effective for root rot disease of ginseng.

Background: Some plants have harmful effects on fungi and bacteria as well as other plants. Incorporating such plant into soil as green manure is effective in reducing population densities of soil pathogens. Methods and Results: Twenty-three species of green manure crops were cultivated after the harvest of 6-year-old ginseng and then incorporated into the soil at the flowering stage. The following year, the root rot ratio of 2-year-old ginseng and soil chemical properties were investigated. In the absence of green manure addition, the NO3 content, electric conductivity (EC), and K content decreased by 95%, 79% and 65%, respectively. In the presence of green manure addition, P2O5 and NO3 contents reduced by 41% and 25%, respectively. The “survived root ratio” of 2-year-old ginseng significantly increased by 56.2%, 47.5%, and 47.3%, in the Sorghum sudanense, Ricinus communis and Helianthus tuberosus treatment, respectively. In addition, there was a significant increase in the “survived root ratio” in the Secale cereale, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Atractylodes macrocephala, and Smallanthus sonchifolius treatments. The “survived root ratio” of ginseng showed a significant positive correlation with the soil pH and a negative correlation with the NO3 contents, and EC. Conclusions: Cultivation of plant form the Chrysanthemum family as green manure, using mainly the rhizomes was effective for the control of root rot disease of ginseng.

To study the effect of crop rotation on the control of ginseng root rot, growth characteristics and root rot ratioof 2-year-old ginseng was investigated after the crops of 18 species were cultured for one year in soil contaminated by thepathogen of root rot. Fusarium solani and Cylindrocarpon destructans were detected by 53.2% and 37.7%, respectively, frominfected root of 4-year-old ginseng cultivated in soil occurring the injury by continuous cropping. Content of NO3, Na, andP2O5 were distinctly changed, while content of pH, Ca, and Mg were slightly changed when whole plant of crops cultured forone year were buried in the ground. All of EC, NO3, P2O5, and K were distinctly increased in soil cultured sudangrass, pea-nut, soybean, sunnhemp, and pepper. All of EC, NO3, P2O5, and K among inorganic component showed negative effect onthe growth of ginseng when they were excessively applied on soil. The growth of ginseng was promoted in soil cultivatedperilla, sweet potato, sudangrass, and welsh onion, while suppressed in Hwanggi (Astragalus mongholicus), Deodeok(Codonopsis lanceolata) Doraji (Platycodon grandiflorum), Gamcho (Glycyrrhiza uralensis), Soybean. All of chicory, lettuce,radish, sunnhemp, and welsh onion had effective on the inhibition of ginseng root rot, while legume such as soybean,Hwanggi, Gamcho, peanut promoted the incidence of root rot. Though there were no significant correlation, NO3 showedpositive correlation, and Na showed negative correlation with the incidence of root rot.

‘Jungmo1029’, a late-maturing, high biomass and multiple disease resistant rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar, was developed for whole crop silage (WCS) use. It was derived from a cross between ‘Gillim collection1’ with high biomass and ‘Junam’ which has some of diseases resistant genes. This elite cultivar had about 127 days growth period from seeding to heading, 105 cm culm length, 11 panicles per hill, 163 spikelets per panicle and 1,000-grain weight of 21.5 g as brown rice. This WCS rice variety was weak to cold stresses similar to ‘Nokyang’ but was tolerant to lodging in the field. In addition, ‘Jungmo1029’ was resistant to leaf and neck blast, bacterial blight except race K3a and rice stripe virus but susceptible to brown planthopper. Its average dry matter yield for three years reached 17.1 MT/ha, 14% higher than that of ‘Nokyang’. This stay green cultivar had good quality for WCS with low acid detergent fiber and high total digestible nutrients similar to ‘Nokyang’.‘Jungmo1029’ was suitable for cultivation in the central and southern plain area of the South Korean peninsula and required to harvest 15~30 days after heading to improve the digestibility of cattle (Registration No. 5104).

신품종 '영한'은 병해 및 도복, 한해 등 재해에 강해 수량이 많고 품질이 우수한 청보리 품종을 육성하기 위하여 1997년에 조숙, 내도복, 내병, 다수성 계통인 'YB3433-3B-5'와 조사료 품질이 좋고 수량이 많은 'YB3135-3B-2-3' 사이의 F1에 'YB3135-3B-2-3'를 여교잡하고 계통육종법에 의하여 제반특성이 우수한 'SB971305-B-B-B-B-4-4' 계통을 선발, 생산력검정시험과 지역적응시험을 거쳐 2008년에 육성되었다