목적: 목적: 최근 근시의 진행을 억제하기 위하여 청소년기 학생들에게 누진렌즈가 처방되고 있다. 그러나 중간 영역의 좁은 시야로 인해 누진렌즈 착용시 영어 및 중국어 문자의 가독성이 저하될 것으로 예상할 수 있다. 이 연구의 목적은 단초점 렌즈를 착용할 때와 누진렌즈를 착용 할 때, 영어와 중국어 문자의 가독성을 비교하는 것이다. 방법: 총 40 명의 피검자가 이 연구에 참여하였다. 피검자들은 누진렌즈 또는 단초점 렌즈를 착용한 상태에서, 영어 또는 중국어 텍스트를 읽을 때 지정된 글자를 찾도록 요구받았다. 주어진 텍스트를 읽는데 걸린 시간을 측정하고, 피검자가 누진렌즈를 착용한 경우와 단초점 렌즈를 착용한 경우를 비교하였다. 텍스트를 읽는데 걸린 시간을 가독성의 기준으로 간주하였다. 결과: 피검자들은 영어와 중국어 문자 양쪽 모두에 대하여, 단초점 렌즈를 착용했을 때보다 누진렌즈를 착용했을 때 텍스트를 읽는데 더 오랜 시간이 걸렸다. 이러한 차이의 통계적 유의성은 영문자 'm'과 중문자 '一'의 경우에 관찰되었다. 결론: 실험 결과로부터, 중간 거리 영역의 좁은 시야로 인하여 누진렌즈의 착용이 가독성을 저하시킨다고 해석할 수 있다. 이러한 가독성의 저하는 청소년 학생들의 학습 능력을 저하시킬 수도 있다는 점을 감안하면, 학습기의 청소년에게 근시 억제를 위한 누진렌즈를 처방할 때 누진렌즈의 협소한 중간거리 시야가 독서 능력을 저하시킬 수 있다는 점을 고려하여 렌즈설계 디자인 등의 측면에서 주의를 기울일 필요가 있다.

A literature review on the effects of high temperature and radiation on radiation shielding concrete in Spent Fuel Dry Storage is presented in this study with a focus on concrete degradation. The general threshold is 95℃ for preventing long-term degradation from high temperature, and it is suggested that the temperature gradient should be less than 60℃ to avoid crack generation in concrete structures. The amount of damage depends on the characteristics of the concrete mixture, and increases with the temperature and exposure time. The tensile strength of concrete is more susceptible than the compressive strength to degradation due to high temperature. Nuclear heating from radiation can be neglected under an incident energy flux density of 1010 MeV·cm-2·s-1. Neutron radiation of >1019 n·cm-2 or an integrated dose of gamma radiation exceeding 1010 rads can cause a reduction in the compressive and tensile strengths and the elastic moduli. When concrete is highly irradiated, changes in the mechanical properties are primarily caused by variation in water content resulting from high temperature, volume expansion, and crack generation. It is necessary to fully utilize previous research for effective technology development and licensing of a Korean dry storage system. This study can serve as important baseline data for developing domestic technology with regard to concrete casks of an SF (Spent Fuel) dry storage system.

With increasing concerns of organic micropollutants, which are not removed by conventional wastewater treatment process, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are recently introduced. Among AOPs, electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOPs) have advantages of simple operation and reasonable costs for construction and maintenance. However, low diffusion rate of pollutants from solution to electrode is regarded as a limitation. In this study, hollow fiber type of carbon nanotube (CHF) was fabricated and operated with flow through system to enhance mass transfer rate. The removal efficiency of BPA was achieved in following order: flow through, cross-flow, and batch methods. In addition, rate of removal in flow through system was significantly enhanced, comparing that of cross-flow operation.

Residual detergents and surfactants on utensils have brought about health issues because they can be absorbed to human digestion system together with containing foods. In the present study, a dielectric barrier discharge plasma (DBDP) was used to explore the applicability of non-thermal plasma for the degradation of residual surfactants and dishwashing detergents in order to reduce the intake of the residues remaining on utensils as the result of incomplete rinsing during dishwashing procedures. DBDP was generated at current intensity 2.0 - 3.0 A, and electrode gap 2.5 mm. Diluted dishwashing detergents and surfactants were spotted on slide glasses and exposed to DBDP for different periods of time. The results indicated that the dishwashing detergents and surfactants were degraded by 46.9 - 84.3% after up to 120 min treatments. Weibull equation was the best fit model to the degradation patterns of surfactants, and the decimal degradation time(δ) of 180.2 - 688.9 min were observed according to currents. Surfactants contained in detergents were degraded more effectively than the surfactants themselves. Among the anion surfactants, DDBS was more rapidly degraded than LAS and ABS.

불암산 삼육대 생태경관보전지역은 서울시 노원구 공릉 동 산 223-1번지 204,271㎡의 공간으로, 불암산 전체 면적인 5,332,422㎡의 약 4%에 불과하지만, 교란행위 없이 약 200 년 이상의 천이가 진행되어야 나타나는 극상수종인 서어나무 군락이 부분적으로 분포하고 있어, 서울에서 보기 드문 식생의 생태적 가치를 인정받아 2006년 7월 서울시 생태경 관보전지역으로 지정되어 관리되고 있다. 그러나 불암산 삼육대 생태경관보전지역에는 둘레길, 삼육대학교 캠퍼스 산책로를 비롯한 다양한 탐방로가 조성되어 있어 탐방객에 의한 교란이 위협요인으로 작용할 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 본 연구는 불암산 삼육대 생태경관보전지역을 대상으로 탐 방로 훼손 현황을 조사하고, 훼손 유형과 정도에 따라 탐방로 관리 방안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 수행되었다. 현장조사는 2017년 4월부터 2017년 12월까지 진행되었으며, 조사대상은 불암산 삼육대 생태경관보전지역 내의 주 요 탐방로 1곳과 비법정탐방로 2곳이었다. 조사방법은 탐방 로 전체구간에 걸쳐 훼손 상태를 파악하는 전체조사법을 활용하였다. 조사구역은 주요 탐방로 1곳을 2개 구역으로 나누어, 총 4개 구역으로 구분하였고, 탐방로 각 구간을 다니며 조사지점을 GPS로 기록하고, 훼손 구역의 길이와 폭 을 측정해 현장조사야장에 기입하였다. 탐방로 훼손 현황은 노면침식, 노폭확대, 수목뿌리노출 세 가지 유형으로 나누어 조사하였고, 세 가지 유형 중 1건의 훼손유형이 나타나는 경우 1등급, 2건의 훼손유형이 나타나는 경우 2등급, 3건의 훼손유형이 모두 나타나는 경우 3등급으로 훼손등급을 분 류하였다. 조사결과 탐방로의 전체 길이는 2.4㎞이다. 이 중 주요 탐방로의 총 길이는 1.8㎞(1구간 0.6㎞, 2구간 1.2㎞)이고, 비법정탐방로는 0.6㎞(3구간 0.3㎞, 4구간 0.3㎞)로 조사되었다. 주요 탐방로의 진입로에서 시작되는 1구간의 경우 노면침식이 주로 확인되었고, 훼손등급은 1등급으로 나타났다. 주요 탐방로 1구간에서 정상까지 이어지는 2구간의 경 우, 노면침식, 노폭확대, 수목뿌리노출 유형 순으로 훼손이 다수 발견되었으며, 훼손등급도 2-3등급인 곳이 많아 다른 구간에 비하여 훼손정도가 가장 심각하였다. 예비군 교장으 로 이어지는 비법정탐방로 3구간과 계곡을 따라 이어진 4구 간의 경우, 아직까지 눈에 띄는 훼손은 발견되지 않았으나 탐방객의 이용이 지속된다면 주변 식생에 미치는 영향이 커질 것으로 우려된다. 전체 조사구간을 통틀어 가장 많이 나타난 훼손유형은 노면침식(57.1%)이었다. 노면침식은 지속적인 답압과 지표 수에 의한 침식으로 토양이 유실되면서 일어나는데, 심화될 경우 세굴이나 경계부 침식으로 이어지기도 한다. 가장 많은 훼손이 일어난 구간은 정상부로 연결되는 2구간으로, 탐 방객의 이용이 잦고 경사가 심해 지속적인 답압이 가해지고 있어 적극적인 복원과 관리가 요구된다. 이어서 노폭확대와 수목뿌리노출 유형은 각각 21.43%로 나타났다. 노폭확대는 통행량에 비해 탐방로의 폭이 좁거나 계단의 높이가 일 정하지 않아 탐방객이 탐방로를 우회하면서 발생하는데, 심화되면 샛길분기로 이어지기도 한다. 대상지의 경우, 참나 무시들음병에 의한 벌목으로 정규 탐방로 부근이 일부 나지 화되면서 노폭확대가 일어난 구간도 있었다. 수목뿌리노출은 노면침식과 노폭확대가 심각한 구역에서 복합적인 영향에 의해 발생하였으며, 등산객들이 주로 이용하는 탐방로 정상부에서 발견되었다. 탐방로 훼손에 대한 복원 및 관리방안은 훼손의 원인과 유형, 정도에 따라 고민되어야 한다. 1구간은 이용자가 많은 구간임에도 노폭이 넓어 전반적으로 답압의 정도는 낮은 편이었지만, 탐방로가 좁아지는 일부 구간에서 침식이 강하게 일어났다. 이 구간은 주로 흙길로 조성되어있어 답압의 영향을 완화하기 위한 토양복토, 주트섬유 등을 활용한 피복이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 2구간은 노면침식과 노폭확대의 정도가 심하고, 모든 유형의 훼손이 복합적으로 일어 난 2·3등급 훼손지가 많아 적극적인 대처가 필요하다. 특히 정상부 일부구간은 심각한 나지화가 진행되고 있어 탐방로 확대를 제한하기 위한 경계부 식재와 울타리 설치 등이 고민되어야 한다. 경계부 식재는 식생을 고려해 자생 수종 중 에서 국수나무, 병꽃나무, 싸리류 등을 식재하고, 나지화가 넓게 진행된 구간은 복토로 토양 경화를 완화함과 동시에 울타리를 설치하여 숲의 건강성을 높여가는 것이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 또한 심각한 세굴이 진행된 구간에는 나무 데크 설치 및 물길분산을 위한 노면 정비가 필요하다. 비법 정탐방로인 3, 4구간은 아직까지 이용도가 높지 않아, 2구 간을 대체하기 위한 휴식년제 도입을 고민하는 것보다는 지속적인 모니터링을 통해 관리하는 것이 적합할 것으로보인다. 불암산 삼육대 생태경관보전지역은 대도시 안에 위치한 보호지역으로서 탐방객으로부터 완전히 독립된 환경으로 관리되기는 어려운 상황이다. 그러나 불암산 삼육대 생태경 관보전지역은 도시에서 찾아보기 어려운 극상림인 서어나무 군락이 존재하고, 이는 도시림의 천이단계 분석에 있어 유의미한 자료를 제공한다. 특히 생태경관보전지역의 면적 이 0.2㎢로 한정적인데 반해 탐방로가 많아 교란의 위험이 크고, 이는 주연부 식생의 확대 및 서어나무 군락의 위험요 인으로 작용할 수 있으므로 주의가 필요하다. 불암산 삼육대 생태경관보전지역의 현명한 보전과 이용이 이루어질 수 있도록 탐방로를 포함한 관리방안이 지속적으로 수립되고 실행되어야 할 것이다.

The stability of liquid ferrate(Ⅵ) produced by an innovative method was confirmed and the degradation characteristics of cyclic compounds(Benzene, Aniline, Toluene, 1,4-Dioxane) by liquid ferrate(Ⅵ) were investigated under the same reaction conditions. When it was compared with the ferrate manufactured by the wet oxidation method, the liquid ferrate was more stable. And the stability of liquid ferrate was tested at the storage temperature. As a result, only 17.7% of liquid ferrate(Ⅵ) has decomposed at the storage temperature(4˚C) for 28 days. Among the cyclic compounds, the aniline was rapidly degraded compare to other cyclic compounds, which seems to be due to the electron-donating ability of the substituent, -NH2 group. Especially, when 1,4-dioxane was compared with benzene, the decomposition rate of 1,4-dioxane was lower than that of benzene, suggesting that oxygen atoms hinder the electrophilic reaction. Among 4 cyclic compounds, it was observed that aniline has the highest rate constant than those of other cyclic compounds.

Cobalt-incorporated zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-8 was synthesized by a simple one-pot synthesis method at room temperature. Powder X-ray diffraction patterns and energy dispersive X-ray spectrum confirmed the formation of the bimetallic Co/Zn-ZIF structure. UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra revealed that the bimetallic ZIF had a lower HOMO-LUMO gap compared with ZIF-8 due to the charge transfer process from organic ligands to cobalt centers. A hydrolytic stability test showed that Co/Zn-ZIF is very robust in aqueous solution - the most important criterion for any material to be applied in photodegradation. The photocatalytic efficiency of the synthesized samples was investigated over the Indigo Carmine (IC) dye degradation under solar simulated irradiation. Cobalt incorporated ZIF-8 exhibited high efficiency over a wide range of pH and initial concentration. The degradation followed through three distinct stages: a slow initial stage, followed by an accelerated stage and completed with a decelerated stage. Moreover, the photocatalytic performance of the synthesized samples was highly improved in alkaline environment rather than in acidic or neutral environments, which may have been because in high pH medium, the increased concentration of hydroxyl ion facilitated the formation of hydroxyl radicals, a reactive species responsible for the breaking of the Indigo Carmine structure. Thus, Co/Zn-ZIF is a promising and green material for solving the environmental pollution caused by textile industries.

Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) is a cost-efficient method which can be useful for SNP marker discovery in a population of interest. GBS is genome reduction sequencing method using restriction enzyme. The quality of DNA is a key factor which could have an influence in downstream analysis. However, there have not been many studies which investigated the impact of DNA degradation and the quality of the data on marker discovery. In this study, GBS data of 6 Hanwoo samples (H1~6) showing differing level of DNA degradation were compared. Re-sequencing pipeline was followed to investigate the impact of DNA degradation on marker discovery. As a result, we found that the quantity and quality of SNPs were not affected in the sample H5 and H6 with moderately degraded DNA. On the other hand, marker discovery was greatly affected in samples with severe DNA degradation (H3 and H4). The findings in this study support that GBS is a robust genotyping method towards moderate DNA degradation.

The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is one of potent biological control agents against a variety ofinsect pests. In this study, we investigated enzyme production of M. anisopliae strains A and B. They produced extracellularenzymes for degrading the epidermis of Monochamus alternatus, a crucial mediator of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchusxylophilus. With Q-TOF MS/MS analysis, 29 kDa protein, a major band on a SDS-PAGE gel, was identified as subtilisin-likeserine protease PR1A. M. anisopliae A produced an extracellular enzyme more efficiently than M. anisopliae B: however,enzyme activities targeted for the cuticle were comparable. Our results suggest that the two strains of M. anisopliae havethe biological potential against M. alternatus with insecticidal protease production.

Hypsizygus marmoreus (Peck) H.E. Bigelow is a typical white-rot fungus and is widely cultivated in China and Japan. In this study, the genome of a monokaryon strain HM26-F1 was sequenced using Illumina and Pacbio platforms. The genome sequences of 32,238,363 bp with 49.40% G+C content were obtained and 14,443 gene models coding for proteins were determined. The divergence time was 144 million years ago (MYA) and diverged from other fungi belonging to Agaricales around the late of Jurassic Period. 363 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) genes were detected in this genome. And there were higher number of class II peroxidases (11) and multicopper oxidases (22) for degrading lignin. In addition, 418 genes were enriched involving in purine metabolism for IMP and GMP synthesis. And, there were 7 secondary metabolite clusters in the genome, including 3 terpene, 2 polyketide biosynthase, 1 nonribosomal peptide synthetase and 1 siderophore. Combining Hiseq 2500 and Pacbio platforms resulted in a more complete and less fragmented genome. H. marmoreus had high abilities to degrade lignocellulose. IMP and GMP may be the basis of the crab flavor. Information obtained from this study enhances our knowledge about degradation mechanisms of lignocellulose and secondary metabolism.

최근 대두된 난분해성 미량오염물질은 일반적인 수처리 공법으로는 제거가 잘 되지 않고 수 ng/L 단위로도 수중생태계와 인간에게 독성을 나타내므로 반드시 처리가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 CNT (Carbon nanotube)를 이용하여 중공사막을 제조한 후, 그것을 전극으로 사용하여 미량오염물질을 전기화학적으로 산화 제거하였다. SEM, BET, flux, conductivity 결과를 통해 전극의 특성을 분석하였다. BPA(bisphenol A), Sulfamethoxazole(SMX), N,N-Diethyl-metatoluamide(DEET) 3가지 물질을 제거 대상 미량오염물질로 선정하였고 CHM 산화극 내부로 오염물질이 포함된 물을 흘려 보내주었을 때 5분 만에 100%의 제거효율을 보였다.

This study was to research the relationships between rice straw degradation and changes of fibrolytic bacteria population during the in vitro rumen fermentation. Dry matter(DM) digestion of rice straw and population of fibrolytic bacteria were measured at the 0. 4, 8, 12 and 48 hours during the incubation. The populations of F. succinogenes. R. albus and R. flavefaciens were defined as log copy number of 16S rDNA by technical method of Quantitative real-time PCR. Total population of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus was sum of bactera attached on rice straw and suspended in medium. It's population was increased with incubation, reached top level of 29.0 Log copy No at the 24 hour and then decreased. In the meantime, DM digestion of rice straw showed the higher increasement from the 8 hour to the 24 hour than from the 0 hour to the 8 hour, and then a slowdown in increasing trend of digestibility. Attachments of F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus were detected immediately after start of in vitro rumen incubation. At the same time, the colonized bacterial share were respectively 34.5%, 84.4% and 67.9% in total population. All of them was reached the highest colonized bacterial share above 94.7% at the 4 hour incubation. However population of attached bacteria was shown the highest level at the 12 hour or the 24 hour incubation. Kinetics of colonization were formed area of top speed from the 12 hour to the 24 hour and respectively reached 10.33, 9.28 및 8.30 Log copy No/h/g DM at the 24 hour by F. succinogenes, R. flavefaciens and R. albus. The kinetics of rice straw degradation was formed top level of 0.95% DM/h at the 24 hour. The present results gave clear evidence that degradation of rice straw was increased with the development of total fibrolytic bacteria in process of rumen fermentation. Also, their attachment was largely occurred immediately after insertion of rice straw, the colonized bacteria was actively proliferated, and then degradation of rice straw was maximized.

Lycorine, a natural alkaloid extracted from the Amaryllidaceae plant family, was reported to various physiological and pharmacological effects including anti-cancer activity. Nevertheless, there is no report of the anticancer effect of lycorine in oral cancer cells. The effects of lycorine on cell proliferation and apoptosis were examined through trypan blue exclusion assay, 4’-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) stain, Live/Dead assay, Western blot analysis and RT-PCR. Lycorine suppressed cell viability and induced apoptosis in MC3 and HSC-3 cell lines. Lycorine decreased survivin protein but did not affect its mRNA. It regulated survivin through accelerating protein degradation in a time-dependent manner although neither proteasome nor lysosome was not associated with lycorine-mediated protein degradation. Collectively, our results suggest that lycorine may be a potential therapeutic anti-cancer drug candidate for the treatment of human oral cancer.

The intermediate product resulting from the radical degradation experiment of PCE and the atomic charge gained through Gaussian03W were compared against each other. The result was that the ratio of PCE radical degradation was almost 98% or higher after the 9 hr point in reaction time. The reaction speed constant was 0.16 hr-1 and it followed the first reaction. We could see that at each location of the PCE molecule, dechlorination happened at a point where the negative atomic charge was the greatest. Moreover, the intermediate product of PCE radical degradation that was confirmed in the experiment and literature coincided exactly with the intermediate product in the atomic charge calculation. Therefore, when the atomic charge is calculated, the radical degradation pathway of the organic chlorine compound could be forecast.

The hazards associated with the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to be recalcitrant by their structure, but white rot fungi are capable of degrading recalcitrant organic compounds. Phlebia brevispora KUC9045 isolated from Korea was investigated its efficiency of degradation of four PAHs, such as phenanthrene, anthracne, fluoranthene, and pyrene. And the species secreted extracellular laccase and MnP (Manganese dependent peroxidase) during degradation. P. brevispora KUC9045 demonstrated effective degradation rates of phenanthrene (66.3%), anthracene (67.4%), fluoranthene (61.6%), and pyrene (63.3%), respectively. For enhancement of degradation rates of PAHs by the species, Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) was preferentially supplemented to induce ligninolytic enzymes. The biodegradation rates of the three PAHs including phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene were improved as higher concentration of Remazol Brilliant Blue R was supplemented. However, anthracene was degraded with the highest rate among four PAHs after two weeks of the incubation without RBBR addition. According to the previous study, RBBR can be clearly decolorized by P. brevispora KUC9045. Hence, the present study demonstrates simultaneous degradation of dye and PAHs by the white rot fungus. And it is considered that the ligninolytic enzymes are closely related with the degradation. In addition, it indicated that dye waste water might be used to induce ligninolytic enzymes for effective degradation of PAHs.

Well-dispersed Ag3VO4 nanoparticles @polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers were synthesized by an easily controlled, template-free method as a photo-catalyst for the degradation of methylene blue. Their structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties have been studied by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with rapid energy dispersive analysis of X-ray, photoluminescence, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The characterization procedures revealed that the obtained material is PAN nanofibers decorated by Ag3VO4 nanoparticles. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue investigated in an aqueous solution under irradiation showed 99% degradation of the dye within 75 min. Finally, the antibacterial performance of Ag3VO4 nanoparticles @PAN composite nanofibers was experimentally verified by the destruction of Escherichia coli. These results suggest that the developed inexpensive and functional nanomaterials can serve as a non-precious catalyst for environmental applications.