The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, was introduced from East Asia (EA) into North America (NA) and is now widely established in NA. To compare soybean aphid populations between the native and invasive regions, we examined 689 individuals obtained from 28 different collections in NA and EA. A total of 8 microsatellite loci were used for population genetics statistics. Gene diversity and mean number of alleles in NA populations averaged 0.40 and 2.70, respectively, whereas in EA they averaged 0.55 and 4.32, respectively. Structure analysis of all populations revealed two distinct structures in the invaded and in the native regions. Among EA populations, certain Korean populations were genetically closest to NA populations, especially those from Ohio and Delaware. An approximate Bayesian computation test also supports an introduction into NA from Korea.

Since Levitt’s (1983) utopic proclamation of globalization-driven market and consumer convergence the determinants, consequences and challenges of addressing globalization have been scrutinized by academics, managers and policy makers. After more than 3 decades of research, however, “there is [still] a dearth of empirical research on its [globalization’s] impact upon consumers” (Cleveland et al., 2016, p. 1090). Such research should also be positioned within a new conceptual framework of geo-economics – resulting in “unique outcomes in different geographic areas” (Merz et al., 2008, p. 169) – where the relationship between regionalism and so-called glocal consumer identities has remained relatively unexplored (Cleveland et al., 2016). International marketers have also been increasingly moving away from country- towards customer-centric approaches (Riefler et al., 2012, p. 285). Young-adult consumers (18-30 years) are believed to be a more homogeneous cohort in terms of their consumer behavior under globalization (Carpenter et al., 2012), as they are seen as glocal citizens (Strizhakova, Coulter, & Price, 2012). The purpose of this paper is to analyze two key consumption-based variables – innate consumer innovativeness (Baumgartner & Steenkamp, 1996) and consumer ethnocentrism (Shimp & Sharma, 1987) – for FMCGs among young-adult consumers across two regions – Central and Eastern Europe (Slovenia, Croatia) and East Asia (China, Japan). Table 1 summarizes the consumer innovativeness and ethnocentrism scores from four matched student samples. Our preliminary results support young adult’s glocal consumer identity (Douglas & Craig, 2011), going beyond regional differences. 5-point ordinal scales Slovenia (n=246) Croatia (n=243) China (n=208) Japan (n=233) Con. innovativeness 4.49 (1.22) 4.70 (1.22) 4.69 (1.19) 4.33 (0.92) Ethnocentrism 2.78 (1.39) 2.93 (1.33) 2.46 (1.29) 2.87 (1.23) Pair-wise correl. 0.146 (p <0.05) 0.03 -0.151 (p <0.05) -0.03

Fall of Vietnam is a Chinese work published in 1905 by Phan Bội Châu, the pioneer of morden enlightenment in Vietnam, which has been widely spread and has great impact in East Asia n the early twentieth century. However, the author has been considered Liang Qichao for a long time. The real author, Phan Bội Châu, has been confirmed till 1990s. This paper is to discuss why the author would be mistaken from the perspective of communication, and its meaning while being spread in China and so on. This paper suggests that this work has not ever been published separately, but always with The history of national subjugation in Vietnam Prequel and Brief Introduction of Vietnam by Liang Qichao. This unique publishing form is an important reason why the author has been mistaken for Liang Qichao, but as a result, also beneficial to spread. This work was written under the influence of Liang Qichao, which has in common with the political view of following the western example of social reconstruction, but retains the traditional moral principles when explaining the reason of the country’s destruction. There are overlap and difference in these three texts, which constitute a large text with Fall of Vietnam as core, played a unique role in the enlightenment in modern China.

이 연구의 목적은 ｢카탈루냐 아틀라스｣에 포함된 동아시아 지도의 지리정보를 고찰하는 것이다. 이를 위해 동아시아 지도도엽에 표기된 카탈루냐어 주기들을 모두 번역하고 해제하였다. 연구 결과 마르코 폴로와 맨더빌, 오도릭, 이븐 바투타의 여행정보를 활용했음을 확인했다. 여행기를 인용한 지역정보는 상대적으로 정확했으나, 여행기에 언급되지 않은 지역은 고대의 문헌과전설을 인용하여 표현했다. 그리고 동아시아에 괴물인간을 위치시켰음을 확인하였다. 그리고 타프로바나 섬에 언급된 카우리지명이 고려를 지칭함을 문헌연구를 통해 확인했다. 그러나 타프로바나 섬에는 실론, 수마트라, 일본, 고려에 대한 정보가 혼재함을 확인했다. 또한 본 연구의 결과가 인문학 연구에 활용될 수 있는 방법에 대해 언급하였다.

Territorial Disputes proceed basically based on the “power”, and in the process various “logics” are mobilized by both sides. By the way, those logics are “political”, in the sense that their conclusions are not drawn out through sound reasoning, but decided in advance and then necessary logics are mobilized. People showing this kind of attitude most vividly are politicians representing their country. By the way, ordinary people living in each country engaged in a territorial dispute usually, consciously or unconsciously, adopt the patriotic logics that their politicians and intelligentsia offer. It seems that two factors are influential in this phenomenon. One is the “ontological” aspect, that is, each person is a component of the nation engaged in the win-or-lose territorial dispute. The other is the “epistemological” aspect, that is, he is situated in the limited information. We need to pay attention that logics offered in the process of territorial disputes by this kind of patriotic politicians and intelligentsia are not constructed from the fair viewpoint, but “edited” intending to lead to the conclusion favorable to their country. So the people of the relevant country who live in the situation where they are exposed to and accept the patriotic logics often think that the position of his own country is “vividly” right. Then, they easily think the opponent is a “bad” country which purports unreasonable logics. In the territorial dispute, if both countries try to secure momentum by uniting each people to be prepared to fight to the death, the dispute is easily escalated to the limit. Of course, this kind of phenomenon works towards the direction of worsening their mutual relationship. The position each country takes in a territorial dispute, from the viewpoint of each country, is “patriotic”. But from a wider viewpoint, we can say that it is based on “national egotism”. The alternative to this kind of vicious cycle is that more and more people will escape from the “political” viewpoint and take the “critical” viewpoint and then try to dissuade the government and the ordinary people of each country from behaving excessively obsessed with its national egotism respectively.

The primary purpose of this research is to analyze the formation of international custom of medieval East Asia under the system of the Great Ming Code. It focuses on Korea’s policies regarding Japanese crimes in the fifteenth century. This study particularly investigates how the Great Ming Code affected the East Asian system of order. We find that Confucianism, which was the basis for the Great Ming Code, had a great influence on the formation of customs in East Asia in such areas as the establishment of patriarchal authority, filial piety, and the five punishments system. This study also investigates how etiquette, which served as a foundation for diplomatic regulations, affected Korea-Japan relations during the fifteenth century. It also analyzes Joseon (Korea)’s control policies against illegal acts committed by the Japanese, who tried to enter Joseon for economic gain, from the perspective of the Great Ming Code.

The Korea-China Free Trade Agreement finally arrived at its preliminary settlement, in the 14th round of negotiations, held on November 10, 2014. This FTA is expected to function as an essential stepping-stone for future trilateral trade agreement between China, Japan and Korea. Further, it is anticipated to considerably contribute to shaping an integrated economic community for East Asia. Therefore, it assigns a diplomatic task of reconciling the speed of growth and harmonizing different systems of the three countries; it is beyond the matter of simple market invasion. This short paper aims to track the process to the settlement of the Agreement and analyze its sectorial substances, from the viewpoint of strategic and diplomatic dynamics in East Asia. The author thereby attempts to suggest a direction of future discussion towards joint subjects of cooperation.

본고는 한자한문 기초교육의 교재로 중시되었던 『千字文』과 『蒙求』가 한중일 국에서 유행한 양상을 개괄하고, 각 지역의 교양 형성 방식의 차이에 따라 각각 이한 속찬본이 편찬된 사실을 논하였다. 『千字文』은 형식면에서는 4언 고시 형을 취하면서, 對仗, 押韻, 連綿字를 활용하여 한자한문 공부에 유용하였을 뿐만 니라, 서체의 교본으로도 이용되었다. 당나라 李澣의 『蒙求』도 동아시아 한자문화권의 교양 형성에 많은 영향을 끼쳤다. 려와 조선초에 智永 『千字文』과 조맹부의 『千字文』이 많이 보급된 이후 『천자문』은 평측 공부의 자료로서도 활용하기 위해 판각 때 성조를 표시하되, 한국한자음의 특성에 근거하여 평성과 입성을 제외한 상성과 거성만을 표시하는 방식으로 발전하였다. 『千字文』은 일상생활에서도 다양하게 활용되어 『千字文』의 1천글자를 序數로 사용하기도 하였다. 또한 金時習의 『千字儷句』를 시작으로 『千字文』의 본뜬 千字文류가 등장하여 해방 이후까지 다양한 변용의 양상이 나타났고, 若鏞의 『兒學編』과 같이 『千字文』의 형식을 비판한 새로운 체제의 속찬본도 왔다. 蒙求󰡕는 인물고사집으로 널리 활용되었지만, 조선시대에 주자학이 발달하면서 주자학적 성향을 지닌 속찬본이 요구되었다. 그 요구에 부응한 것이 柳希春의 『續蒙求』이다. 다만 柳希春은 주자학 관련 인물의 일화를 초촬하고 내용 위주로 체의 구조를 조정하여, 이한의 『蒙求』와 같이 압운에 있어서 정연한 체제를 갖추지는 못하였다. 본도 중국의 『千字文』과 『蒙求』를 받아들이되, 각각 『世話千字文』과 『本朝蒙求』와 같은 특이한 속찬본을 산출하였다. 17세기 이후 일본 지식인층은 대체로 운의 구조를 문자활동에서 능숙하게 활용하지는 못하였으나 일부 지식인은 압운을 치밀하게 연찬하였다. 게다가 자국의 역사와 생활을 매우 중시하여, 菅亨의 本朝蒙求󰡕(1686)을 비롯한 독자적인 『蒙求』의 속찬서가 출현하게 하였다. 『本朝蒙求』는 압운의 구조도 매우 중시하였다. 으로 동아시아의 한자한문교육은 한자문화권의 基底와 그 위에 형성된 인간정체성의 개념에 관심을 두면서도 각 지역의 역사적 맥락을 중시하여야 할 것이다. 이때 한국이나 일본에서 중국의 텍스트를 활용하되 각각의 역사와 문화를 배경으로 그 텍스트를 자국화한 양상도 검토되어야 할 것이다.

Recognizing English as an increasingly powerful lingua franca, many governments in East Asia have implemented English-language education at the primary school level. The zeal for teaching English to younger and younger learners extends to both within and outside of the formal education system. While there are many unique local issues, a number of challenges and issues apply across the East Asian region. In this article, I focus on three such topics: (a) the widespread belief in the increased benefit of starting English-language learning when children are very young; (b) the emergence of new instructional models in early English teaching; and (c) the growing gaps in English-language achievement by children’s socio-economic status (SES). In discussing these issues, I draw on examples from previous studies as well as my own applied linguistics research in East Asia. I conclude by offering suggestions for future research directions that will inform pedagogy and policies for early English education.

International arbitration, as a neutral, flexible, efficient and binding legal means of dispute resolution, has been effective in settling maritime delimitation disputes, especially in recent years since the UNCLOS came into force. There are a number of reasons (i.e. advantages) for its increased popularity. Reasonable expectations thus arise as to its applicability onto similar maritime delimitation disputes of the East Asian countries whose diplomatic efforts have mostly failed to address these matters. This article examines this practical issue primarily from the legal perspective by reviewing relevant international rules including the UNCLOS provisions on compulsory dispute resolution and cases such as the ongoing Philippines-China arbitration over the South China Sea. Observations are also made from the political and cultural perspectives as well. It concludes that, though multiple dispute settlement means are still encouraged, international arbitration could be an important alternative for East Asian countries seeking a peaceful solution to their maritime delimitation disputes.

Cicinela chinensis (Coleoptera : Cicindelidae) is usually distributed from Asian countries; Korea, Vietnam, China and Japan. In larval stage, they make hole on ground and eat small insects that pass over the hole, adult also predator on other small insects and they can move fast. They have regional morphological variation, usually variations were showed in elytral pattern and body colors. There are four subspecies, Cicindela chinensis chinensis, Cicindela chinensis flammifera, Cicindela chinensis japonica and Cicindela chinensis okinawana in Cicindela chinensis all of the world. Because of a lot of variation in elytra pattern and body color, identification of Cicindela chinensis is difficult. Therefore to know the distinct differences, comparison analysis by DNA sequence in COI gene was examined. In this paper COI comparison analysis of Cicindela chienesis from different location was examined. Also COI comparison analysis of species with different elytra pattern and body color collected in same location was done. Although they have different color pattern is same region, the result of COI sequence was same. Otherwise, although they have same color pattern in other regions, the result of COI sequence was different.

There are many reparations cases in East Asia, especially relating to Japanese invasion and colonization, such as those on forced slave labor, comfort women, Chinese massacres; and a number of related lawsuits have to date been filed. However, most of these legal cases have been turned down, even though a limited number of cases (e.g., the Hanaoka and Nishimatsu Chinese forced labor cases) have been resolved outside of the courts.In this symposium, the Jeju April 3rd tragedy has been taken close up as one of the Asian reparations cases. Thus I’ll try to discuss how to deal with this past injustice compared to other related reparations cases and point out the challenges we are facing relating to this horrifying historical injustice in the 1940s-50s in this peaceful Jeju island.First, international as well as domestic reparation cases will be surveyed in depth. Second we’ll deal with why the legal cases have been unsuccessful so far in Japan, and the ways to overcome legal obstacles.Then we will discuss the mechanism of reparations and its goal: reconciliation and a change of the international and racial relationship. The important role of an apology will also be considered.

The end of the Cold War has undergone fundamental changes throughout the world. However, Northeast Asia is still a special area because the major issues in the region such as national unity, prevention of nuclear proliferation, national reconciliation, and ideological confrontation have plagued the region for twenty years or even longer, almost without any progress, and until now there are no constructive solutions. The issue of reconciliation has become a thorny issue in the new century. Historical issues brought difficulties to the East Asian countries, but these issues among China, Korea and Japan will not be solved as expected by the three countries respectively. Today, in East Asia, obstacles to reconciliation come not only from history, and the meaning of reconciliation in this region is also different from the past. In the long run, regionalism in this region should be the starting point for national reconciliation. The future of the region eventually lies in the result of mutual concessions concerning many different interests and tendencies.

Rabies is a zoonotic disease that causes severe destruction to the central nerve system which is usually fatal. It is one of the most important disease around the world and particular in Asia because of the high costs of prevention and post-exposure treatment. After the recurrence of sylvatic rabies in 1993, the number of raccoon dog mediating rabies cases in Korea has maintained annually until 2011. To better understand the current rabies epidemics in Korea, Korean rabies isolate (SKRBV0601GY) from Gyeonggi province in 2006 was compared with previous isolates in Korea and with isolates originating from the North-East Asia, such as Japan, China and Russia, based on complete nucleoprotein (N) gene sequences. By comparison of the N genes among these viruses, SKRBV0601GY revealed that nucleotide similarity ranged from 97.7 to 99.7%, 96.4 to 97.5%, 91.4 to 96.3%, 89.2 to 90% and 86.1 to 88.1% with Korean isolates, "Arctic-like-2" viruses, "Arctic" viruses, Russian group C - E and Chinese isolates, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of the isolates revealed that the Korean isolate in 2006 belonged to Korean group B. The topology of the phylogenetic tree of Korean isolates related not the species and year of isolation but the geological location of the virus isolates. All of the Korean isolates showed close relationship to the "Arctic-like-2" virus (Russian group B) more than the "Arctic" virus (Russian group A) and all of the Chinese isolates (Chinese group A, B and C). The "Arctic-like-2" virus group contains the Japanese isolate and Russian group B viruses, originating from the south of East Siberia and Far East in Russia. These molecular data demonstrated that the current rabies epizootic in Korea developed independently of Chinese groups and originated from the "arctic-like-2" viruses in detail.

본 연구에서는 ECHAM5 모델을 통하여 생산된 현재 및 A1B 미래 기후 변화 시나리오에 따른 미래기후 자료를 미 환경예측 센터의 분광모델인 RSM을 이용하여 역학적 규모축소를 수행하였다. 현재 기후 모의는 1980-2000년 기간에 대하여 수행되었으며, 미래 기후 모의는 2040-2070 기간에 대하여 CORDEX에서 제시한 동아시아 영역에서 수행되었다. RSM의 현재 기후 모의 검증을 통해 이 모델이 기후 관점에서 대기 상태를 적절히 모의함을 판단할 수 있었다. 미래 기후 모의 결과를 현재 기후 모의 결과와 비교하여 본 결과, 여름철에 열대 해양, 남아시아, 일본 부근에서 강수가 증가하였으며, 겨울철에는 서북 태평양 지역과 열대 인도양에서 강수가 증가하였고 열대 동인도양에서는 감소하였다. 동아시아 강수의 기후장에 있어서는 미래 기후가 현재와 큰 차이를 보이지 않지만 2050년 이후의 여름철 강수는 점차 증가하는 추세를 나타내고 있다. 미래 기후의 지상 온도는 현재와 비교해 볼 때 명확한 상승이 분석되었다. 대기장에 있어서는 미래 기후에서 지구 온난화에 대한 반응으로 전체적으로 온도와 지위고도장이 증가하는 변화를 나타내었으며 이에 따라 상층 기압골이 발달함을 보였다.

본 연구에서는 신뢰성 있는 국가표준 지역기후변화 시나리오 생산을 위해 현재기후에 대한 SNURCM과 WRF의 재현성을 검증하였다. 국립기상연구소에서 생산된 HadGEM2-AO 전구자료를 지역기후모형의 경계조건으로 사용하여 CORDEX 규준 하에 28년(1978-2005)간의 장기적분을 수행하였다. 두 모형은 연평균 지표 온도 분포를 관측과의 공간상관계수가 0.98 이상으로 매우 높은 일치성을 나타내었지만, 모형 영역의 북쪽 경계를 중심으로 한랭 편차를 공통적으로 보였다. 강수의 경우 또한 육지 지역을 대상으로 한 관측과의 공간 상관 계수는 SNURCM이 0.85, WRF가 0.79로 나타나 우수한 모의 결과를 보였다. 두 모형에서 모의된 강수 분포는 적도와 중위도 지역 간에 상반되는 특성을 보였다. SNURCM은 WRF에 비교하여 중위도 동아시아 몬순 강수대의 분포를 적도 지역의 강수대보다 상대적으로 잘 모의하였으나, WRF는 그 반대의 결과를 나타내었다. 여름철(JJA) 보다 봄철(MAM)에 과다 모의되었지만 모의된 강수 분포의 일치성은 봄철에 높게 나타났다. 세부영역 별 분석에서 두 모형은 7월 강수 최대 시점과 양을 비교적 정확히 모의하였고, 특히 내륙 지역 강수량의 모의 정확도가 해양에 영향 받는 지역보다 높았다. 모의결과는 한반도 상의 높은 일평균 지표온도일수와 강한 강수일수를 표현하는데 한계를 보였다.