This meta-analysis synthesizes evidence on the effects of ChatGPT-assisted instruction on English writing in Korean EFL contexts. A systematic search in RISS yielded 401 records; after screening under PRISMA procedures, 12 studies reporting writing outcomes were included and analyzed. Effect sizes were computed as Hedges’ g and pooled using random-effects models. The random-effects mean indicated a medium-tolarge improvement in writing (g = 0.6867). Mixed-effects subgroup analyses detected no statistically significant differences by experimental design (pre-experimental vs. quasiexperimental), educational level (tertiary vs. secondary), or region (metropolitan vs. others). Meta-regression trends for duration (weeks, positive) and weekly intensity (sessions/week, negative) were suggestive but not statistically significant. Overall, ChatGPT-supported writing instruction yields meaningful gains and shows consistent effects at both secondary and tertiary levels; in practice, it is well suited to complement teacher feedback. Future studies should expand samples in secondary and nonmetropolitan settings and employ stronger designs to clarify how duration and intensity shape outcomes.

This study empirically examines the effectiveness of the Ramsar Wetland City Accreditation System in promoting integrated management of urban-adjacent wetlands, enhancing community participation, and strengthening local capacity. Using survey and monitoring data from Jeju-si, Inje-gun, and Changnyeonggun (accredited in 2018) and Gochang-gun and Seogwipo-si (accredited in 2022), the analysis integrates AHP and statistical verification to evaluate system effectiveness, operational elements, and the relationship between performance and perception. The results indicate that the system positively contributed to establishing a supportive social foundation, including improved information accessibility (72%), strengthened community capacity (71%), enhanced conservation and management interest (83%), and greater public understanding of wetlands (84%), which in turn led to increased program participation and behavioral changes. Trust in local governments and management committees was relatively high, reinforcing regional governance. However, limitations such as inconsistent and discontinuous implementation, declining trust in central government, overreliance on local government initiative, and budget imbalances across project types were identified as constraints to sustainability. To address these issues, this study suggests establishing a scientific performance management system, expanding financial independence based on local resources, strengthening the authority of local management committees, improving evaluation quality, enhancing central-local cooperation, ensuring balanced budget allocation, and advancing information feedback systems, thereby supporting the evolution of Ramsar Wetland Cities as models of sustainable socio-ecological development.

본 연구는 전국 보건환경연구원 농산물검사소에서 일률 적으로 사용 중인 QuEChERS법의 한계를 극복하고, 농산물 잔류농약 정량 분석의 정확도를 높이기 위한 목적으로, 개 선 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. QuEChERS법은 간편하고 신속한 시료 전처리와 매질 효과 보정이 가능하나, 비의 도적 간섭물질이 포함되어 특히 강한 매질 효과가 존재하 는 시료에서는 정확한 정량이 어려운 문제가 있다. 인천 지역에서 유통되는 9종 농산물(대파, 양파, 고수, 들깻잎, 부추, 풋고추, 미나리, 상추, 근대)을 대상으로 매질 효과 를 평가하였고, SANTE/2020/12830 지침에 근거하여 매질 효과에 따른 세 그룹(soft, medium, strong)으로 분류하였 다. 강한 매질 효과가 나타난 파, 고수, 양파 시료(strong group)에 대해 바탕 매질 농도별(10%, 50%, 90%) 정량값 을 비교하였으며, 매질 효과가 약한 상추 시료와 혼합하 는 방법도 적용하여 매질 효과 저감 여부를 확인하였다. 연구 결과, 용매희석법과 상추 무처리 시료를 이용한 혼 합법 모두, 강한 매질 효과를 보이는 시료의 정량 정확도 가 향상되는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로, 용매 희석법과 시료 혼합법 모두, 매질 효과를 완화하는 데 효과적임을 확인하였으며, 이는 신속하고 정확한 잔류농약 부적합 판 정이 요구되는 현장 검사 환경에서 분석 결과의 신뢰도를 높이는 실용적인 대안이 될 수 있음을 제안한다.

This study aimed to identify the optimal storage and germination conditions for producing sprouts from immature bulbils of the Korean garlic cultivar ‘Hongsan’. It also evaluated the effects of LED light quality on sprout growth and compared the functional compound contents across different plant parts. Germination trials indicated that storing bulbils at 4°C for at least 64 days, followed by germination at 10-20°C, yielded the best results. Under mixed LED light treatments (Red:Blue:White), a red-dominant ratio of 4:1:0 significantly enhanced both shoot and root elongation, while germination in darkness resulted in the highest fresh and dry weights. Among the plant parts, sprouted bulbils had the highest alliin content (3,711 mg/100 g) and contained greater levels of fructose and glucose compared to cloves. Conversely, cloves had the highest fructan content, and leaves exhibited the highest total polyphenol content. These findings underscore the importance of combining proper storage and light quality for efficient sprout production from bulbils and highlight the potential of sprouted bulbils as functional food materials.

본 연구는 노인의 소득이 신체 건강에 미치는 영향에서 가족관계의 매 개효과를 파악하고 이의 경로가 남성 노인과 여성 노인의 성별에 따라 차이가 있는지 확인하고자 하였다. 이의 연구 목적을 수행하기 위해 구 조방정식 다중집단분석을 실시하였다. 분석에 사용한 데이터는 한국복지 패널 19차년도(2024년)이며 연구 대상은 65세 이상 노인 6,299명으로 하였다. 분석 결과, 소득, 가족관계, 신체건강의 경로에는 남성 노인과 여성 노인 사이에 유의미한 경로차이가 존재하고 있음이 검증되었다. 특 히, 소득에서 가족관계로 가는 경로에서 남성 노인과 여성 노인의 성별 에 따라 유의미한 경로 차이가 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 남성 노인과 여성 노인의 성별 특성을 고려하여 소득, 가족관계, 신체 건강 등에 관한 실천적·정책적 개입 방안 마련의 필요성을 시사하였다.

본 연구는 기술 변화와 업무 환경의 불확실성으로 직무복잡성이 증가하는 상황에서, 직무복잡성이 직 무스트레스를 통해 이직의도로 이어지는지, 그리고 비공식학습의 인식된 교육효과가 이 관계에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 인적자본기업패널(HCCP) Ⅱ WAVE 4차(2023) 자료 중 비공식학습 활동에 참여한 근로자 3,131명을 대상으로 관련 변인을 측정하고, SPSS 25.0과 PROCESS Macro(Model 4, 14)를 활용하여 매개효과와 조절된 매개효과를 검증하였다. 분석 결과, 직무복잡성은 이 직의도에 직접적으로는 부적 영향을 미쳤으나 직무스트레스를 매개로 할 때에는 정적 간접효과를 보여 상반된 경로가 확인되었다. 또한 동료·상사 코칭 및 멘토링, 지식·노하우 공유의 인식된 교육효과는 모두 직무스트레스와 이직의도 간 관계를 유의하게 조절하였으며, 인식된 교육효과가 평균 이상일 때 매개효 과가 강화되는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 비공식학습이 직무자원으로 기능하는 동시에 상황적 조 건에 따라 이직의도를 높이는 요인이 될 가능성을 시사한다. 이론적으로는 직무특성과 학습자원의 상호 작용을 통해 직무태도가 형성되는 구조를 확인함으로써 직무요구-자원 모델을 확장하는 데 기여할 수 있으며, 실무적으로는 직무 복잡성과 스트레스 수준을 고려한 비공식학습의 설계 필요성을 제기한다는 점에서 의미를 갖는다.

This study aims to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate the operational effects of an emergency-vehicle preemption (EVP) system implemented in Anyang City and to derive improvement directions based on both empirical performance outcomes and user-experienced insights. Specifically, this study integrates three complementary methodologies: (1) controlled field tests comparing pre- and post-EVP travel performance under consistent traffic and signal conditions, (2) a one-year operational evaluation using 204 actual dispatch cases collected from six 119 Safety Centers, and (3) a structured survey of frontline firefighters who directly utilized the EVP system during actual emergency responses. The field test results indicated that the average travel time reduced by approximately 44% while the average travel speed increased by approximately 79%, with paired t-test verification confirming that the observed improvements were statistically significant and attributable to the EVP system instead of to random variations. Similarly, the operational evaluation indicated that the actual travel time reduced by an average of 49% compared with navigation-estimated values, whereas the golden-time (5 min) arrival rates for both fire/rescue and medical dispatches exceeded the regional average, with consistent performance demonstrated even under varying travel distances and road complexities. The firefighter survey further reinforced these findings, with respondents reporting clear improvements in golden-time achievement, reduced anxiety toward potential safety risks, and enhanced perceived safety during emergency trials, as well as identified several practical limitations such as route mismatches, occasional system malfunctions, and difficulty in perceiving preemption activation—factors that suggest necessary technical and operational refinements. In general, the EVP system was evaluated as an effective and highly practical tool that improves emergency-vehicle mobility, arrival-time stability, and operational reliability across diverse dispatch conditions. The combined quantitative and qualitative verification in this study underscores its value as a field-proven technology. Future studies should expand to multiregional longitudinal datasets, controlled analyses considering external variables such as traffic volume and weather, and quantitative evaluation of safety-related impacts such as reductions in intersection collisions or on-route risk exposure to assess the system’s broader policy and operational benefits more comprehensively.

본 연구는 금융교육의 궁극적인 목표인 합리적인 금융행위 실현 및 금융웰빙 달성을 위하여 금융교육이 금융행위에 영향을 미치는 경로를 실증적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 특히, 금융지 식과 금융태도를 매개변수로 설정하여 금융교육이 금융지식 수준을 높이고, 높은 수준의 금 융지식은 긍정적이고 올바른 금융태도를 형성하며, 그러한 금융태도는 곧 금융행위의 변화 를 유발할 것이라는 판단 하에 연구모형을 설정하고 경로분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 금 융교육 경험은 금융지식에는 직접적인 영향을 미치지 않았지만, 금융태도와 금융행위에는 직접적 영향이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 나아가, 금융교육 경험과 금융행위의 관계에서 금융 태도의 매개효과를 통계적으로 검증하여, 교육이 결국 실천으로 이어지게 되는 중요한 경로 를 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해 금융교육이 단순한 지식 전달에 머무르지 않고, 성인 의 정의적 영역인 금융태도를 함양하여 궁극적으로 행동의 긍정적인 변화를 유도할 수 있음 을 밝혀냄으로써 금융교육 효과의 검증과 추후 금융교육 프로그램 개발에서의 시사점을 제 공할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

This study analyzed 366 serious industrial accidents related to machinery and equipment that occurred over the past three years (2021–2023) to investigate the preventive effectiveness of the Industrial Safety and Health Standards. The analysis focused on key variables such as the type of work (regular/irregular), type of accident (entanglement, fall, crushing, etc.), 4M factors (Man, Machine, Media, Management), and accident preventability under compliance with safety regulations. The results indicate that approximately 75.7% of all accidents could have been prevented through compliance. Irregular work showed both a higher risk of accident occurrence and a statistically significant association with preventability. In particular, ten major types of machinery, including forklifts, cranes, and conveyors, accounted for 57.9% of all cases. In addition, 37.2% of accidents occurred involving equipment without specific safety rules. These results indicate that some provisions of the current regulations do not sufficiently reflect the realities of actual industrial sites. They suggest the need for field-oriented revisions of the regulations that incorporate newly emerging machinery types and the evolving realities of the workplace.

본 연구는 국방기술개발 및 기업육성 지원사업의 기업 성과에 대한 단기적 효과를 실증적으로 분석하였다. 분석대상은 「국방과학기술혁신 촉진법」과 「방위산업 발전 및 지원에 관한 법률」 시행 이후 국방기술진흥연구소에서 추진된 연구개발 및 기업육성 지원사업 수혜기업이다. 수혜기업의 재무정보와 사업 참여 정보를 연계한 패널데이터를 구축하고, 기업별 최초 수혜연도를 기준으로 이중차분법(Difference-in-Differences; DID)을 적용하였다. 수혜기업만으로는 분석이 제한적인 점을 보완하기 위해 세미나·설명회 참여기업 정보를 활용하여 비교집단을 구성하였으며, Callaway and Sant’Anna(2021)의 Staggered DID 방법 론을 적용하였다. 분석결과 정책지원은 기업의 자체 연구개발비를 유의하게 증가시켜 기술 역량 축적과 재투자 유인을 반영하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 매출·영업이익 등의 재무성과 지표에서는 단기적으로 뚜렷한 변화가 나타나지 않았으며, 규모와 산업 특성에 따라 효과의 크기에는 일부 차이가 나타났다. 본 연구는 국방 R&D 지원의 장기성과 검증에는 한계가 있 으나, 단기적으로 관찰 가능한 지표를 활용하여 초기 정책효과를 확인했다는 점에서 의미가 있다. 이는 향후 장기적 효과 분석을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구는 기계학습 및 설명 가능한 인공지능(xAI) 기법을 활용하여 폭발 하중을 받는 철근콘크리트 기둥의 보강 단계(Retrofit Level, RL)를 신속하게 평가하는 종합적 프레임워크를 제시한다. 파괴 유형와 보강 요구사항을 예측하기 위한 다단계 기계학습 접근 법을 개발하였으며, 이후 부분 의존성 그래프(Partial Dependence Plot, PDP) 분석을 통해 데이터 기반 보강 전략을 수립하였다. 제안 된 프레임워크는 두 가지 주요 프로세스로 구성된다: (1) 파괴유형 분류 및 RL 예측을 위한 다단계 기계학습 모델을 활용한 폭발 성능 평가, (2) 입력 변수 효과의 체계적 분석을 통한 PDP 기반 보강 전략 개발. RL 예측 모델은 광범위한 폭발 손상 평가 데이터를 바탕으 로 학습되었으며, 휨 및 전단 파괴유형에 대해 세 가지 손상 조건(심각, 보통, 경미)에서 검증되었다. PDP 분석 결과, 파괴유형과 손상 조건에 따라 서로 다른 보강 특성이 나타남을 확인하였다. PDP 기반 분석을 통해 주철근비 및 전단철근비에 대한 보강 가능 구간과 불가능 구간을 성공적으로 식별하였다.

In the Autonomous Mobility Living Lab, traffic situations with both autonomous vehicles (AVs) and ordinary vehicles driven by humans (HDVs) are explored. Research on countermeasures and efficient transportation management plans has emerged from this context. In this study, we analyzed the effect of AVs with different speeds on signal intersections and road networks to derive efficient traffic operation plans for roads on which various AVs and HDVs with different driving behaviors are mixed in Living Lab cities. To that end, we conducted a simulation-based analysis of the effects of AV mixing rates on continuous signal intersections and the road network in traffic situations where AVs and HDVs were mixed at peak and non-peak driving hours. The simulation scenario was designed by classifying the traffic volume levels at peak and non-peak times and defining various AV mixing rates; we also set the driver behaviors of the AVs as either conservative or aggressive. By performing a small-scale traffic simulation, the average control delay, average stopped delay, average queue length, and average travel time of the signal intersection for each scenario were derived, and the impact of the AV mixing rate on traffic operation was analyzed. The results of the analysis show that higher AV mixing rates were associated with lower measurements of the effectiveness of signal intersections, which had a positive effect on traffic operation. This resulted in a stable and efficient improvement of the traffic flow at intersections as more vehicles passed through at the time of the allocated signal, as the AVs in the simulation could be driven at short intervehicle intervals by receiving real-time traffic information. In the traffic operation on the network, we found that the higher the AV mixing rate, the lower the average travel time, resulting in a greater effect of facilitating the traffic flow of the urban network. These simulated results indicate that higher AV mixing rates were associated with positive outcomes in terms of signal intersections and network traffic operation. We expect that this simulation can be used to establish real traffic operation plans in traffic situations where AVs are mixed at each stage of autonomous driving technology in the future.

This study analyzes the heterogeneous treatment effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on regional tourism demand in South Korea, focusing on the role of geographic distance from the metropolitan area to tourist destinations and the spatial characteristics of tourist destinations. Since a substantial portion of the population resides in the capital region, it can be expected that regional tourism demand is largely driven by residents of the capital region. In addition, the pandemic has particularly discouraged visits to indoor and densely populated areas due to increased perception of infection risk. To estimate these effects, we use a causal machine learning approach using double machine learning, analyzing monthly visitor data from 994 major tourist sites between the years 2019 and 2020. Tourist destinations are classified by spatial characteristics, including indoor, outdoor, and mixed settings as well as by tourism type. The analysis reveals that the impact of COVID-19 was more pronounced for indoor destinations located closer to the metropolitan center, whereas outdoor and mixed destinations showed little variation in treatment effects by distance. These findings highlight the importance of adopting distance-sensitive and space-specific policy measures in tourism planning during pandemics. Our study also demonstrates the practical utility of causal machine learning in tourism analytics, suggesting its potential for enhancing policy precision and resilience against future public health crises.

This study analyzed the emission characteristics of major air pollutants from 97 domestic municipal solid waste incineration facilities using tele-monitoring system (TMS) data collected from 2015 to 2023. Focusing on the effects of the enforcement of enhanced national emission standards in 2019, this research examined changes in emission factors (EFs) of dust and nitrogen oxides (NOX) by facility capacity and aging level. The results showed that the average EFs for dust and NOX significantly decreased by up to 30% after enforcement (p<0.01~0.001), indicating the practical effectiveness of the strengthened standard. This trend was observed consistently across all facility sizes and aging levels, including large-scale and older facilities. In contrast, hydrogen chloride (HCl) and carbon monoxide (CO) did not show clear reductions and remained highly variable, suggesting that emission standards alone may not be sufficient for stable control. These findings demonstrate the need for optimized combustion conditions and improved post-treatment systems for pollutants such as HCl and CO. This study provides empirical evidence highlighting the importance of appropriate facility scale and systematic refurbishment cycles for stable emission reduction in municipal waste incinerators.

Since the early 2000s, Korea has pursued multiple free trade agreements (FTAs) concurrently, concluding 22 FTAs with 59 countries as of August 2025. While tariff reductions under such agreements are widely recognized for boosting trade volumes, their potential to enhance consumer welfare through greater product diversity is often overlooked. The introduction of previously unavailable varieties broadens consumer choice, thereby improving welfare. This study quantifies changes in consumer welfare resulting from diversity in imports of processed fishery products by employing an import price index framework. Building on Feenstra’s (1994) theoretical model derived from a CES utility function with a “love of variety” assumption, we apply the Sato-Vartia (1976) and Feenstra (1994) indices to Korean import data to estimate price index changes and diversity gains over the study period. As a result of the analysis, prepared or preserved caviar (HS160431) was identified as the fishery product with the greatest increase in product diversity, corresponding to a consumer welfare gain equivalent to a 55% price reduction. The next largest gain was observed in prepared or preserved tuna, skipjack, and bonito (HS160414), where the expansion in product variety generated a consumer welfare improvement equivalent to a 14.7% price decrease. On the other hand, some products showed reduced diversity, leading to consumer welfare losses. For instance, prepared or preserved lobster (HS160530) recorded a diversity benefit of -7.4%. These figures indicate that decreases in product variety translated into consumer utility losses equivalent to price increases. Overall, among the 21 goods for which the Feenstra index was calculated, 10 exhibited positive diversity benefits, 10 showed reductions in diversity, and 1 showed no change. This suggests that more than half of the imported prepared fishery products require improvement in terms of product variety. This research is the first to measure welfare effects of import diversity in the processed fishery product sector in Korea.

This study evaluates how road profile and speed affect tire loads of a hydrogen tube trailer using MSC Adams/Car multibody dynamics simulation. A tractor and trailer loaded with 64 high-pressure cylinders were modeled, and four representative road profiles flat, pothole, short-wave, and long-wave were applied at 30, 60, and 80 km/h. Vertical tire load time histories were extracted for five wheel positions. Flat roads yielded stable loads matching static distribution. Potholes produced short, high-amplitude impacts (up to 120 kN at 30 km/h) with reduced peaks at higher speeds. Short-wave profiles caused severe asymmetric roll loads (67 kN at 80 km/h), while long-wave inputs generated smoother, moderate increases over longer durations. Load amplification diminished toward trailer axles due to suspension energy dissipation. The results inform structural design of tube trailers and development of speed-control or active load-mitigation strategies for autonomous hydrogen transport vehicles.

본 연구는 G시 S대학교 유아교육과 학생들이 3학기 3개 과목에서 ‘강 의 요약 3가지’ 활동을 수행하고 효과를 탐색하였다. ‘강의 요약 3가지’ 를 통한 학생들의 교육적 효과는 지식의 재구성과 핵심 내용 파악 능력 향상, 기록을 통한 자기 주도성과 창의성 증진, 학생들의 자기효능감 및 성찰적 성장이 촉진되었다. 교수자의 교육적 효과는 학생 이해도 제고 및 피드백 전략 개선, 교수법 성찰과 재설계가 이루어졌고, 교수-학생 간의 신뢰 형성과 상호작용이 강화되었다. 본 연구의 ‘강의 요약 3가지’ 는 학습에 영향을 미치는 다양한 요인 중 하나이고 유아교육과 학생들을 대상으로 이루어졌기에 일반화에는 한계를 가진다. 후속연구에서는 성찰 기반에 대한 척도를 개발하여 양적연구를 진행함으로써 결과를 더욱 명 확히 도출할 것을 제언하고자 한다.