Recently, food industries are increasingly interested in launching ethnic foods in the global market, but communicating sensory information to target consumers has been complicated due to the ambiguity and complexity of Korean sensory descriptors. This study was conducted to elicit various multidimensional sensory descriptors and their definitions using focus group interviews (FGI). Two consumer groups, consisting of 10 panelists in their 20s and 10 panelists in their 30-40s respectively, participated in the FGI. A total of 14 commonly used multidimensional sensory descriptors, including gamchilmat (감칠맛), gaeun (개운), goso (고소), gusu (구수), kkal-kkeum (깔끔), neu-kki (느끼), dambaek (담백), birin (비린), siwon (시원), sikeum (시큼), ssapssarae (쌉싸래), eolkeun (얼큰), jjapjoreum (짭조름), and kalkal (칼칼), were elicited. Their definitions showed that these descriptors not only were constructed using several sensory elements but also contained hedonic connotations. Descriptors such as gaeun, siwon, and kkal-kkeum were more closely associated with overall sensory impressions, including aftersensations and post-ingestive effects rather than sensory concepts. As individuals tend to weigh different elements to construct the concept for each multidimensional descriptor, further studies are required to identify elements consisting of these descriptors to develop better test methods and gain a clearer understanding of the sensory profiles of Korean foods.

The global marketplace is changing and retailers must decide on unique positioning strategies to attract consumers away from the competition. Socioeconomic changes are shifting consumer shopping patterns. Technology development drastically affected retail environment and consumers shopping behavior. While traditional retailers provide consumers to touch and feel merchandise and provide instant gratification, online retailers, meanwhile impress shoppers with wide selection, low prices and other consumers ratings and reviews. As the retailing industry move toward an omnichannel retailing experience, there are no exact distinction between traditional offline and online stores. Under the circumstances, retailers pursue an integrated sales experience that melds the advantages of physical stores with the information-rich experience of online shopping. In order to develop effective marketing strategy, retailers need adapting best practices from both the offline and online worlds in areas including developing products, pricing, designing the shopping experience and building relationships with customers (Brynjolfsson, Hu & Rahman, 2013). In order to do this, the first step is to understand the consumers who DO shopping in stores and “redesign shopping from scratch (Rigby, 2011): Why do they visit the stores? What do they expect from the stores? What does make their shopping experience special? What does shopping mean to consumers? The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding and conceptualizing of consumer’s perspective on shopping at this era of omnichannel retailing. Given the exploratory nature of the research, a qualitative research methodology was necessary because it is useful in gaining insights from consumers’ own perspectives (Denzin and Lincoln, 1994). The photo elicitation interview method was used for this research. This method allows the research discussion to start with real places and real experiences and visual data are useful for envisioning and speaking about possible, desired futures (Dumreucher & Kolb, 2008). For this research, we invite 20 college students to answer a research question by taking photos and explaining their photos to the researcher in the interview session. We used Dempsey and Tucker (1994)’s five step protocol for photo-interviewing. The five steps include: sourcing photographs, selecting specific photographs, preparing the interview schedule, conducting the interviews, and analyzing textual data. In order to collect sourcing photographs, we asked participants to consider the general research questions (e.g., what does shopping mean to you? What does come across your mind when you read “shopping”?) and how to take photos that reflect their view point on the research questions. Then, participants implemented their reflections by taking 30 photos of specific subjects in their surroundings (e.g., people, places, activities, or buildings) that related to the research questions and are meaningful to them during the next 2 weeks. In the selecting photographs step, photos were grouped in categories. In the interview, participants consider their photos and verbalize their thinking. In the final step, the data—photos, and interview transcripts-were analyzed (Dempsey & Tucker, 1994; Kolb, 2008) and core categories have emerged which have then been refined. The findings suggest that Korean young consumer’s concept of shopping were sorted into six categories: 1) considering various channels to shop (e.g., department store, outlet store, online store, mobile stores, offshore direct buying), 2) thinking of fashion items (e.g., clothing, shoes, cosmetics, accessories), 3) searching for promotional activities (e.g., sales, markdowns, special events, online coupons), 4) browsing and comparing attributes through online stores, 5) releasing stress/changing mood, 6) socializing with others, and 7) getting stress from shopping. Gaining a better understanding of the smart shopper will enable retailers to more accurately target this consumer group. Although various retail channels were the most photographed and mentioned in this study, department stores and mobile stores (using smartphone) were the most mentioned and photographed. Participants also mentioned browsing and comparison shopping through online stores as “pre-shopping activity.” Another area is hedonic aspect of shopping: one of the major meanings of shopping found in this study is releasing stress or changing mood. Some also mentioned that although they do shopping in order to release their stress, sometimes shopping leads to another type of stress. There are also few participants who suggested shopping is a stressful work to do. By the photo elicitation interview, this study illustrates that shopping embrace a multi-dimension of meanings and provides insights to improve our understanding of young Korean consumers’ concept of shopping. The photograph aided in the visual and emotional memory of the experience as a memory anchor as they recalled the places or moments, and using photographs in the research enabled the research to proceed to a deeper understanding and meaning

How the events of service experiences stimulus consumers’ emotional elicitation and post-experience has become an important issue in marketing. Appraisal theory is the one that has been discussed from many scholars about this significant phenomenon since a long time; nevertheless, existing studies of appraisal theory have neglected expectedness and novelty appraisals on consumers, emotional elicitation and post-experience behavior in service experiences. This research aims to examine the influences of three appraisals-goal congruence, expectedness and novelty on consumers’ emotional elicitation and their satisfaction, WOM intentions and likelihood of generating WOM under service experience scenarios. This study contains two studies: study one examines main effects of goal congruence and expectedness on emotions and post-experience; study two tests the main effects of goal congruence and novelty on emotions. Experimental design is adopted in examining appraisals on emotions. Circumplex Model of Affect is adopted as the examination of emotions. The research hypotheses are tested using MANOVA as well as Regression analyses with experimental data from 320 university students in Taiwan. The research is the first in the literature on Appraisal Theory of emotional elicitation that both expectedness and novelty has main effects on emotional elicitation as well as consumer post-experience behavior. The higher expectedness one event is, the more positive emotions will be; vice versa. Also, the more novelty one event is, the more positive emotions will be; vice versa. Positive emotions have positive impact on consumer post-experience behavior; vice versa. Main effect of goal congruence on emotions shows significant in study one whereas in study two it shows no significant influence. The research is one of the few which investigate expectedness and novelty appraisals in appraisal theory that will cause emotional elicitation as well as consumer post-experience behavior.

This paper examines whether and how L2 learners’ reading strategies vary depending on the task type or on the measure of eliciting strategy use. Participants were 28 college students in a Korean university. Two reading tasks (i.e., reading for comprehension vs. reading for summarizing) and three measures of strategy use (i.e., pre-reading strategy survey, while-reading think aloud, and post-reading strategy check list) were employed to answer the posed research questions. The researcher’s observation of the participants’ thinking-aloud and a post-task interview were also implemented for data triangulation. All the participants completed two tasks based on two texts (one for each) selected from the same chapter in a book that were considered equivalent in length, readability, and topic. The results revealed that the number of reading strategies reported decreased dramatically in the order of strategy survey, strategy check list, and think aloud. Significantly more frequent use of reading strategy was found in reading for comprehension than in reading for summarizing, large portion of which was devoted to bottom-up style decoding, while in reading for summarizing the students approached the text with more focused attention caring about propositional connections at discourse level. Some other findings are presented along with implications for reading research and for L2 reading instruction.

Recently, according to rise importance of logistics cost, transportation management has had high interest. In this paper, we will elicitate optimal routing through transportation management system using case of J corporation.

8종의 잿빛곰팡이병 균주를 순무잎에 접종하여 병반의 크기를 확인한 결과 가장 강한 감염력을 보인 ‘포도-01’ 균주와 병반의 확산이 가장 적은 ‘오랜지’를 선발하였다. 순무잎이 저항성을 보인 ‘오랜지’균주를 처리한 잎이 감수성을 보인 ‘포도-01’균주를 처리한 잎보다 indole-3-ylmethyl glucosinolate (I3M-GLS) 함량이 무처리 보다 2.5배 이상 높았으나 ‘포도-01’ 균주를 처리한 잎에서는 무처리 보다 낮은 함량을 보였다. 균주의 메탄올 추출액과 물추출물을 식물배양세포에 처리한 결과 ‘오랜지’균 주의 추출물이 ‘포도-01’ 균주의 추출물보다 배양세포의 생장을 더 강하게 억제 한 것으로 나타났는데 ‘오랜지’ 균주의 메타놀 및 물 추출물 처리에서 배양세포의 활력은 각각 22.7% 및 16.5% 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 ‘오랜지’균주 추출물을 처리 한 배양세포에서 I3M-GLS의 생합성이 ‘포도-01’ 균주 추출물 보다 현저히 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 결과로 보아 식물체내에 생합성되는 I3M-GLS 함량은 잿빛곰팡이균에 대한 식물세포의 저항성과 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

Background : Even though Kalopanax septemlobus has been used as a traditional crude drug and a dietary health supplement, the wild or cultivated sources of this plant are not economically feasible. Methods and Results : In this study, a cell suspension culture of K. septemlobus using friable calli was established to make source sustainable. A cell suspension culture of K. septemlobus was incubated during 15th day and reached the maximum capacity of saponin production after day 6 (0.42㎍/㎎ of fresh weight). To investigate the effect of elicitors on the product yield of saponins in the K. septemlobus suspension culture, we treated methyl-jasmonic acid and coronatine (COR), which are known as signal molecules. COR positively regulates the total saponin production in the cell suspension of K. septemlobus at a concentration of 1 μM compared with the mock-treated control. Furthermore, the expression of beta-amyrin synthase (KsbAS) was induced by elicitation of COR. Consequently, oleanane-type triterpene saponins, oleanolic acid (2.369 ± 0.98 ㎍/㎎ of extract) were accumulated by only COR. Conclusion : From the above results, COR is an efficient elicitor for inducing saponin biosynthesis in a K. septemlobus suspension culture. Gene expression pattern and analysing precursor of triterpenoid saponin indicate that major target gene of COR in K. septemlobus suspension culture is KsbAS.

Potentilla kleiniana is a perennial herb beloning to Rosaceae family. Herein we investigated the effect of light intensity, light quality and chemical elicitor on plant growth and the accumulation of bioactive compounds in P. kleiniana. After 60 days of cultivation under different shading level [0% (200 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 ), 35% (95 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 ), 55% (65 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 ), 75% (40 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 )] in the greenhouse, chlorophyll and carotenoid content were the highest under 35% treatment, however, plant height, leaf number and biomass were the highest under non-shading. As a result of cultivation among strong light condition as a control, florescence and three mixture light sources [red:white:blue (RWB) = 8:1:1, red:blue (RB) = 8:2, red:green:blue (RGB) = 8:1:1] as treatments in plant growth chamber (25 ± 2℃, 185 ± 3 μmol·m -2 ·s -1 ), growth, biomass, chlorophyll content low difference between total phenolic compouds and flavonoid content were higher under RWB treatment. DPPH radical elimination ability was the highest under all treatments especially florescence and RGB treatment except control. As a result of treating chemical elicitor [salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA)] concentration (0, 50, 100, 200 μM) respectively, plant height, petiole diameter and biomass were higher under non-treatment, MeJA 50 μM. It was investigated that fresh weight and dry weight under MeJA 50 μM treatment were especially a little high. Total phenolic compounds and flavonoid content of SA 50 μM treatment was the highest but DPPH radical elimination ability was significantly the highest under MeJA 200 μM (88.65%) and MeJA 50 μM (87.84%) treatment. Thus, this study suggested that we determined optimal shading and light quality in the greenhouse and plant growth chamber also confirmed bioactive compound content, antioxidant ratio increase according to different chemical elicitation concentration.

참돌꽃 캘러스로부터 elicitor와 전구체가 salidroside 생산에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. Elicitor로서 효모추출물, 연자성 세라믹, methyl jasmonate, jasmonic acid, ascorbic acid, 및 중금속 (CuCl2/CdCl2)을 캘러스 배양에 처리하였다. 효모추출물 0.2g/l농도로 처리한 결과 처리하지 않은 대조구에 보다 3.45배 증가시켰다. 사용된 elicitor 중 효모추출물이 가장 높은 salidroside 생산을 보여 가장 적합한 elicitor로 사료된다. 전구체로서 L-phenylalanine과 L-tyrosine을 배지에 첨가하여 4일 간 배양 처리하였다. Salidroside 함량분석 결과 캘러스로부터 전구체들은 유용물질 생합성에 영향을 주지는 않았다. 캘러스 배양에 첨가 처리된 L-tyrosine의 모든 농도의 경우에는 캘러스 생장뿐만 아니라 salidroside 생산을 감소시켰다.