Melting Arctic waters have brought about global opportunities and challenges. One distinctive opportunity presented by the increasingly ice-free Arctic Ocean is its availability for shipping cargos between Europe and Asia. In adopting highly simplified assumptions of the Northern Sea Route(NSR) being navigable and economical enough for shipping and NSR completely substituting for the incumbent Suez Canal route, this paper analyzes the maximum number of voyages possible for the transshipment of container cargo throughput for Korea's trade with Europe, particularly with Europe-17 and Europe-7. Our analysis shows the number of voyages range from over 2,900 to as little as 237 for Europe-17, depending on vessel sizes, when NSR is available for the whole year. With NSR opening for three months, the corresponding figures vary between 727 and 60 for Europe-17, and the figures for Europe-7 are between 2,725 and 222 and 682 and 56 voyages, respectively.

The catching-up process of the emerging economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) towards the average income level in Western Europe has driven the marketing strategies of Western multinational companies (MNC) so far. Particularly, the boom years from 2002 to 2008 with an average GDP growth for the region of more than 6% (Becker et al., 2010) fuelled the notion that soon a large European market with similar demand and market structures will exist that will allow Western MNCs to sell their international brands in a highly standardized way in the whole region. The Great Recession of 2008-09 stopped this convergence process and highlighted the still existing differences in consumer behavior (Schuh, 2012). The recessionary developments in the aftermath of the crisis have shown that this is more of a structural problem than a temporary one (Labaye et al., 2013). The Western firms now have to acknowledge that many product markets are not “structural twins” of Western markets with a strong upper- and mid-price segment but that CEE markets are rather shaped like bottom heavy pyramids. By just transferring brand strategies developed for high-income economies to emerging markets they ignore large segments of the mass market. To tap these market segments MNCs have to think how they can make their products affordable to these lower-income consumers, i.e. bring-ing the purchase of a product within the financial means of a consumer or household. The neglect of low-income segments may be either a deliberate decision based on the well-proven inherent business logic of Western branded good marketers (“stick to our success-ful way of doing business”) or a blind spot in the strategic approach to emerging markets (Sheth, 2011). The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, a case is made for the relevance of affordability concepts to CEE markets; second, three case studies of affordability initiatives of leading fast-moving consumer goods companies are analyzed in order to get a better understanding of how these firms approach the affordability issue and what are the success factors of such strategies in CEE. Most of the existing emerging market literature is dealing with very low income consum-ers in Southeast Asia, Latin America and Africa earning less than US- 2,500 p.a. (Prahalad, 2005; London & Hart, 2011; Khanna & Palepu, 2010). While the coverage of the “bottom of the pyramid” is regarded as an extreme stretch for most Western firms, more attention is paid to the growing middle class in the emerging markets (Court & Narashimhan, 2010). The steady growth of the middle-class in the emerging economies is promising rising sales for the future and at the same time supporting the notion that West-ern MNCs can continue with their business model and just have to “wait for the market”. The rapidly growing middle class consumers in emerging markets include almost 2 billion people with a total spending of US- 6.9 trillion annually which will expand to US-20 trillion within the next decade (Court & Narasimhan, 2010). Surprisingly, lead-ing Western MNCs approach the affordability issues in the context of CEE rather defen-sively and reluctantly (Schuh, 2012). This may be resulting from the belief that the eco-nomic catching-up process will bring CEE consumers to a similar standard of living as in the “old” EU and any investment in products for the lower-segments would be only of temporary value. Therefore, CEE countries are not seen as the typical candidates for affordability strategies. This may be partly true for the most advanced Central European countries and Russia with rapidly rising household incomes in the last decade. But the economic downturn and the following recessionary development has shattered the consumption model that was based to a high degree on credit financing in those markets too. Moreover, studies show that there exists a high share of low-income households and price-sensitive consumers in CEE. According to the “Life in Transition” survey the mid-dle-class ranges from 4% in Albania to 27% in Slovenia – in between you can find Poland with 16% and Russia with 18% (EBRD, 2007). Pfeifer, Massen and Bombka (2007) estimate that 56% of the consumers or 57 million people, in Eastern Europe are low-income consumers (< 10,000 in PPP per year). In addition, in Russia and Ukraine 70% of the populations are falling in this category. A study of Roland Berger Strategy Consultants (2008) on “Consumer Archetypes in CEE” identified seven basic consumer types in CEE. Three out of them – the “self-centered consumers” (18% of population), “minimalists” (14%) and “rationalists” (12%) – can be classified as highly price-sensitive. Together, these three highly price-conscious consumer types make up 44% of the CEE market. What is more, other identified consumer types with less distinct price sensitivity could be taken into account as well. In total, these consumer types whose purchasing behavior is influenced predominantly by affordability amount to 56% of all CEE consumers. Summing up, the studies provide divergent figures of the size of the middle class and low-income segment in CEE. Different methodological approaches, classifications, and data bases are the reasons for these variations (Kharas, 2010). However, the findings show that the market below the middle class in CEE is a large one, accounting for more than 60% of the population of a country. The strategies that are used to address low-in-come consumers are described by the so-called “4 A’s”: affordability, acceptability, availability and awareness (Anderson & Markides, 2007). Affordability as a strategy con-cept can be defined as all measures of a company that aim at bringing the purchase of a product within the financial means of a consumer or household (or business). In the literature you can find different approaches towards this goal. Firms typically start with marginal changes in their marketing strategy (e.g., different packages, single portions). However, to tap the lower-end of these price-sensitive mass-markets and to reach non-consumers of your products changes have to go beyond rebranding and adapted market-ing elements. New business models with deeper and more comprehensive changes in product development and architecture of the supply-chain are needed to be successful in this segment (Johnson, Christensen & Kagermann, 2008). The purpose of the empirical part of this study is to get a better understanding of motives, goals and success factors of affordability initiatives addressing the countries of CEE. A case study approach is the best way to learn about underlying assumptions and considera-tions of managers involved in the decision-making process (Yin, 2009). The cases consist of two parts: a) a general company profile describing businesses, geographic presence and goals; b) the role of affordability for tapping emerging markets and the description of affordability initiatives in CEE countries. Globally active consumer goods companies in the food sector from USA and Western Europe were chosen as target firms: They ex-panded strongly into emerging markets and CEE in the last years, play a pioneer role in tapping low-income markets and exemplify the sought-after strategic constellation for this research, i.e. an MNC expanding from a traditional “premium-position” into lower-price segments. In addition, food companies serving broad segments of the population are faced with social responsibility issues, namely if they legitimately can deny people access to their products. So far three cases of Western companies with an extensive presence in emerging markets are available (see overview in Table 1). The results show that affordability is part of the marketing strategies in CEE of all these selected companies. A considerable share of the product portfolio and overall sales vol-ume in their CEE country organizations stem from affordable products. Higher growth rates of this segment than the overall market prove that there is a demand for this type of products. And it seems that these companies don’t see an insurmountable conflict in pursuing the two-pronged approach as indicated in the literature. All affordability strate-gies are run under a business perspective. They have to contribute to the growth and profitability goals, although social motives are mentioned as strong arguments too. The case of company A nicely shows how the affordability initiative started as a CSR project and then evolved into a business project. During this process they learned that they can make a “sustainable business case” out of it. This step was a break with so far existing concepts in the company, as it involved product development targeted to the demand and financial conditions of low-income households. Country organizations decide individu-ally if and to what degree they use affordability initiatives. In our cases Russian, Polish and Romanian subsidiaries were interested in the introduction of affordable products and looking for support within the group. The establishment of competence centers for affordability initiatives at global headquarters is a clear indication that a central hub is needed which provides basic strategy guidelines, offers assistance in the introduction of such initiatives and spreads best practices in the group. However, differences can be found in the market and branding strategy. While company A is using local brands in combination with the company brand, company C is using a strict two-tier strategy. Inter-national brands are sold parallel to local/regional ones which are used for the entry into the lower-income segment. Company B is covering all price points within a category with the international brand. So the brand stretches from the super-premium, premium and mainstream to the affordability segment. 4,000 “good value for money products” are sold worldwide today, in CEE the affordable category accounts for 25% of total turnover and grows twice as fast as the whole zone Europe. The differences can be explained via the basic approach towards branding: are they following a House of Brands or a Branded House architecture. As far as success factors are concerned all three cases show that the successful introduction of an affordable product range is based on (a) a commitment of the organization to the development of affordable products; (b) deep understanding of consumer behavior, buying patterns, and market situation; (c) utilization of synergies with higher priced brands; (d) focus on volume and scale via covering a large consumer base and (e) radical cost cutting along the whole value chain. In our ongoing research we try to increase the number of companies which run affordability initiatives to be able to cover a greater variety of industry and company types. Our research shows that multi-tier and affordability strategies can be found in other consumer and industrial markets in CEE too. This research shall help to clarify for which type of company it makes sense to ex-pand to lower-income segments. While so far the internal perspective was in the center of our research attention, market and competitive constellations should be covered in the future too.

This study of Product Placements examines cross-cultural differences in the UK, Germany and Mexico using an online survey of 338 respondents. Although product placement can still be used as a standardised global marketing strategy significant cultural differences were found, Marketers must therefore pay attention to such differences for international product placement decisions.

This research investigated the relationship among Korean Wave Cultural Contents consumption of Korean food, Korean products, and Learning of the Korean language. The survey targeted non-Koreans who were either interested in or experienced Korean Wave Cultural Contents. Exactly 61.3% of subjects had traveled to Korea. The most common method of experiencing the Korean Wave was via the Internet (57.7%), followed by TV (21.1%) and Mobile (7.7%). The most popular Korean Wave Contents were K-pop (35.2%) and TV Dramas (31.0%). Movies were preferred in the Americas (3.63±0.83) and Asia (3.63±1.09), whereas K-pop was preferred in Asia (3.68±1.12) and games preferred in Europe (2.50±1.56). Regarding Korean food, most participants had tasted Kimchi (81.7%), followed by Bulgogi (74.6%), Bibimbap (66.9%), and Galbi (66.2%). According to the country-by-country survey, in the case of Galbi (p<0.05), Bibimbap (p<0.05), and Bulgogi (p<0.05), Asians had more experiences with Korean food compared to those from other regions. Meanwhile, in the case of satisfaction of Korean food, Bulgogi (4.22±1.05) was ranked highest, whereas Kimchi (3.85±1.15) was ranked lowest. According to the region-by-region survey, those from Oceania and other regions preferred Kimchi (4.25±0.71) and Bulgogi (4.50±4.50) while the Americas preferred Galbi (4.82±0.39) and Bibimbap (4.54±0.81). Bulgogi (2.76±0.06) was highly ranked as a representative Korean Food while Kimchi (2.44±0.71) was ranked the lowest. This research explained that among Korean Wave Cultural Contents, movies and music positively influenced on the ‘Image of Korea’, movies and K-pop effected ‘Purchasing intention of Korean products’, and TV Dramas, movies, and K-pop effected ‘Purchasing intention of Korean Food’.

너도밤나무(Fagus) 속은 전 지구적으로 온대 낙엽활엽수 림대에 13종이 분포하고 있다. 유럽너도밤나무(Fagus sylvatica)는 다양한 형태로 카르파티아 산맥을 포함한 전체 중부유럽, 서유럽 일부 및 남부유럽의 산악지에서 극상림으 로 우점하는 자연식생이다. 유럽너도밤나무림의 잠재자연 식생 분포역은 910,000㎢이며, 이는 독일과 프랑스의 국토 면적을 합한 면적으로 유럽 전체면적(10,500,000㎢)의 9% 에 해당한다. 유럽너도밤나무림의 확산은 빙하기 이후 아직 끝나지 않았으며, 분포역의 팽창은 진행중으로 기후적 조건 하에서 잠재분포역은 여전히 남아 있다. 기후변화의 영향으 로 지속적인 분포역의 확장은 아직 예상할 수 없다. 현재 유럽에는 한대 침엽수림 지역을 제외하고 전체면적의 약 26.7%만이 산림면적이다. 독일은 제한된 유럽너도밤나무 림 분포지역 중 유럽의 중심부에 위치한다. 유럽의 유럽너 도밤나무림 전체 면적에서 독일은 약 25% 면적을 차지하고 있다. 독일의 유럽너도밤나무림은 전 국토에 분포하며 현재 기후조건과 인간 간섭이 없었다면 독일 대부분 지역은 유럽 너도밤나무림으로 분포하고 있을 것이다. 그러나 유럽너도 밤나무림은 중부 유럽의 주거지 확대와 더불어 심각하게 쇠퇴되었고 현재 독일에는 약 1,600,000ha의 잔존림이 남 아 있다. 이는 독일 전체면적의 4.4%이며 현재 산림면적의 14%에 해당한다. 즉, 독일 유럽너도밤나무림은 전체 국토 면적의 약 2/3을 차지하고 있었으나 현재 5%이하로 감소하 였다. 160년 이상된 유럽너도밤나무림은 94,145ha이며 전 체 국토면적의 0.26%로 소규모 면적이다. 중부 유럽의 잔존 산림은 수 천 년 동안 토지이용으로 산림구조가 매우 변형되었으며 대부분이 인공림으로 조성 되어 있다. 원래의 산림지역에서 오래된 낙엽활엽수림은 유 럽차원에서 매우 희귀하며 낙엽활엽수림 지역의 진정한 원 시림은 실질적으로 더 이상 존재하지 않는다. 원시림에 가 까운 유럽너도밤나무림은 카르파티아 산맥의 국가인 슬로 바키아와 우크라이나, 루마니아 및 발칸반도, 알프스, 이탈 리아 아페니노 산맥, 유럽남서부 피레네 산맥, 프랑스 세벤 느 산맥, 독일에서 잔존림으로 분포하고 있다. 잔존하는 근 자연형 유럽너도밤나무림은 일반적으로 임업, 농업, 주거 지, 교통시설지 등으로 분리되었거나, 파편화되었으며 주연 부 효과로 유럽너도밤나무림의 순수성은 매우 훼손되어 중 부유럽에서 완전한 자연적인 유럽너도밤나무림은 찾아볼 수가 없다. 잔존 유럽너도밤나무림은 대부분 보호지역으로 지정되 어 있으나 일반적으로 다양하게 이용되고 있다. 저지대 유 럽너도밤나무림의 분포역은 남부 잉글랜드, 북부 프랑스, 덴마크, 남부 스웨덴, 북부 폴란드 지역이나, 현재 알려진 바로는 거의 독일에만 소규모 근자연형 유럽너도밤나무림 으로 분포하고 있다. 아직 이용의 영향을 덜 받은 유럽너도 밤나무림은 현재까지 원시림과 유사한 산림구조를 유지하 며 자연림으로 재생될 수 있을 것이다. 이와 같은 잔존림은 일반적으로 보호되고 있으며 중요한 근자연형 잔존 유럽너 도밤나무림은 다양한 보호지역 체계속에 보호되고 있다. 2007년 7월 유네스코는 슬로바키아와 우크라이나의 카르 피티아 지역에 유럽의 마지막 남은 유럽너도밤나무 원시림 을 “Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians” 으로서 세계자연유산으로 등재하였다. 독일은 중부유럽의 너도밤나무림 생태계를 국제적으로 보전할 책임이 있으며 2011년 4개의 국립공원지역과 생물 권보전지역을 세계자연유산으로 등재하였으며 카르파티아 지역의 너도밤나무림과 함께 전 유럽에 너도밤나무림을 보 전하고 너도밤나무림이 확산할 수 있는 핵심지역으로 유럽 너도밤나무림 클로스터를 형성하였다. 유럽연합은 장기적 으로 51개 너도밤나무림 지역을 세계자연유산 클러스터로 발전시킬 계획이다.

The highabundance and impact on honeybees of the Asian hornet Vespa velutina var. nigrithorax have caused great concern among European public authorities and beekeepers. The species was reported for the first time in France in 2005 and spread out across 66 European districts (ca. 360 000 km 2 ) within 7 years (INPN, 2012; Rome et al., 2013). Its arrival was reported in 2010 in Northern Spain, in 2011 in Portugal and Belgium and in 2013 in Italy. Its wider expansion in Europe is soon to be expected. We discuss here the advances of the collaborative research project initiated in 2008 in France. 1. The potential invasion risk of the species was assessed using modeling tools of climatic suitability (Villemant et al., 2011, Barbet-Massin et al., 2013). Interestingly, the potential distribution of V. v. nigrithorax matches the current distribution of another invasive social wasp, the German yellow jacket, Vespula germanica (Beggs et al., 2011). 2. Apartfrom reported damages on hives, little is known on the biology of V. velutina throughout its native Asian range. In the invaded range, the impact of V. v. nigrithorax on the diversity and biomass of the invertebrate fauna is under study. Preliminary results reported a diversified diet varying among seasons and habitat types. 3. The genetic variability between individuals of V. v. nigrithorax from France and Asia was assessed in order to describe the history of its invasion. The analysis has evidenced a low variability among the invasive population, which indicates a single introduction of one or more queens. The sampling of specimens in France and in the area of origin has been extended to confirm this hypothesis and the most probable area of origin (Arca, 2012). Given the potential economic and biological impact of V. v. nigrithorax, a better understanding of its invasion dynamics is necessary to predict regions at risk, hence to help with planning dedicated control measures, a prerequisite for replacing the reactive nature of current solutions with a proactive, predictive approach.

최근 미국, 유럽 및 우리나라에서 역지급 합의 (Reverse Payment Settlement)에 관한 결정이 내려졌다. 미국 연방대법원은 FTC v. Actavis 사 건에서 역지급 합의의 경쟁제한효과가 대상 특허 의 배타적인 범위 내에 있고 그 범위를 넘어서지 않는 경우에는 반독점법에 의한 조사가 면제된다 는 이른바 특허범위 테스트 기준을 배척하고, 역 지급 합의가 특허의 배타적인 범위 내에서 이루어 진 경우에도 반독점법에 의한 심사가 면제되지 않 는다고 판시하였다. 나아가 역지급 합의에 대해서 는‘quick look’기준이 아닌 전통적인‘rule of reason’기준에 따라 심사해야 한다고 판시하 였다. 위 미국 연방대법원 판결이 있은 지 2일 후 유 럽 위 원 회 (European Commission)도 Lundbeck 사건에서 역지급 합의의 위법성을 인 정하는 최초의 결정을 내렸다. 또한, 우리나라도 GSK와 동아제약 사이에 이루어진 역지급 합의의 위법성을 인정하는 최초의 법원판결이 선고되었 다. 이들 결정은 공정거래법과 지적재산권의 관 계, 역지급 합의의 성격과 위법성 판단기준 등에 있어 여러 시사점을 제공해 준다. 또한, 우리나라 의 경우 한미 FTA 체결을 통해 허가-특허 연계 제도가 도입됨에 따라 역지급 합의와 같은 경쟁제 한적인 행위가 발생할 수 있다는 우려가 제기되고 있다는 점에서 역지급 합의에 관한 각국 경쟁당국 과 법원의 입장을 보여주는 이들 결정은 상당한 시사점을 제공해준다.

본 논문은 유럽/아일랜드, 근대/전통이라는 이분법적 인식론이 베케트 연구에서 작동하는 방식의 지형도를 그려보고, 베케트와 아일랜드 문예부흥운동과의 관계, 아일랜드 정체성, 아일랜드의 근대성의 재고를 통해 이러한 이항대립적 사고를 지양할 수 있는 가능성을 제시한다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the underwear design shown in historical dramas set in Europe between the 16th and the 18th century, woman's bodies were highly restricted, in order to analyze the symbolism of the movie costume and provide basic data for the future education of the department of movie costume design. For a study method, literature relating to movie costumes and underwear as well as captured images from 29 historical dramas set in Europe between the 16th and the 18th century was reviewed. Among them, data from 17 movies where underwear and crinoline were observed was analyzed. Historical movies, set in the 18th century Europe exposed underwear more frequently and decisively than movies set in the 16th and 17th centuries. For the figure wearing underwear, its expression effect was maximized by the implication function of costumes. Underwear can easily express the time and space background and symbolize the character's social and economic position, attitudes, and values. In addition, the exposure of underwear can reveal characters' internal expressions, such as mental status, taste, temper, intention, mood, time and space display. The result of observing the underwear shown in movies reveals that underwear plays a subjective role in expressing ideal femininity as a woman of a particular age, modesty, social position symbolism and eroticism that depended on the situation. It is expected that the study will provide an opportunity to reconsider the function of underwear, which is different from the meaning of costume history, and its role as a means of communication by considering the change of underwear by age.

본 연구의 목적은 역사적인 관점에서 유럽과 한국에서 사용된 ‘독도’ 명칭과 새 한글 로마자 표기법에 따른 독도의 표기 문제를 살펴봄과 동시에 독도에 대한 한국의 영유권의 정당성을 증명하는데 있다. ‘독도’가 쓰이기 전까지 이 섬은 ‘우산도’, ‘석도’, ‘삼봉도’, ‘가지도’ 등 다양하게 쓰여졌다. 독도는 1849년 ‘리앙쿠르’ 포경선에 의해 최초로 발견되었고, 그로 인해 ‘리앙쿠르암’이라 불리게 되었다. 한국에서는 20세기에 들어서 역사적, 지리적으로 증명하기 위해 ‘독도’라 쓰여지게 된다. 본고에서는 ‘독도’의 남·북한 로마자 표기법을 적용하여 적절한 표기법에 대해 살펴보았다.

지금까지 우리나라에는 자본주의를 지향하는 자생적인 내부적 動因이 없고, 일본의 강제적 점탈적 역사적 추이에 의해 자본주의로 진입했다고 보는 것은 (미시적 근시안적으로 접근하면) 일본에 의해 강제 개항되기에 이르렀고, 개항에 의해 우리나라가 근대화의 길을 걸었던 것은 현상적으로 나타난 역사적 사실이기 때문이다. 그러나 세계사적인 흐름의 큰 맥락에서 보았을 때, 서양에서 자본주의 체제를 맨 처음 도입한 이래 세계 각국은 先後의 차이는 있을지언정, 전반적인 추세가 점차 자본주의에로 진행해 가고 있었다. 일본은 이러한 시대적 변화에 능동적으로 재빨리 대응하였던 것에 비해, 우리나라는 늦게 대응한 결과일 뿐이라고 보는 것이 본인의 견해이다. 본 논문에서는 자본주의를 지향하는 내생적인 動因으로서, 서양에서의 봉건사회 붕괴과정에 나타난 사회 사상적 변화 과정을 살펴보고, 이러한 사회 사상적 변화가 자본주의 발달과 어떤 관계가 있는지 알아본 뒤에, 이에 관련하여 조선시대의 사회사상은 어떤 것이었는지 구체적으로 살펴보고, 이러한 사회사상이 어떤 경로를 통해 타파되어 가고 있는지 알아보고 자 한다. 다시 말해 조선시대에 주류를 이루었던 사회사상이 타파되어가는 가운데 자본주의를 수용할 수 있는 사상적 배경을 배태하고 있었는지 알아보고자 한다. 그리고 자본주의를 지향하는 세계사적인 큰 맥락에서 일본이 어떻게 여기에 대응하였는지 살펴보고 조선이 취했던 당시 상황을 정밀 분석함으로서 일본과 우리나라와의 관계를 재정리하고, 지금까지 우리나라의 자본주의 맹아문제를 부분적이고 지엽적인 일본과의 관계에서 탈피하여 자본주의를 지향하는 세계사적인 큰 맥락에서 우리나라의 자본주의 맹아문제를 살펴보고자 하였다.

본 연구에서는 한국 애니메이션의 튼튼한 토양과 경쟁력을 확보하기 위하여 유럽연합의 애니메이션지원정책과 한국의 지원정책을 연구하였다. 연구방법으로서는 유럽연합의 공통지원정책을 중심으로 주요 국가별 차별화된 세부정책과 한국의 지원정책을 비교분석하였다. 비교분석에서 도출된 공통점과 차이점을 바탕으로 한국에 적합한 애니메이션 지원정책의 대안을 모색해보았다. 그 결과 현재 제작지원 중심의 한국정책이 창작을 위한 개발, 교육 및 훈련, 배급, 홍보 등의 체계적인 지원정책으로 변화해야함을 알 수 있었다.

The Purpose of this Study is to find the Modern Movements which had done important roles on the development of modern church architecture and sacred art in the first half of 20th century. I had investigated the background and process of the movements, and analyzed the buildings which represented the movements. And I compared the architectural fruits of 'Riturgical Movement' and 'L' art Sacré Movement. The results are summarized as follows : First, there are two important movements in Catholic church in the backgrounds of the innovative changes of modern church architecture, Those are 'Riturgical Movement' which pursuits to establish a closer relation between clergy and congregation, and to make the positive participants in the service not mere observers and 'L' art Sacré Movement' which pursuits to accept modern secular art into church. Second, both movements had been developed on the bases of the theological studies with tow monasteries - Benedictine Order and Dominican Order - as leader. And the main concept was a kind of revival movement which recovers the Christian tradition. Third, The two movements began from the different themes and in the different regions. But they exerted influences each other, and achieved successful fruits in the Catholic churches of England and Swiss in 1960'. Fourth, 'Riturigical reformation' and 'Acceptance of modern art' had been officialized and generalized through the second Vatican Council(1962-1965).

Recently, wind turbine industry have received more attention than before. Many countries including South Korea focus on the offshore wind turbine because of its geographical advantage. However, domestic technique level is much lower than that of advanced countries such as Europe. In this study, analysis on development trend of offshore wind turbine and design standard in Europe is carried out to develop the original design standard.