마비성 패류독소 중독증(paralytic shellfish poisoning; PSP)은 삭시톡신과 그 유사체로 오염된 패류를 섭취했을 때 발생하며, 저림, 구토 등의 증상에서부터 근육 마비와 심각한 경우 호흡 마비로 이어져 사망에 이를 수 있다. 독 성등가계수(toxic equivalency factors; TEFs)는 다양한 마 비성 패류독소의 독성을 표준화하여 위험성을 평가하는 데 사용된다. 마비성 패류독소를 검출하기 위해 사용되던 마우스 생체 실험(mouse bioassay; MBA)에 대한 윤리적 문제가 제기되면서 고성능액체크로마토그래피와 같은 기 기 분석법으로의 전환이 시도되고 있지만, 유사체들의 적절 한 TEF를 설정하기 위해서는 여전히 동물 모델을 통한 생 체 내 독성 데이터가 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 동물 수를 줄이면서도 신뢰할 수 있는 경구투여 독성 결과를 얻기 위 해 삼단계 반응표면-경로 (three-level RSP) 설계를 사용했다. 인증 표준 물질을 이용하여 각 독소의 초기 용량과 조정 계 수를 결정하고 시험을 진행했으며, STX.2HCl, NeoSTX, dcSTX, GTX1&4, GTX2&3, dcGTX2&3의 반수치사량 (및 TEF) 값은 각각 451.3 (1.00), 306.5 (1.47), 860.9 (0.52), 644.5 (0.70), 915.3 (0.49), 2409.3 (0.19)로 나타났다. 도출된 TEF 값은 2016년 WHO에서 권고한 TEF 값뿐만아니라, 이 전에 보고된 경구 투여 반수치사량을 기반으로 한 TEF 값 과 강한 상관관계를 보였다. 본 연구는 마비성 패류독소 뿐 만 아니라 신규 미관리 해양생물독소에 대해 적절한 TEF를 설정하는 데 있어 삼단계 반응표면경로 설계를 윤리적 우 려와 신뢰할 수 있는 독성 데이터의 필요성 사이에서 효과 적으로 균형을 맞출 수 있는 방법으로 제안한다.

This study presents code-compliant seismic details by addressing dry mechanical splices for precast concrete (PC) beam-column connections in the ACI 318-19 code. To this end, critical observations of previous test results on precast beam-column connection specimens with the proposed seismic detail are briefly reported in this study, along with a typical reinforced concrete (RC) monolithic connection. On this basis, nonlinear dynamic models were developed to verify seismic responses of the PC emulative moment-resisting frame systems. As the current design code allows only the emulative design approach, this study aims at identifying the seismic performances of PC moment frame systems depending on their emulative levels, for which two extreme cases were intentionally chosen as the non-emulative (unbonded self-centering with marginal energy dissipation) and fully-emulative connection details. Their corresponding hysteresis models were set by using commercial finite element analysis software. According to the current seismic design provisions, a typical five-story building was designed as a target PC building. Subsequently, nonlinear dynamic time history analyses were performed with seven ground motions to investigate the impact of emulation level or hysteresis models (i.e., energy dissipation performance) on system responses between the emulative and non-emulative PC moment frames. The analytical results showed that both the base shear and story drift ratio were substantially reduced in the emulative system compared to that of the non-emulative one, and it indicates the importance of the code-compliant (i.e., emulative) connection details on the seismic performance of the precast building.

Conventional aquaculture faces declining productivity, shifting to recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), known for minimizing water usage and maintaining consistent water temperatures for year-round fish growth. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), a globally important cold-water species and the third most farmed fish in inland waters of Korea, valued for its fecundity and rapid growth. Dissolved oxygen, an important environmental factor affecting fish production and economics, highlights the need for smart aquaculture practices. Since 2018, the rise of intelligent aquaculture platforms, incorporating information and communications technology (ICT), emphasizes the essential role of RAS implementation. This eight-week study aimed to determine the optimal dissolved oxygen concentration for rainbow trout in RAS, utilizing a device for continuous monitoring, control and record. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were set at 5-6 mg/L, 9-10 mg/L, 14-15 mg/L and 17-18 mg/L. The growth rate significantly decreased at 5-6 mg/L, with no significant differences in other experimental groups. In hematological analysis, growth hormone (GH) was significantly highest at 5-6 mg/L, followed by 9-10 mg/L while Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was significantly lowest at 5-6 mg/L. In conclusion, the optimal dissolved oxygen concentration for rainbow trout in RAS is approximately 9-10 mg/L. Higher concentrations do not contribute to further growth or profitability.

Concrete is the primary building material for nuclear facilities, making it one of the most common forms of radioactive waste generated when decommissioning a nuclear facility. Of the total waste generated at the Connecticut Yankee and Maine Yankee nuclear power plants in the United States, concrete waste accounts for 83.5% of the total for Connecticut Yankee and 52% for Maine Yankee. In order to dispose of the low- to medium-level radioactive concrete waste generated during the decommissioning of nuclear power plants, it is necessary to analyze the radioactivity concentration of gamma nuclides such as Co-58, Co-60, Cs-137, and Ce-144. Gamma-ray spectroscopy is commonly used method to measure the radioactivity concentration of gamma nuclides in the radioactive waste; however, due to the nature of gamma detectors, gamma rays from sequentially decaying nuclides such as Co-60 or Y-88 are subject to True Coincidence Summing (TCS). TCS reduces the Full Energy Peak Efficiency (FEPE) of specific gamma ray and it can cause underestimation of radioactivity concentration. Therefor the TCS effect must be compensated for in order to accurately assess the radioactivity of the sample. In addition, samples with high density and large volume will experience a certain level of self-shielding effect of gamma rays, so this must also be compensated for. The Radioactive Waste Chemical Analysis Center at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute performs nuclide analysis for the final disposal of low- and intermediate-level concrete waste. Since a large number of samples must be analyzed within the facility, the analytical method must simultaneously satisfy accuracy and speed. In this study, we report on the results of evaluating the accuracy of the radioactivity concentration correction by applying an efficiency transfer method that appears to satisfy these requirements to concrete standard reference material.

For the release of the nuclear power plant site after the decommissioning, a reliable exposure dose assessment considering the environmental impact of residual radionuclides is essentially required. In this study, the Derived Concentration Guideline Level (DCGL) for the hypothetically contaminated surface soil at the Wolsong nuclear power plant (NPP) unit 1 site was preliminarily calculated by using the RESRAD-OFFSITE computational code and compared with the other case studies. Moreover, radiation exposure dose for local residents and relevant exposure pathways were quantitatively analyzed based on the calculation model established through this work. For the target site modeling, the source term was determined by referring to the previous case studies regarding the nuclear power plant decommissioning, quantification analysis data of pressure tubes of Wolsong NPP unit 1, and radionuclide data estimated by using the MCNP/ORIGEN-2 code. In total, 14 different radioisotopes such as Ag-108m, C-14, Co-60, Cs-134/137, Fe-55, H-3, Nb-93m/94, Ni-63, Sb-125, Sn-121m, Sr-90, and Zr-93 were considered as target radionuclides. In addition, the geological structure model of the Wolsong NPP site was established based on the final safety analysis report of Wolsong NPP unit 1. The distribution coefficients (Kd) were taken from the JAEA-SDB to estimate the migration/retardation behavior of various radionuclides under the groundwater condition of the Wolsong NPP site. In the present work, the DCGL values were calculated according to the site release criterion of 0.1 mSv/yr, which indicates the radiation protection standard for the site release. Moreover, the exposure pathway and sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the sensitive input parameters remarkably influencing the calculation result. For the evaluation of exposure dose for local residents, a site layout centered around Wolsong NPP unit 4, located in the closest proximity to the residents’ habitation area, was alternatively established and all potential exposure pathways were considered as a comprehensive resident farmer scenario. The results obtained from this study are expected to serve as a preliminary case study for the DCGL values regarding the surface soil at the Wolsong NPP unit 1 site and for evaluating the radiation exposure dose to local residents resulting from the residual radioactivity at the site after the decommissioning.

IPCC에서 발표한 제6차 기후변화 보고서에 따르면 지구온난화에 따른 해수면 상승이 가속화되고 있으며, 2100년 예상 해수면 상승은 저탄소 시나리오(SSP 1~2.6)에서는 47cm, 고탄소 시나리오(SSP 5~8.5)에서는 82cm로 분석되었다. 해수면 상승은 항만 인프라에 심각 한 피해를 입히고, 항만 내에 정박 중인 선박의 계류안전성을 저하시킬 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 해수면 상승시 부두에 계류한 선박의 계류 안전성 향상 방안을 도출하기 위해 만조시 침수 피해가 잦은 목포항을 선정하여 해수면 상승 시나리오에 따른 실제 접안 선박에 대한 계 류 평가 요소의 민감도를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 해수면이 상승함에 따라 동일한 환경조건에서 계류라인 장력, 계선주 하중, 계류라인 수 직각도, 선체 6자유도 운동값이 대체로 증가하는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한, 마루높이가 상향되면 모든 계류 평가 요소의 값이 대체로 감소 하여 선박 및 부두의 안전성 향상에 유리한 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구 결과는 목포항 해수면 상승에 따른 항만 및 선박의 안전성 향상 방안을 확보하기 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구에서는 밭가뭄을 선제적으로 대응하기 위한 자료를 구축하고자 충청도 지역 대표 밭작물의 시공간적 부족수량을 파악하였다. 고추 등 5개 대표 밭작물과 충청도의 5개 지역을 선정하였고, 작물별 필요수량과 지역별 공급량을 고려하여 부족수량을 산정하였다. 한국농어촌공사의 HOMWRS (Hydrological Operation Model for Water Resource System) 모형을 이용한 작물의 필요수량과 공공관정과 민간관정의 채수량, 상수도 공급량을 조사하여 지역별 용수공급량을 평가하였다. 2014년부터 2018년까지 5년간의 월별 평균 필요수량과 공급량의 차이에 따른 부족수량 을 기준으로 가뭄수준과 시기를 분석하였다. 공공관정, 민간관정, 상수도 공급량 순으로 필요수량과 차이를 산정한 결과 예산(사과)의 6월 부족수량이 가장 높았고, 괴산(콩)의 8월이 두번째로 나타났다. 그 외 지역에서는 관정과 상수도 공급량을 모두 고려할 경우 대체적으로 안정적인 공급이 가능하였으나, 청양(고추)에서 2018년 7월과 8월에 공급량이 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 시공간적 가뭄수준 분석 결과는 공간적 우선순위 결정과 시기별 공급량 확보를 위한 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 판단된다.

강진에 대한 다양한 비선형 거동을 하는 부재요소들로 이루어진 교량시스템의 현재까지의 일반적인 지진취약도 평가방법은 부재- 수준에서 평가하는 것이다. 본 연구의 목적 부재-수준의 지진취약도 평가결과로부터 구조시스템을 대표하는 시스템-수준의 지진취 약도 평가방법을 개발하는 것이다. 교량의 지진 거동을 일반적으로 교축방향과 교축직각방향으로 구분하기 때문에 본 연구에서도 시 스템-수준 지진취약도를 두 방향에 대하여 구분해 평가하였다. 길이 방향에 대한 부재-수준의 지진취약도평가는 교각, 교량받침, 충 돌, 교대, 낙교에 대하여 수행하였다. 교축직각 방향에 대해서는 충돌, 교대, 낙교의 손상이 영향을 주지 않으므로 부재-수준의 지진취 약도평가는 교각과 교량받침에 대하여만 수행하였다. 다양한 구조부재의 비선형모델을 이용한 지진해석은 OpenSEES 프로그램을 사용하여 수행하였다. 시스템-수준의 지진취약도는 부재-수준 사이의 손상이 직렬연결이라고 가정하고 평가하였다. 교각의 손상이 다른 부재-수준의 손상보다 시스템-수준의 지진취약도에 지배적인 영향을 주는 것을 알 수 있었다. 다시 말하면 가장 취약한 부재-수 준의 지진취약도가 시스템-수준의 지진취약도에 가장 지배적인 영향을 주는 것을 의미한다.

This study aimed to verify the validity of the evaluation items and weight determination of the indoor environmental safety area, which has the most frequent accidents, among the safety certification evaluations of educational facilities by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea, which has been conducted since May 2021. As a preceding study, the evaluation items of the school safety evaluation checklist being implemented in the US state of Vermont were compared, and the causes of accidents judged by teachers in the accident experiences written by 200 Korean teachers were compared with the safety certification evaluation items belonged to the Ministry of Education. In addition, research literature using the AHP analysis technique on safety risks of elementary and secondary schools in China and safety evaluation index study cases of 539 elementary school children in Indonesia were analyzed. Through these preceding studies, measures to add and adjust evaluation items were derived and the validity and importance rankings of evaluation items were calculated through AHP questionnaires to teachers and safety experts. In addition, a survey was conducted on 104 ordinary people to verify the results of expert analysis. As a result of expert AHP analysis, 'safety education and disaster response training (.396)' was the highest priority for the relative importance of the first layer, followed by 'safety measures (.387)' and 'building materials'. Safety (.216)' was found to be the highest priority. In the overall importance ranking of the 13 second-tier screening items, safety accident prevention education had the highest priority and disaster preparedness training ranked second, proving that the Ministry of Education's review weight was underestimated. In addition, slip and collision accident countermeasures, which were not in the existing Ministry of Education review items, ranked 4th, laboratory practice room safety measures ranked 6th, and sanitation, cleanliness, hazardous substance management, and cafeteria/cooking room safety measures ranked 9th, indicating a significant level of importance. Referring to the importance ranking, which is the result of this study, it is suggested that it is necessary to review the weight of each review item again.

The radical reaction position was calculated by varying the calculation level for ACEL and ANT, which are detected with the highest frequency and concentration in PAHs pollution sites. The results of each calculation level were compared and evaluated with the existing literature. HF, B3LYP, B3LYP-D, and MP2 were used as the method for each level used for calculation. Except for HF, the MK charge by B3LYP, B3LYP-D, and MP2 was consistent with the experimental results. It was found that the dispersion effect was negligible in the calculation of ACEL and ANT because the calculation results by the B3LYP and B3LYP-D methods were the same. In particular, it was found that the MK charge calculation result by MP2 agrees well with the product/PAH ratio obtained as a result of the experiment. Considering the calculation cost, it would be preferable to use B3LYP to predict the radical reaction site of ACEL and ANT. However, considering the product/PAH ratio, it takes more time to calculate, but it is judged that it is better to use the MP2.

교량은 사용년한이 증가함에 따라 노후화로 인해 역학적인 성질과 구조적인 성능이 저하되고, 이로 인해서 강진 시에 내진성능이 저하된다. 교각과 교량받침에 대한 노후화를 몇 가지 단계로 정량화하여 해석모델에 반영하였고, 노후화된 교각과 교량받침에 대하 여 부재-수준의 지진취약도를 평가하였다. 교량 시스템의 파괴 메카니즘을 직렬시스템으로 가정하여, 부재-수준의 지진취약도 해석 결과로부터 시스템-수준의 지진취약도를 평가하는 방법을 제안하였다. 노후도에 취약한 부재인 교각과 교량받침에 대하여 5가지 정 량적인 노후도(0, 5, 10, 25, 40%)를 가정하여 부재-수준의 지진취약도를 평가하였고, 이 결과로부터 시스템-수준의 지진취약도 평가 를 수행하였다. 시스템-수준의 지진취약도는 교량받침 보다는 교각이 지배적인 영향을 줌을 알 수 있었다. 이는 보다 취약한 구조부재 의 지진취약도가 전체 교량시스템의 지진취약도에 지배적인 영향을 주는 것을 의미한다.

The mechanical safety of the container designed according to the IP-2 type technology standard was analyzed for the temporary storage and transportation of Very-Low-Level-Waste (VLLW) for liquid occurring at the nuclear facilities decommissioning site. The container was designed and manufactured as a composite shielding container with the effect of storing and shielding liquid radioactive waste using High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and eco-friendly shielding material (BaSO4) with corrosion and chemical resistance. The main material of the composite shielding container is HDPE and BaSO4, the material of the cover, cage and pallet is SUS304, and the angle guard is elastic rubber. The test and analysis requirements were analyzed for structural analysis of container drop and lamination test. As test requirements for IP-2 type transport containers should be verified by performing drop and lamination tests. There should be no loss or dispersion of contents through the 1.2 m high free-fall drop and lamination test for a load five times the amount of transported material. ABAQUS/Explicit, a commercial finite element analysis program, was used for structural analysis of the drop and lamination test of the transport and storage container. (Drop test) It was confirmed that the container was most affected when it falls from a 45-degree slope. Although plastic deformation was observed at the edge axis of the cover, it was evaluated that the range of plastic deformation was limited to the cover and cage, and stress within the elastic limit occurred in the inner container. In the analysis results for other falling direction conditions, it was evaluated that stress within the elastic limit was generated in the inner container except for minor plastic deformation. In the case of on-site simulation evaluation, deformation of the inner container and frame due to the drop impact occurred, but leakage and loss of contents, which are major evaluation indicators, did not occur. (Lamination test) The maximum stress was calculated to be 19.9 MPa under the lamination condition for a load 5 times the container weight, and the maximum stress point appeared at the corner axis of the pallet. The calculated value for the maximum stress is about 10%, assuming the conservative yield strength of SUS304 is 200 MPa. It was evaluated that stress within the limit occurred. In the case of on-site simulation evaluation, it was confirmed that there was no container deformation or loss of contents due to the load.

최근 식품제조업을 둘러싼 환경이 급변하고 있다. 저출산⋅고령화로 인한 소비인구 감소, FTA 체결국 증가에 따른 국내 시장개방 확대, 제4차 산업혁명에 대한 식품제조업의 대응력 부족 등으로 식품제조업의 성장세 지속은 어려워지고 있다. 식품제조업의 질적 변화를 위한 혁신성장을 추진하고자 한다면 식품제조업의 혁신수준에 대한 평가와 향상 방안에 대한 심층적 분석이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 식품제조업의 혁신수준을 평가하고 향상시킬 수 있는 방안이 무엇인지를 검토하고자 한다. 식품 제조업의 혁신수준을 혁신의 투입지표인 매출액 대비 연구개발비 비율(이하 R&D비율), 특허등록(출원) 건수, 총요소생산성을 활용해 분석․평가하였다. 그 결과, 식품 제조업의 R&D 비율은 다른 산업에 비하여 낮은 것으로 분석되었으며 특허 수와 총요소생산성 증가율 또한 낮은 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of organizational safety and health management activities on safety and health performance by using the results of safety activity level evaluation of public organizations. To this end, a research model was established by using three fields as independent variables among the four areas of the safety activity level evaluation index: safety and health system, safety and health activity plan, and safety and health activity level, and the safety and health activity performance field as a dependent variable. Correlation analysis and regression analysis between major variables were performed. As a result of the correlation analysis, the safety and health activity performance had a significant positive (+) correlation with all of the safety and health system, safety and health activity plan, and safety and health activity level. The safety and health system had a significant positive (+) correlation with the safety and health activity plan and safety and health activity level, and the safety and health activity plan had a significant positive (+) correlation with the safety and health activity level. And as a result of the regression analysis, it was found that the organization’s safety and health system, safety and health activity plan, and safety and health activity level all had a significant positive (+) effect on safety and health activity performance.

The purpose of this study is to develop guidelines for a Hindi A0 level evaluation test with its standardized Hindi curriculum. The development of a Hindi A0 level evaluation test is a basic requirement for ensuring internal stability of school education, because languages that uses special or unique characters that are not based on Roman alphabets, such as Hindi, Thai, and Persian, require a separate learning process or curriculum as well as their evaluation tests. This is not only in line with the purpose of the ‘Act on the Promotion of Education of Critical Foreign Languages’ enacted on August 2, 2016, but also because it can promote the substantiality of education in other critical foreign languages including Hindi, which had been conducted without a standardized curriculum. In other words, this study explores the concept of the A0 level that is not included in the CEFR, as a first step toward the realization of the ‘Common Asian Framework of Reference for languages’, the letters and pronunciations of which require a lot of time to learn. To this end, a guideline of an evaluation test for Asian languages is also proposed.

The noise environment was evaluated using the ISO recommended NR evaluation curve and PSIL (Preferred Sound Interference Level) in order to investigate the onboard educational environment according to the noise in the Motor Vessel Saehaerim, a fishing training ship under making way. As a result, NRNs were measured at 37-61 dB in accommodation areas, 44-56 dB in work areas, 37-57 dB in educational and conference areas, 83-103 dB in engine areas and 65.3 dB and 51.2 dB in the work and education areas respectively based on PSIL. The NRNs, which evaluated the cabin of the experimental ship according to the purpose, exceeded all of the indoor standard noise recommended by the ISO, and the PSIL had a generally short conversational distance within 0.25-2.3 m and 0.75-1.3 m for teaching and work areas.