니파팜과 핑거루트 추출물이 화장품 천연원료 소재로 활용 가능성을 살펴보기 위하여 두 추출물을 함유한 O/W 화장품 제형을 제조하였다. 제조된 화장품 제형들의 외관을 비교하고, 색차계를 사용하여 명도와 색상 값을 측정하였다. 또한 조성을 달리한 제형들의 pH, 점도, 텍스처 등을 측정하면서 추출물들이 제형의 물성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 화장품 제형들의 UV 투과율 및 SPF 지수를 비교 관찰하면서 핑거루트 추출물이 자외선 차단의 천연원료 소재로서의 사용 가능성을 확인하였다.

The effects of some essential oils and Sopophora extract on Frankliniella occidentalis adults, Myzus persicae adults, Plutella xylostella larvae, and Spodoptera exigua larvae were investigated. Insecticidal and phytotoxicity activities of emulsion in water formulations containing the active essential oils as active ingredients under laboratory and pot conditions were also tested. Based on these results, NRS-13 and NRS-24 formulations were selected to further assess as follows; the GC and GC-MS analysis on the active essential oils, the quantity analysis of the major components contained in the formulations, their insecticidal activities under pot and field conditions, and their oral, dermal, skin and eye irritation, and fish toxicities. Thus, the NRS-13 (BaechooSaferTM) and NRS-24 (JindiOutTM) formulations could be considered as insecticides for pest control.

The American house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes, 1961 (Acari: Pyroglyphidae), is recognized as an important source of allergens in the domestic environment. An assessment was made of the toxicity of constituents from essential oil of cade, Juniperus oxycedrus L. (Cupressaceae), and related compounds as well as four experimental spray formulations containing the oil (10–40 g/liter sprays) to adult D. farinae. In a contact + fumigant mortality bioassay, methyleugenol (24-h LC50,5.82 μg/cm2) and guaiacol (8.24 μg/cm2) were the most toxic constituents to the mites and the toxicity of these constituents and benzyl benzoate did not differ significantly.

An assessment was made of the fumigant toxicity of 20 constituents from catnip oil and another additional five previously identified compounds of the oils and control efficacy of three experimental spray formulations containing catnip oil (1, 0.5 and 0.1% sprays) to females from B- and neonicotinoid-resistant Q-biotypes of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Spathulenol (LC50, 0.39 μg/cm3) and thymol (0.45 μg/cm3) were the most toxic compounds, followed by carvacrol, α-terpineol, nerol, linalool, menthol and eugenol toward Q-biotype females (0.85–1.24 μg/cm3). The toxicity of these compounds was virtually identical toward both biotype females, indicating that the terpenoids and the insecticides (neonicotinoids and dichlorvos) do not share a common mode of action or elicit cross-resistance. The 0.5% spray of oil formulation resulted in > 80% mortality toward both biotype females. Global efforts to reduce the level of toxic synthetic insecticides in the agricultural environment justify further studies on catnip oil-derived materials as potential contact-action fumigants for the control of B. tabaci populations.

Sesame is a major cooking oil crop in Korea. One of the primary problems in sesame cultivation is low healthy stand establishment due to the occurrence of seedling rot and damping-off resulting from a complex of soil-borne pathogens in the field. To address the problem, the bioformulation of Pseudomonas fluorescens M45 was prepared in powder form using clay and vermiculite, and was evaluated for its effect on biological control of soil-borne pathogens in sesame cultivation. In the petri dish trial, the emergence rate was overall good (> 92%) regardless of seeds being pelleted and/or M45-treated. In both pot and field trials containing disease-conducive soils, seed-pelleting substantially reduced emergence rate, whereas seed-pelleting with M45 significantly improved the emergence rate (> 26%). The emergence rate of sesame seeds treated with the strain M45 was greater than 30% regardless of seed pelletization. We also found that M45r colonized in the roots at the density of 1.6×105 cfu/g. With aid of the bioformulation, however, root colonization of the strain was significantly increased to 4.0×106 cfu/g. The powder formulation with strain M45 enhanced the rate of healthy stand establishment in disease-conducive soil. Therefore, bioformulation with strain M45 is a promising method to overcome problems associated with the successive cultivation of sesame.

관비 또는 관수시 배액률(LF)과 시비농도가 토마토 접목묘를 생산하는 과정에서 묘 생장 및 근권부 화학성 변화에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 피트모스+버미큘라이트(5:5, v/v, PV) 그리고 코이어 더 스트+버미큘라이트(5:5, v/v, CV)를 혼합한 두 종류 상토를 조제하는 과정에서 기비를 혼합하였으며, 비료 혼합 후 50셀(셀 용량 33cc)과 105셀(셀 용량 18cc)에 충전하였다. 충전 후 대목인 ‘J3B Strong’은 50셀, 접수인 ‘Sunmyung’을 105셀 트레이에 파종한 후 재배하였다. 파종 31일 후 대목과 접수를 절단하고 단근삽접한 후 접목묘(‘Sunmyung’ scion/‘J3B Strong’ rootstock)는 두 종류 상토가 충전된 50셀 플러그 트레이에 정식하였다. 접목 후 플러그 트레이를 광도를 조절한 플라스틱 터널 내부에 7일간 위치시켜 접목 부위의 활착과 새로운 부정근 형성이 이루어지도록 한 후 N 기준 0, 50, 100 그리고 200mg·L−1로 농도를 조절한 비료 용액을 매주 1회 관비하였다. 파종 31일 후 대목의 생장을 조사한 결과 두 종류 상토 모두 LF를 0.75로 조절한 처리에서 가장 우수하였으며 유묘당 지상부 생체중이 PV는 8.96g 그리 고 CV는 7.11g으로 조사되었고, 이들 처리의 전기전도도는 각각 0.93 and 1.09dS·m−1로 측정되었다. 파종 31 일 후 조사한 접수의 평균 생체중은 PV와 CV 혼합상토의 0.50 LF 처리에서 각각 4.29g과 3.13g으로 조사되어 가장 무거웠고, 이들 두 처리의 EC는 각각 0.76과 1.34dS·m−1로 측정되었다. 접목 31일 후 추비농도에 영향을 받은 접목묘의 생체중은 두 종류 상토 모두 100mg·L−1의 시비구에서 가장 무거웠다. 생체중이 가장 무거웠던 처리의 EC는 PV 및 CV 상토가 각각 0.98과 1.93dS·m−1 였으며 접목묘 생장을 위한 적절한 EC 범위 는 CV 상토가 PV 상토 보다 높음을 의미한다. 이상의 결과는 접목묘 생장을 위한 적절한 EC범위가 상토에 따라 다르므로 소질이 우수한 접목묘를 생산하기 위하여 배액률도 상토별로 다르게 조절되어야 함을 의미한다.

The toxicity of cade oil (Juniperus oxycedrus), its constituents and structurally related compounds toward adult house dust mite Dermatophagoides farina was examined. Results were compared with two commercially available acaricides, benzyl benzoate and deet. The cade oil constituents were identified by GC-MS analysis. Citral (LC50, 1.13 μg cm–2) and methyleugenol (LC50, 5.78 μg cm–2) were the most toxic compounds, followed by eugenol (LC50,12.52 μg cm–2), nerol (LC50, 21.4 μg cm–2) and terpinen-4-ol (LC50, 29.55 μg cm–2) were shown significant mortality against adult of D. farina. Toxicity of citral, methyleugenol were higher than that of benzyl benzoate, and above listed compounds was all more toxic than deet. Given the result of vapour-phase mortality tests that these compounds were more toxic in closed containers than in open ones, we concluded that vapour action plays a great role in their mode of delivery. Cade applied as 3 and 4% experimental sprays provided 96 and 100% mortality against the mites respectively, whereas permethrin (cis:trans, 25:75) 2.5 g/l spray treatment resulted in 17% mortality. Cade oil, and its constituents shown their potentials as effective alternatives for harmful synthetic acaricides for the control of Dermatophagoides populations as fumigants in contact and therefore illustrated the need for further study of this essential oil.

An assessment was made of the toxicity of basil, Ocimum basilicum, essential oil, 11 basil oil constituents, seven structurally related compounds and another 22 previously known basil oil constituents and the control efficacy of four experimental spray formulations containing the oil (1, 2, 3 and 4% sprays) to adult American house dust mites, Dermatophagoides farinae. Results were compared with those of two conventional acaricides benzyl benzoate and N,N-diethyl-3- methylbenzamide (deet). The active principles were determined to be citral, α -terpineol and linalool. Citral (24 h LC50, 1.13 μg/cm2) and menthol (1.69 μg/cm2) were the most toxic compounds, followed by methyl eugenol (5.78 μg/cm2). The toxicity of these compounds was more toxic than that of benzylbenzoate(LC50, 8.41 μg/cm2) and deet (37.67 μg/cm2). These compounds were consistently more toxic in closed versus open containers, indicating that their mode of delivery was largely a result of vapour action. Basil applied as 3 and 4% experimental sprays provided 97 and 100% mortality against the mites respectively, whereas permethrin (cis:trans, 25:75) 2.5 g/l spray treatment resulted in 17% mortality. Reasonable mite control in indoor environments can be achieved by spray formulations containing the basil oil (3 and 4% sprays) as potential contact-action fumigants.

An assessment was made of the toxicity of hiba, Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai, oil and 24 oil constituents and control efficacy of four experimental spray formulations containing the oil (0.5. 1, 2, and 3% sprays) to adult American house dust mite (AHDM), Dermatophagoides farinae, and copra mite (CM), Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Results were compared with those of three conventional acaricides benzyl benzoate, N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet), and permethrin. Based on 24 h LC50 values, (–)-thujopsene was the most toxic constituent against AHDM (9.82 μg/cm2) and CM (10.92 μg/cm2) and the toxicity of the compound was nearly identical to that of benzyl benzoate (9.33 and 10.14 μg/cm2). High toxicity was also observed with (–)-(E)-pinocarveol, carvacrol, (+)-terpinen-4-ol, β-thujaplicin, cedrol, α-terpineol, (+)-ledene, thymol, and 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol against both mite species (LC50, 11.92–19.19 and 12.49–22.97 μg/cm2). These constituents were more toxic than deet (LC50, 35.53 and 38.42 μg/cm2). Hiba applied as 2 and 3% sprays provided >95% mortality against both mite species, whereas permethrin (cis:trans, 25:75) 2.5 g/L spray treatment resulted in ca 11% mortality. Global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic acaricides in indoor environments justify further studies on hiba oil preparations containing the constituents described as potential contact-action fumigants or lead molecules for the control of mite populations.

The toxicity of red pine needle hydrodistillate (RPN-HD), 19 RPN-HD constituents and 12 structurally related compounds and control efficacy of four experimental spray formulations containing RPN-HD (0.5. 1, 2 and 3% sprays) to adult Dermatophagoides farinae was evaluated. RPN-HD (24 h LC50,68.33 μg cm–2) was toxic. Menthol was the most toxic compound (12.69 μg cm–2) and the toxicity of this compound and benzyl benzoate did not differ significantly from each other. High toxicity was also produced by α-terpineol, bornyl acetate, geranyl acetate, thymol, linalyl acetate, terpinyl acetate, citral, linalool and camphor (18.79–36.51 μg cm–2). These compounds were more toxic than either deet or dibutyl phthalate. In vapour-phase mortality tests, these compounds were consistently more toxic in closed versus open containers, indicating that their mode of delivery was largely a result of vapour action. RPN-HD 3% experimental spray provided 95% mortality against adult D. farinae, whereas permethrin (cis:trans,25:75)2.5gL–1 spray treatment resulted in 0% mortality. In the light of global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic acaricides in indoor environments, RPN-HD and the compounds described merit further study as potential biocides for the control of Dermatophagoides populations as fumigants with contact action.

Among 18 Bacillus thuringiensis isolates with spherical parasporal inclusion from soils, B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis CAB199 was selected. It was showing over 90% mortality against Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens moletus. It was confirmed that this B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis CAB199 isolate also had a insecticidal activity against Culex inatomii that was occurred in the marsh. Because most of mosquito larva were primarily situated or shifted from under- to surface water, we need to select long floating formulations on surface water for controlling mosquito larva. It was tested the pesticidal and control effects in the laboratory and wetland with two formulation types of B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, for example, wettable power (WP) and suspension concentrate type (SC). Laboratory test showed that SC formulation type was relatively faster and more effective against 3 tested mosquito species, C. pipiens, Aedes aegypti, and C. inatomii. Otherwise, the control efficacy of SC formulation type was more rapidly appeared against C. inatomii in the wetland.

This study was carried out to evaluate toxicities of two formulations (microemulsion, ME and wettable powder, WP) for acetamiprid+etofenprox against aphids (Aphis gossypii), thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) on the cucumber greenhouse and whiteflies (Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci Qbiotype) on the tomato greenhouse. The activities of two formulations were evaluated by testing residual effect and toxicities against eggs, nymphs and adults of whiteflies in the laboratory, and control effect in the greenhouse against whiteflies, aphids and thrips. All trials were tested at the recommended concentration(RC) and a half concentration of RC of each formulation. In the laboratory trials against eggs and nymphs of whiteflies, the effect of ME was more effective than that of WP and showed more than 80% ovicidal activities, and 40%~60% larvicidal activities on the 3rd instars nymph of whiteflies at the recommended and its half concentrations. On the residual effect against the adults of the two whitefly species, WP formulation was more effective than ME and showed more than 70% mortality at the 5th day after treatments of recommended concentrations. In the field trials, the effects of ME against whiteflies and thrips were more excellent than those of WP. On the other hand, the effect of WP against aphids was more excellent. These results indicate that the formulation of insecticide can be played an important role in the control strategy of the pest in field.

코이어(CO), 피트모스(PM) 또는 코이어+피트모스 (5:5, v/v, COPM)에 펄라이트(PL)를 0, 20또는 40% (v/v) 혼합하여 9종류의 상토를 조제하고, 고추 '녹광'을 플러그 육묘하면서 작물 생육 및 무기원소 흡수에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 연구 목적을 달성하기 위하여 72공 플러그 트레이에 파종하고 플러그 육묘하면서 파종 35일 및 70일 후에 지상부를 채취하여 식물 생육 및 무기원소 함량을 조사 및 분석하였다. CO는 PL의 혼합비율이 증가할수록 생체중 및 건물중 생산량이 많았으나, PM은 PL를 20% 혼합한 처리에서, 그리고 COPM는 PL 0% 처리에서 파종 35일 후 생체중과 건물중이 가장 무거웠다. 파종 70일 후의 생육도 35일 후의 결과와 유사였다. CO와 PM은 PL의 혼합 비율이 높아질수록 파종 3일 후의 식물체내 P2O5과 K 함량이 감소하고, Ca 및 Mg 함량이 증가하였다. CO 혼합 상토가 동일한 PL 비율의 PM 또는 COPM 상토보다 Ca 및 Mg 함량은 낮았으나, K 함량은 월등히 높았다. 파종 70일 후 CO 또는 PM에 PL의 혼합비율이 증가할수록 P2O5와 K 함량이 감소하였다. 식물체의 Ca및 Mg는 CO의 경우 20% PL, PM은 40% PL, 그리고 COPM은 40% PL 처리에서 각 유기물내의 다른 PL 처리보다 함량이 많았다.