Bulbophyllum auricomum Lindl. is a rare orchid and has flowers with an attractive fragrance. The present study investigated the tissue culture method for micropropagation. Capsules derived from artificial self-pollination were obtained for the best seed germination in MS basal medium. Plant growth regulators (1.0 mg·L-1 of BAP and 2.0 mg·L-1 of NAA) were affected by callus induction from subcultured pseudobulb explants. For the callus subculture, different natural plant extracts were tested in 11 treatment media. Among them, MS medium with 150 mL·L-1 of coconut water was generally effective in fresh weight (1.75 ± 0.08) and (3.01 ± 0.20) of callus proliferation and PLBs induction at 1 and 2 months, respectively, followed by an MS combination of 30 g·L-1 of banana and 20 g·L-1 of potato extract. The results of a comparative study of different MS mediums containing plant growth regulators with a natural extract combination and MS medium supplemented with natural extract only showed that MS medium supplemented with a combination of natural extracts (150 mL·L-1 of coconut water) and plant growth regulators (2.0 mg·L-1 of BAP and 1.0 mg·L-1 of NAA) obtained the highest shoot regeneration (3.37 ± 0.17) and (6.41 ± 0.68) after 1 month and 2 months of culturing, respectively.

In this study, to analyze whether artificial regulation of apoptosis in the development of somatic cells can affect the stable growth and development of cells, 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-HSD) and rapamycin were treated to induce apoptosis and autophagy in the both skin and muscle cells. Respectively, and 3-methyladenine was supplemented to inhibit cell death. Our results show that stimulation with rapamycin activated autophagy in both types of cells, but increased apoptosis more than autophagy in the case of skin cells. These results indicate that there was a difference in the expression of survival factors and cell development depending on the type of cell. In particular, in the expression of autophagy-related gene (MAP1LC3A) was higher than that of Casp-3, an apoptosis factor. Furthermore, cell development was the highest in all cell groups cultured by artificially inducing autophagy, however the lowest in the apoptosis-inhibited group. Especially, the noteworthy result of this study was that when apoptosis was induced using 20α-HSD, it was possible to induce apoptosis in both skin and muscle cells. Therefore, the main point of this study is that apoptosis induced during cell culture plays a pivotal role in cell remodeling.

스피룰리나는 지구상의 가장 오래된 조류중 하나이며 피코시아닌, 토코페롤, 베타카로틴을 함유하고 있어 노화를 방지한다고 보고된 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 재배방법이 다른 스피룰리나 에탄올추출물의 UVB로 유도된 활성산소종(reactive oxygen species, ROS)의 저해와 항산화효과를 확인하였다. 실내배양 스피룰리나 에탄올추출물(ICAE)과 야외배양 스피룰리나 에탄올추출물(OCAE) 0.1, 0.5, 1 ㎎/㎖의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 SOD 유사 활성을 측정하여 항산화효과를 확인하였다. UVB로 유도된 ROS의 저해 효과는 제브라피쉬 배아와 HaCaT 세포를 이용하여 확인하였다. ICAE와 OCAE 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 ㎎/㎖을 제브라피쉬 배아와 HaCaT 세포에 처리하고 UVB로 ROS를 유도하였고 DCFH-DA로 염색하여 세포내 ROS의 양을 검출하였다. 항산화효과를 측정한 결과 양성대조군인 ascorbic acid의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능은 73%, SOD 유사 활성은 86%로 나타났다. ICAE와 OCAE 1 ㎎/㎖의 농도에서 각각 43, 57%의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능을 나타내었고, 20, 19%의 SOD 유사 활성을 나타내어 양성대조군인 ascorbic acid보다 낮았지만 유의적인 항산화효과가 있었다. UVB로 유도된 제브라피쉬 배아와 HaCaT 세포의 ROS가 음성대조군보다 증가하였고, ICAE와 OCAE 처리된 군은 농도 의존적으로 UVB만 조사된 양성대조군 보다 ROS가 감소하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 스피룰리나 에탄올추출물이 피부보호용 화장품 소재로 사용가치가 있음을 시사한다.

The purpose of this experiment was to compare the pregnancy rate (PR) according to the state of the ovaries and uterus, according to the number of embryos transferred from cows and heifers and to investigate the method of artificial twin induction with Hanwoo in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos by embryo transfer (ET). Looking at the PR according to the condition of the ovaries and uterus, the result was not influenced by the condition of the ovaries, but was significantly influenced by the state of the uterus. The PR according to the number of embryos transferred from cows was 36.8%, 53.0%, 50.5% for 1, 2, and 3 embryos, respectively and although there was a higher frequency of twin calves with 3 embryos than 2, the calving rate was the highest with 2 embryos. In case of heifers, the transfer of 1 embryo showed the best pregnancy and calving rate, and although the PR was similar with 2 embryos (67.7 versus 66.4), in case of 2 embryos transferred there was high frequency of embryonic loss (6.1%) occurred when a cow was diagnosed at 28 and 53 d after ET, total loss (21.3%); sum of fetal death, abortion and stillbirth after pregnant diagnosis at 60 day.

The purpose of this experiment is to compare the pregnancy rate (PR) according to the state of the ovaries and uterus, according to the number of embryos transferred from cows and heifers and to investigate the method of artificial twin induction with Hanwoo in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos by embryo transfer (ET). Looking at the PR according to the condition of the ovaries and uterus, the result was not influenced by the condition of the ovaries, but was significantly influenced by the state of the uterus. The PR according to the number of embryos transferred from cows was 36.8%, 53.0%, 50.5% for 1, 2, and 3 embryos respectively, and although there was a higher frequency of twin calves with 3 embryos than with 2, the calving rate was the highest with 2 embryos. In case of heifers, the transfer of 1 embryo showed the best pregnancy and calving rate, and although the PR was similar with 2 embryos (67.7 versus 66.4), in case of 2 embryos transferred there was high frequency of embryonic loss( 6.1%) occurred when a cow was diagnosed at 28 and 53 d after ET, total loss (21.3%; sum of fetal death, abortion and stillbirth after pregnant diagnosis at 60 day).

This study was performed to investigate the effects of Needle Electrode Electrical Stimulation(NEES) on ischemia-induced cere˗ brovascular accidents. After obstruction and reperfusion of arteries in white mice, the amounts of necrosis and inflammation related sub˗ stances Bax, IL-6, Caspase-3, and COX-2 were measured in neurons of the fore-brain. The following results were obtained. This study used 21 male specific pathogen free(SPF) SD rats, 8 weeks of age and approximately 300g in weight. Each exposed artery was completely occluded with non-absorbent suture thread and kept in that state for 5 minutes. The sutures were then removed to allow reperfusion of blood. Test group is control group(common carotid artery occlusion models), a GI(underwent common carotid artery occlusion), and NEES(underwent NEES after artery occlusion). The GI and NEES groups were given 12, 24, or 48 hours of reperfusion before NEES. NEES device(PG6, ITO, Japan, 9V, current, 2Hz) was used to stimulate the bilateral acupoint ST36 of the SD rats for 30 minutes while they were sedated with 3% isoflurane. An immuno-his˗ tochemistry test was done on the forebrains of the GI induced rats. Both Bax and Caspase-3 immuno-reactive cells, related to apoptosis, were greater in the GI than the NEES group. Cox-2 and IL-6 immuno-reactive cells, related to inflammation, were greater in the GI and NEES groups than the control group. We can expect that applying NEES after ischemic CVA is effective for preventing brain cells from being destroyed. And we can conclude NEES should be applyed on early stage of ischemic CVA.

들잔디의 최적 조직배양 조건을 확립하기 위하여 들잔디 성숙종자로부터 재분화능이 높은 배발생 캘러스 유도효율에 미치는 몇 가지 요인에 관하여 조사하였다. 성죽종자의 소독은 30% (v/v) NaOCl 농도로 60분간 처리하였을 때 가장 낮은 오염율과 가장 높은 캘러스 유도 효율을 보였다. 옥신류의 혼용처리에 따른 배발생 캘러스 유도효율은 2,4-D와 diacamba를 각각 3 mg/L로 혼용처리 하였을 때 가장 높은 배발생 캘러스 유도효율을 나타내었다.

야파의 경비를 절감시키고 실제 농가에서 활용하기 위하여 시중에서 판매되고 있는 광질 조절 전구인 적색등, 청색등 및 삼색등을 구입하여 암기의 중간에 10분 동안 야파한 후 식물체의 생육에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 식물체당 잎의 수와 엽면적 및 생체중은 적색등과 삼색등으로 야파한 경우에 가장 많았으며, 다음은 청색등 야파 및 야간의 완전암하에서 가장 적었다. 초장과 줄기의 직경은 적색등, 청색등 및 삼색등으로 조사하였을 경우에 야간의 완전암보다는 신장생장이 현저히 촉진되었다. 줄기의 생체중과 건물중은 삼색 등으로 야파하였을 때에 가장 무거웠으며, 적색등 및 청색등의 순으로 생육이 촉진되었다. 적색등과 삼색등을 이용한 야파는 100일 후에까지 전혀 개화하지 않았으며, 야간의 완전암하에서는 약 85%, 청색광 야파는 31% 개화하였다. 야파후 개화에 소요되는 일수는 야간의 완전암하에서는 야파처리 약 60일 후, 청색광야파는 약 80일이었다. 야파 처리 80일 후에 광합성 율은 적색광으로 야파하였을 때에 가장 높았고 다음은 청색광이었으며, 삼색광하에서 가장 낮았다. 광보상점은 삼색등으로 야파한 경우에는 20 μmol m-2·s-1이하로서 낮았는데, 적색광과 청색광하에서는 20 μmol m-2·s-1 이상으로서 약간 높은 경향이었다.

본 연구는 食品衛生과 環境衛生상 주요 危害因子중의 하나인 카드뮴에 대하여 식품으로서 섭취기회가 많은 마늘성분과 비타민 A를 이용한 危害 경감 혹은 방어효과를 평가하고, 카드뮴暴露에 대한 細胞水準의 反應으로서 HSP(Heat Shock Protein, 熱衝擊蛋白質 혹은 스트레스蛋白質)의 發顯時期와 發顯程度를 관찰하고자 실시하였다. 실험동물로는 Wistar계 SPF 수컷 랫드 483마리를 사용하였으며, 對照群, 카드뮴投與群(Cd, CdCl₂20 ㎎/㎏), 카드뮴과 마늘유 (diallyl disulfide) 投與群(Cd+Dds, diallyl disulfide 50 ㎎/㎏), 카드뮴과 비타민 A(retinol acetate) 投與群(Cd+Ra, retinol acetate 50,000 I.U./㎏)으로 구분하였다. 시험물질은 시간 간격에 따라 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24시간, 2, 4. 7일, 2, 4, 8, 16주에 投與하였으며, 관찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 카드뮴投與 後 4시간에 血中 카드뮴含量이 0.972∼l.256 ㎍/g으로 對照群의 0.004㎍/g에 비하여 높아졌으며, 投與 2주까지는 肝臟의 카드뮴含量이 23.76∼24.84 ㎍/g으로 腎臟의 20.53∼22.03 ㎍/g보다 높았으나, 8주 후부터는 肝臟의 카드뮴含量(82.48∼86.37 ㎍/g)보다 腎臟의 카드뮴含量(98.0∼109.8 ㎍/g)이 더 높았다. 따라서, 카드뮴은 投與 後 4시간에 혈액 중에 높게 나타나고, 점차 肝臟으로 이동하며 다시 肝臟에서 腎臟으로 이동함으로써, 8주 이후에는 肝臟보다 腎臟의 카드뮴 蓄積量이 많아지는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 카드뮴投與에 의한 血淸중의 酸素 變化에서 ALT(Alanine Aminotransferase), AST(Aspartate Aminotransferase) 活性度는 投與 後 1주일부터 각자 60.3∼73.0 U/ℓ, 135.5∼149.8 U/ℓ로 증가했지만 肝臟 毒性을 일으키는 정도는 아니었으며, glucose는 投與 8주에 對照群(113.8 ㎎/㎗)에 비하여 Cd+Ra群을 제외한 모든 群에서 72.8∼77.5 ㎎/㎗의 낮은 결과를 보여 대조군과 투여군간의 통계학적 有意性(p<0.05)을 보였다. BUN(blood urea nitrogen)은 投與 4주에 對照群의 19.3 ㎎/㎗에 비하여 Cd, Cd+Dds群에서 24.8∼25.8 ㎎/㎗ 有意한 증가를 보였으나, Cd+Ra群에서는 投與 16주에, Cd群의 33.2 ㎎/㎗에 비하여 27.3 ㎎/㎗으로 有意하게(p<0.05) 낮았다. Creatinine은 모든 試驗群에서 投與 8주에 對照群의 0.77 ㎎/㎗에 비하여 0.98∼1.38 ㎎/㎗로 높은 증가를 보였으며(p<0.05), 16주에는 Cd群의 1.20 ㎎/㎗에 비하여 Cd+Ra群은 1.02 ㎎/㎗로 有意하게 낮은 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 3. 病理組織學적 檢査 결과 Cd群과 Cd+Ra群에서는 投與 8주부터 腎臟細尿管의 內腔에 好酸性顆粒이나 尿圓柱(urinary cast)가 관찰되었으며, Cd+Dds群은 腎臟 近位細尿管 上皮細胞에 顯著한 變性壤死가 나타났다. ??丸은 카드뮴投與 8주부터 精細管(seminiferous tubule) 사이의 間質組織이 好酸性 液體의 貯留에 의해 확장되어 주위의 精細管이 심하게 萎縮되는 등의 소견을 보였다. Cd+Dds群과 Cd+Ra群에서는 Cd群보다 病變이 微弱하였다. 카드뮴을 2주동안 投與한 랫드에서 腎臟의 電子顯微鏡 所見은 近位曲細尿管 細胞의 細胞質 腫脹, 미토콘드리아의 變性, 蛋白質 小球의 증가, 毛細血管 內皮細胞의 細胞質 腫脹과 空砲形成등이 관찰되기 시작하였으며, 投與 8주에 나타난 腎臟細尿管 內腔의 無形質 小球는 탈락된 變性 上皮細胞인 것으로 확인되었다. 4. HSP_(70)은 카드뮴投與 後 2시간부터 發顯이 증가되어, 48시간까지 持續되며, 이후에 原狀態로 恢復되는 것으로 나타났다. 위와같은 HSP_(70)의 發顯은 diallyl disulfide와 retinol acetate 投與에 의해 영향을 받지 않았다. 腎臟에서의 HSP_(70) 發顯은 絲球體와 細尿管上皮細胞에서 주로 發顯되는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로부터, 랫드에 카드뮴을 投與하였을 때 HSP_(70) 發顯은 投與 後 2∼4시간 내에 나타나는 迅速한 反應임을 알 수 있었고, 마늘유(diallyl disulfide) 投與는 카드뮴에 의한 腎臟損傷을 促進시키나, 비타민 A(retinol acetate) 投與는 카드뮴에 의한 腎臟損傷을 抑制시키는 효과를 보였다. 카드뮴에 의한 ??丸손상은 마늘유(diallyl disulfide) 흑은 비타민 A(retinol acetate)를 投與함으로써 損傷 防禦效果를 보였다.

본 연구는 rat에서 PMSG도는 FSH 처리에 의한 과배란 유도가 배란율과 수정란의 질에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 호르몬 처리하고 교미시킨 후 4일령에 난관과 자궁을 세척하여 정상 8-세포기 난자와 비정상 난자를 조사하였고 각 처리에서 채란된 난자 중에 정상난자를 골라 체외 배양하여 발육율을 비교 평가하였다. 미성숙 rat에서는 평균19.1개의 수정란이 채취되었으며 성숙rat에서는 14.2개가 채취되었고 미성숙 rat에서는 성숙 rat에 비해 더

The present work was designed to understand the mechanism of superovuiation and the cause of early embryo loss and Implantation failure in the superovulating immature female rats which were elaborated by a pituitary gland transplantation. A pituitary gland obtained from the orchidectomized rats was transplanted under the right kidney capsule of 28 day old female rats (PGT group) on the starting day of experiment which was designated as Day 2. The grafted pituitary glands were removed at 6h (RPGT 6h group), 12h (RPGT 12hgroup) and 24h (RPGT 24h group) after the transplantation. Control rats were treated with 41U PMSG on Day 2 (PMSG group). The estrous cycle and the levels of plasma progesterone and estradiol-17 were observed on Day 0, Day 5, respectively. The implantation sites, the weights of ovary and uterus, and the number of corpora lutea were examined in all group on Day 8. The resuft obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The percentages of the number of the rats in proestrus and estrus were 93.0%, 82.6%, 0%, 90.7% and 89.5% in PMSG, PGT, RPGT6h, RPGT12h and RPGT24h group, respectively. The synchronization of estrus cycle was dchieved in all groups. 2. The mating rates of each group were 80.2, 75.0, 0, 56.4, 57.8% in PMSG, PGT, RPGT6h, RPGT12h, RPGT24h group, respectively. 3. The numbers of copora lutea on Day 8 were 47.1 i 4.9, 18.1 0.5, 14.1 i 0.3 and 8.9 0.3 in PGT, RPGT24h, RPGTl2h and PMSG group, respectively. There were signIficantly difference between all groups (P<0.05). 4. The numbers of implantation sites (18.1 +- 4.0) in PGT group on Day 8 were higher than those of PMSG (8.5 2.5), RPGT 12h (9.8 i 0.2) and RPGT 24h group (10.8 i 0.2) (P<0.05). 5. The ovarlan weights in PGT (95.2 14.3mgIlOOg BW), RPGT 12h (51.7 0.6mgIlOOg BW), and RPGT24h (57.9 0.9mg/l00g 8W) groups were significantly higher than those of PMSG group (30.4 7.4mg/l00g BW) (P<0.05). 6. The uterine weights in PMSG (672.4 4.7mg/l00g 8W), and PGT (660.7 7.8mg/l00g BW) groupswere greater than those of RPGT 12h (403.0 1.lmg/lOOg BW) and RPGT 24h (490.1 0.9mg/l00g BW) group (P<0.05). 7. The plasma progesterone levels in PGT groups (15 lng/ml) on Day 5 were higher than those of PMSG (83ng/ml), RPGT 12h (S7ng/ml), RPGT24h (8lng/ml) group (P<0.05). 8. The plasma estradiol-17 levels in PMSG group (lBSpg/ml) on Day S were higher than those of RPGT 24h (l3pg/ml) group (P<0.05). But estradiol-17 levels in PGT and RPGT 12h group were too low to discuss.

Background : Korean ginseng require 3 - 4 years to produce mature seeds from their mother plants. Therfore, it takes over 20 years to genetic fixation by artificial crossing of 8 generation. Anther culture is a useful method for obtaining homozygotes in only one generation. However, there is not much research on ginseng yet. In this study, we investigated the callus induction of anther depending on the type and concentration of the plant growth regulators in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Methods and Results : Flower buds of P. ginseng were cold pretreated at 2 days before the anthers were plated on the induction medium. The flower buds were immersed in 70% ethanol for 30 sec min, washed two times with sterile distilled water, surface-sterilized in 2% sodium hypochlorite solution for 20 min, then rinsed five times with sterile distilled water. The anthers were placed on Petri dishes containting fifteen different concentrations and combinations of 2,4-D, NAA, BAP and KT. Callus induction was significantly influenced by the type and combination of plant growth regulators. The highest callus induction rate was observed in GR5 medium at 79.2%. The 2,4-D mediums had significantly higher callus induction than the NAA medium, and 2,4-D 1 ㎎/ℓ have a higher callus induction rate than the other concentrations. The increase of callus induction rate was not observed by the addition of cytokinin, but the callus induction rate was gradually decreased as the BAP concentration was increased. There was no difference in callus induction rate between BAP and KT. Conclusion : The important factor for inducing callus of ginseng anther was the addition of 2,4-D, and no effect of cytokinin addition could be found.

Background : Management of air temperature are known to primarily affecting on physiological properties and yield in plant. Methods and Results : The effect of air temperature on characteristics of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in Cnidium officinal were investigated using growth chamber after cultivating for 24 hours under controlled condition. Net photosyntheis rate, transpiration was measured at 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1 of photon flux density and chlorophyll fluorescence was analyzed by OJIP method. Net photosyntheis rate was highest in treatment of 25℃. Although transpiration rate was lowest, water use efficience was also in treatment of 25℃. Stomatal conductance was mainly influenced from ambient climatric factors such as vapor pressure deficit. As results of chlorophyll fluorescence by OJIP analysis, maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II (PSII), PIabs and the relative activities per reaction center such as ABS/RC, DIo/RC were not changed at air temperature. Therefore, elevated air temperatue during short term influence the dark reaction in photosystem through controlling a water use efficience and transpiration. Conclusion : This result show that 25℃ of air temperature may be a adequate temperature to improving the efficiency of photosynthesis in Cnidium officinale.

Background:This study was aimed to determine the optimal vine induction method for growing of Korean schisandra (Schisandra chinensis), by comparing plant growth and fruit yields between plants grown with either fence-type (U-type) or A-type induction.Methods and Results:Plants were transplanted on August 17, 2014, and the plant height, stem node number and weight were measured every two weeks, six times from June 17, 2017. The plant height, stem node number, and leaf length and width were higher with the A-type than with the U-type induction, by approximately 37.0%, 49.1%, 27.6%, and 12.7%, respectively. Although there was no significant difference between the photosynthesis rates of plants grown with the two vine induction method, the leaf area and leaf number per plant were higher in the plants grown with the A-type than the U-type, by approximately 23.7% and 46.0%, respectively. The number of green-color pixels, in a defined area of digital camera images of creeper leaves from the inducted vines, was significantly higher in the plants grown with the A-type than the U-type. The number of fruit clusters per plant was approximately 26 and 36, under the U-type and A-type, respectively. A two fold higher total fruit weight per plant was observed in the plants grown under the A-type (250 g/plant) than the U-type (120 g/plant).Conclusions:The A-type vine induction method is optimal for cultivation of Korean schisandra.

Background : Management of air temperature are known to primarily affecting on physiological properties and yield in plant. Methods and Results : The effect of air temperature on characteristics of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence in Schisandra chinensis Baillon were investigated under controlled temperature using growth chamber. Net photosyntheis rate, transpiration was measured at 1,000 μmol m-2 s-1 of photon flux density and chlorophyll fluorescence was analyzed by OJIP method. Net photosyntheis rate and transpiration rate was higher in treatment of 25℃. As results of chlorophyll fluorescence by OJIP analysis, maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II (PSII) and PIabs was higher in treatment of 25℃ which reflects the relative reduction state of PSII. But in treatment of 35℃ the relative activities per reaction center such as ABS/RC, DIo/RC were higher than in treatment of 25℃ which implied that the relative reduction of electron transport at PSI and increasement of photo inhibition at reaction center. Conclusion : This result implies that 25℃ of air temperature may be a adequate temperature to improving the efficiency of photosynthesis through controlling a photosystem in Schisandra chinensis Baillon.

Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly affects gene expression within the plant genome. To access the physiological response of rice to different types of ionizing radiation, rice seeds were exposed to gamma-ray and ion beam radiation. Exposure to ionizing radiation dramatically decreased the shoot length compared with non-irradiated plants. Fluorescence-activated-cell-sorting (FACs) was used to measure DNA contents. There were significant correlations of dose-dependent between irradiated plant and non-irradiated plant. The radicals induced by the ionizing radiation in the plant could be observed by electron spin resonance (ESR). It was confirmed that the number of free radicals in cell was greatly increased all irradiated plants than non-irradiated plant. A significant positive correlation was shown between ionizing radiation dose and signal intensity. In order to determine the Genetic diversity, AFLP analysis was conducted with the irradiated plant and non-irradiated plant. Based on band patterns, the cluster analysis was conducted to evaluate the genetic variation by using the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Grouping Method of Averages). Genetic diversity of irradiated plants by low dose ion beam was the closest non-irradiated plant and irradiated by high dose gamma-ray was the furthest from non-irradiated. We describe the detailed methods of ionizing irradiation and discuss its applications in genetic research as well as plant breeding.