This paper presents the kinematic analysis and design of a three-point hitch mechanism used in agriculture tractors. Connecting the agricultural implement to the tractors allows for various motions of the agricultural implements by the force from the tractor. First, a three-point hitch mechanism is modeled as multiloop planar rigid body guidance mechanisms for two major motions: the lift and the pitch motions of the agricultural implement. The displacement matrix and the design equations for Upper and Lower links are applied to determine the hitch points using a numerical method. Then, the resulting implement movements are determined in terms of the lifting parameters for the two major motions of the vertical and pitching displacement. Finally, the design process is provided to determine the dimensions of the mechanism. This should satisfy the requirements of the ISO Standards for Agricultural wheeled tractors: rear-mounted three-point linkage: Categories 1N, 1, 2, 3N, 3, 4N and 4[1].

본 연구는 3차원 영상분석을 이용하여 백핸드 백월 보스트 동작의 운동학적 변인에 대하여 라켓과 하박의 숙련도간 기술적인 차이를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 소요시간에서 숙련자가 비숙련자보다 빠르게 나타났다. 둘째, 라켓의 변위는 다운스윙 구간에서 숙련자가 좌우와 전후는 길게, 상하는 낮게 나타났다. 셋째, 팔로스루 구간에서 라켓의 변위는 숙련자가 비숙련자보다 짧게 나타났다. 넷째, 라켓의 합성속도는 비숙련자가 높게 나타났다.

본 연구의 목적은 골프 퍼팅 시 발생하는 운동학적 변인과 지면 경사도 인지능력 간 상관성을 분석하는 것이었다. 연구대상자는 신체 건강한 16명의 대학 골프선수들이 참여하였다. 퍼터 헤드의 운동학적 변인은 SAMPutt lab을 통해 분석하였다(70 Hz). 통계 분석은 Pearson 상관관계를 실시하였다. 평지 퍼팅 시 right 인지능력과 backswing 간 상관관계가 나타났다. 슬라이스 1° 퍼팅 시 toe-up 인지능력과 follow-through 간 상관관계가 나타났고, left 인지능력과 aim, backswing, impact, follow-through, loft 간 상관관계가 나타났다. 슬라이스 2° 퍼팅 시 toe-down 인지능력과 aim, backswing, impact 간 상관관계가 나타났다. 훅 2° 퍼팅 시 toe-up 인지능력과 follow-through 간 상관관계가 나타났다. 따라서 반복 적인 경사도 인지능력 훈련을 통해 퍼팅 스트로크를 개선시키는 골프 경기력 향상에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 스마트건설 지원을 위한 드론 활용의 활성화를 위해 RTK 드론 기반의 항공측량 정밀도를 분석하고자 GPS만을 사용하는 방식, GCP를 설치하는 방식, RTK 드론을 이용한 방식의 정사영상의 위치정확도를 분석하였고 사업의 목적과 대상지의 형태에 따른 드론 활용의 기준을 제시하였다. 또한 상용 드론을 이용한 체적기반의 토공량 산출을 2.5D 환경에서 산출하여 기존 방법과 비교해서 드론영상을 효율적으로 활용할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다. 본 연구로 대규모 건설현장의 작업효율 및 드론 활성화가 기대된다.

Cryopreservation of boar semen is continually researched in reproductive technologies and genetic resource banking in breed conservation. For evaluating the boar semen quality, sperm motility (MOT) is an important parameter because the movement of spermatozoa indicates active metabolism, membrane integrity and fertilizing capacity. Recently, polymorphisms reported to be significant association with sperm MOT. This study was conducted to evaluate the SNP in the coding region of ESR1 (g.672C>T inexon 1) as a positional controlling for motility and kinematic characteristics of post-thawed boar semen. To results,The g.672C>T was significantly associated with frozen semen motility and kinematic characteristics. g.158 T>C SNP was high significantly associated with MOT, VCL, VSL and VAP Also, the SNP was low significantly associated with ALH.Therefore, we suggest that theSNP in the coding region of ESR1 (g.672C>T in exon 1) may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar Post-thawed semen quality.

For evaluating the boar semen quality, sperm motility (MOT) is an important parameter because the movement of spermatozoa indicates active metabolism, membrane integrity and fertilizing capacity. Phospholipase C zeta (PLCz) is important enzyme in spermatogenesis, but their effect has not been confirmed in pigs yet. Therefore, this study was aimed to analyze their association with sperm motility and kinematic characteristics. DNA samples from 124 Duroc pigs with records of sperm motility and kinematic characteristics [Total motile spermatozoa (MOT), Curvilinear velocity (VCL), Straight-line velocity (VSL), the ratio between VSL and VCL (LIN), Amplitude of Lateral Head displacement (ALH)] were subjected. A SNP in non-coding region of PLCz g.158 A > C was associated with MOT (p < 0.05), VCL (p < 0.01), LIN (p < 0.01) and ALH (p < 0.05) in Duroc population. Therefore, we suggest that the intron region of the porcine PLCz gene may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar semen quality, although its functional effect was not defined yet. Whether the association is due to the candidate gene or not require further verification. Thus, it will be of interest to continue association studies in the regions surrounding those genes.

Cluster-of-differentiation antigen 9 (CD9) gene expressed in the male germ line stem cells is crucial for sperm–egg fusion, and was therefore selected as candidate gene for boar semen motility and kinematic characteristics. This study was performed to investigatetheir association with semen motility and kinematic characteristics. DNA samples from 96 Duroc pigs with records of sperm motility and kinematic characteristics [Total motile spermatozoa (MOT), Curvilinear velocity(VCL), Straight-line velocity(VSL), the ratio between VSL and VCL(LIN), Amplitude of Lateral Head displacement(ALH)] were used in present study. A single nucleotide polymorphism (g.358A>T) in intron 6 was associated with MOT, VCL, VAP and ALH in Duroc population (p < 0.05). Therefore, we suggest that the porcine CD9 may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar semen quality, although its functional effect was not clear yet. These results will improve the understanding of the functions of the CD9 in spermatogenesis within the reproductive tracts, and will shed light on CD9 as a candidate gene in the selection of good sperm quality boars.

For evaluating the boar semen quality, sperm motility is an important parameter because the movement of sperm indicates active metabolism, membrane integrity and fertilizing capacity. Phospholipase C zeta (PLCz) is important enzyme in spermatogenesis, but the effect has not been confirmed in pigs yet. Therefore, this study was aimed to analyze their association with sperm motility and kinematic characteristics. DNA samples from 124 Duroc pigs with records of sperm motility and kinematic characteristics [total motile spermatozoa (MOT), curvilinear velocity (VCL), straight-line velocity (VSL), the ratio between VSL and VCL (LIN), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH)] were subjected. A SNP in non-coding region of PLCz g.158 A > C was associated with MOT (p < 0.05), VCL (p < 0.01), LIN (p < 0.01) and ALH (p < 0.05) in Duroc population. Therefore, we suggest that the intron region of the porcine PLCz gene may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar semen quality, although its functional effect was not defined yet. Whether the association is due to the candidate gene or not require further verification. Thus, it will be of interest to continue association studies in the regions surrounding those genes.

Cluster-of-differentiation antigen 9 (CD9) gene expressed in the male germ line stem cells is crucial for sperm–egg fusion, and was therefore selected as a candidate gene to investigate Duroc boar semen motility and kinematic characteristics. This study was performed to investigatetheir association with semen motility and kinematic characteristics. DNA samples from 96 Duroc pigs with records of sperm motility and kinematic characteristics [Total motile spermatozoa (MOT, 82.27±5.58), Curvilinear velocity(VCL, 68.37±14.58), Straight-line velocity(VSL, 29.06±6.58), the ratio between VSL and VCL(LIN, 47.36±8.42), Amplitude of Lateral Head displacement(ALH, 2.88±0.70)] were used in present study. A single nucleotide polymorphism (g.358A>T) in intron 6 was associated with MOT, VCL, VAP and ALH in Duroc population (p<0.05). Therefore, we suggest that the porcine CD9 may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar semen quality, although its functional effect was not clear yet. These results will improve the understanding of the functions of the CD9 in spermatogenesis within the reproductive tracts, and will shed light on CD9 as a candidate gene in the selection of good sperm quality boars.

Cryopreservation of boar semen is continually researched in reproductive technologies and genetic resource banking in breed conservation. For evaluating the boar semen quality, sperm motility (MOT) is an important parameter because the movement of spermatozoa indicates active metabolism, membrane integrity and fertilizing capacity. Various researches have been trying to improve the quality of semen post-thawed in boar. Recently, polymorphism (g.158T>C) of phospholipase C zeta (PLCz) gene reported to be significant association with MOT. This study was conducted to evaluate the PLCz gene as a positional controlling for motility and kinematic characteristics of post-thawed boar semen. To results, The g.158 T>C SNP of PLCz was significantly associated with frozen semen motility and kinematic characteristics. g.158 T>C SNP was high significantly associated with MOT, VCL, VSL and VAP (p<0.0001, p= 0.0002, p<0.0001 and p<0.0001, respectively). Therefore, we suggest that the intron region of the porcine PLCz, may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar post-thawed semen quality, although its functional effect was not defined yet. Whether the association is due to the candidate gene or not require further verification. Thus, it will be of interest to continue association studies in the regions surrounding those genes.

Cryopreservation of boar semen is continually researched in reproductive technologies and genetic resource banking in breed conservation. For evaluating the boar semen quality, sperm motility (MOT) is an important parameter because the movement of spermatozoa indicates active metabolism, membrane integrity and fertilizing capacity. Various researches have been trying to improve the quality of semen post-thawed in boar. Recently, polymorphism (g.358A>T) of cluster-of-differentiation antigen 9 (CD9) gene reported to be significant association with MOT. Also, CD9 gene was expressed in the male germ line stem cells is crucial for sperm-egg fusion, and was therefore selected as candidate gene for boar semen. This study was conducted to evaluate the pig SNP (g.358A>T) of CD9 gene as a positional controlling for semen parameters of post-thawed boar semen. To results, the g.358A>T SNP of the CD9 gene was significantly associated with the traits such as MOT, curve linear velocity, straight line velocity, average path velocity and amplitude of lateral head displacement. Particularly, the g.358A>T SNP significantly has the highest association with MOT and animals with AA genotype (p<0.001). Therefore, we suggest that the g.358A>T in the intron 6 region of the porcine CD9 may be used as a molecular marker for Duroc boar Post-thawed semen quality, although its functional effect was not defined yet.

목적 : 본 연구는 정상성인남성의 마시기 동작을 표면근전도와 삼차원 동작 분석기를 통하여 상지 움직임에 대한 계량적(운동형상학: kinematics, 근활성도: muscle activity) 자료를 수집하여 마시기 과제 수행 시 운동 패턴과 전략에 대해서 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연구 대상자는 건강한 20대 젊은 남성 30명을 대상으로, 삼차원동작분석기(VICON MX System)와 근전도기(MP-100)를 이용하여 마시는 동작의 관절가동범위, 속도, 근활성도를 측정하였다. 결과 : 물 마시기 수행 중 컵을 잡는 동안 어깨에서 최대 내전과 팔꿈치의 최대 신전이 나타났고, 마시는 동안 어깨에서는 최대 굴곡 및 외전이 팔꿈치에서는 최대 굴곡이 나타났다. 뻗기 단계에서 각 관절의 각도 변화에 대해 피어슨상관계수(pearson product-moment correlation coefficient)를 이용한 결과 어깨와 팔꿈치사이에서 (r=-.904), 어깨와 손목사이에서(r=.722), 팔꿈치와 손목사이에서(r=-.700)로 통계학적으로 유의한 상관관계를 나타냈다(p<.05). 입으로 가져오기 단계에서는 위쪽등세모근(7.31%)과 위팔두갈래근(1.60%)이 가장 높은 활성도를 보였고, 정리하기, 마시기, 뻗기 단계에서 각각 위팔세갈래근(.43%), 중간어깨세모근(1.33%), 긴노쪽손목폄근(2.20%)에서 활성도가 높게 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구는 작업치료사가 중추신경계 및 근 골격계 환자의 치료 계획 및 치료 전략을 설정 시 적용 될 수 있으며, 또한 치료적 중재 후 상지 움직임 향상에 대한 평가의 기초자료로 이용 될 수 있을 것이라고 사료 된다.

본 논문에서는 S60MC-C 선박용 다실린더 엔진의 구조해석을 위한 기구학적인 분석에 대해 서술하였다. 구조해석을 위해 프레임박스에 작용하는 측력과 크랭크 저널베어링에 작용하는 반력이 필요하다. 각각의 동적인 작용력을 구하기 위해, 선박용 엔진 내부의 구동부를 마찰이 없는 평판의 운동으로 가정하고, 단실린더에 대해 동역학적인 평형관계를 이용하여 엔진 구동시의 크랭크 각도별 작용력을 구하였다. 단실린더에서의 하중조건을 바탕으로 특정 시점에서 각각의 실린더에 작용하는 하중을 구하기 위해 크랭크암의 각도의 차이를 이용하였다. 구조해석을 위해 프레임박스의 응력 변화에 큰 영향을 줄 것으로 판단되는 8개의 각도를 선정하였다.

The aim of this study was to investigate the kinematics of young adults during descent ramp climbing at different inclinations. Twenty-three subjects descended four steps at four different inclinations (level, -8˚, -16˚, -24˚). The 3-D kinematics were measured by a camera-based Falcon System. The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the Student-Newman-Keuls test. The kinematics of descent ramp walking could be clearly distinguished from the kinematics of level walking. On a sagittal plane, the ankle joint was more plantar flexed at initial contact with -16˚/-24˚ inclination, was decreased in the toe off position with all inclinations (p<.001),and was decreased at maximum plantar flexion during the swing phase (p<.001). The knee joint was more flexed at initial contact with the -24˚ inclination (p<.001), was more flexed in the toe off position with all inclinations (p<.001), and was more flexed at minimum flexion during stance phase and at maximum flexion during swing phase with -16˚, -24˚ inclination (p<.001). The hip joint was more flexed in the toe off position with -16˚, -24˚ inclination and was deceased at maximum extension during stance phase with -16˚, -24˚ inclination (p<.05). In the frontal plane, the ankle joint was more everted at maximum eversion during stance phase with -16˚, -24˚ inclination (p<.01) and was decreased at maximum inversion during swing phase with -16˚, -24˚ inclination (p<.01). The knee joint was more increased at maximum varus during stance phase with -16˚, -24˚ inclination (p<.001). The hip joint was deceased at maximum adduction during stance phase with -24˚ inclination (p<.05). In a horizontal plane, only the knee joint was increased at maximum internal rotation during stance phase with -24˚ inclination (p<.05). In descent ramp walking, the different gait patterns occurred at an inclination of over 16˚ on the descending ramp in the sagittal and frontal planes. These results suggest that there is a certain inclination angle or angular range where subjects do switch between level walking and descent ramp walking gait patterns.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of three different pelvic tilts on sit-to-stand ativities and to suggest a new therapeutic approach for movement reeducation in patients who have difficulty with sit-to-stand activities. The three different pelvic tilts were: (1) comfortable pelvic tilt sit-to-stand (CPT STS), (2) posterior pelvic tilt sit-to-stand (PPT STS) and (3) anterior pelvic tilt sit-to-stand (APT STS). To analyze the kinematic component of STS, a motion analysis system (Zebris) was applied to the ankle, knee, hip joint, and thigh-off area. Also, to determine the onset time of muscle contraction, surface electrodes were placed to the rectus femoris muscle (RF), the vastus lateralis muscle (VL), the biceps femoris muscle (BF), the tibialis anterior muscle (TA), the gastrocnemius muscle (GCM), and the soleus muscle (SOL). One-way repeated ANOVA was used for the statistical analysis. First, significant differences were found in kinematic variables for the hip, knee, ankle joint, and thigh-off among the three activities. Second, there was significant difference in muscle activation pattern in TA. VL. and BF among three activities. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest the following evaluative and therapeutic approach for STS activity: (1) Changes in knee and ankle joints should be prioritized and recruitment order differences in VL and RF can be generated to accomplish abnormal STS activity. (2) APT STS can be introduced for movement efficiency and functional advantage when abnormal STS is treated.

본 연구는 하퇴의지 착용자와 정상 성인간의 시간-거리, 운동형상학 변수를 조사하고 비교하기 위하여 실시하였다. 연구 대상자는 외상으로 인한 하퇴 절단자로서 내골격식 하퇴의지를 착용하고 독립적으로 보행이 가능한 20명과 연령, 신장으로 짝짓기한 대조군(matched control group) 20명이 참여하였다. 보행분석은 Vicon Clinical Manager Software (VCM)를 내장한 PC에 5개의 카메라가 연결되어 있는 Vicon 512

이 연구의 목적은 수직착지시 성에 따른 슬관절 가동범위의 차이를 알아보는 것이다. 연구 대상자는 20대의 건강한 성인 48명(남자 25명, 여자 23명)이었다. 연구 대상자에게 40 cm 높이에서 한발로 뛰어내리도록 하고, 2차원 동작측정 기구인 CMS-HS를 이용하여 수직착지시 슬관절의 굴곡각도, 최대 슬관절 굴곡각도, 슬관절의 가동 범위, 각속도를 측정한 후, 남 여 두 집단간의 차이를 알아보았다. 이때 사용한 분석방법은 독립적인 두 표본 t-검정이