Understanding the landscapes and the elements that make up the landscapes can help us understand the entire natural ecosystems and biodiversity. Landscape ecology has been studied since the past. however, many studies are conducted on single landscapes, and comparative studies between landscapes are few. We compared insect species diversity and community structure within a single plant community across landscapes and habitat. Additionally, identify environmental factors that affect diversity. Our results showed that above-ground and below-ground insect communities were clearly distinguished. Additionally, species diversity was high below-ground in all landscapes. Insect community structures across landscapes did not differ in above-ground. However, below-ground, the urban was differentiated from the forest and agricultural land. We identified the urbanization indices GMIS and PHBASE as factors responsible for these difference.

본 연구는 1980년부터 2022년까지 국내에서 출판된 조경 시공 분야 관련 논문들을 대상으로 텍스트 마이닝 기반의 핵심 단어 분석 프로그램인 VOSviewer를 이용하여 연구 경향을 분석하였다. 연구 결과 첫째, ‘조경 시공’과 관련된 연구논문은 총 226편이며, 연평균 5.8편이 발표되었다. 이는 1980년대 이후 조경학 관련 학회 수의 증가 및 다양화, 조경 산업 확대에 따른 조경 시공, 공법, 재료 등의 연구 기회와 필요성 증가 등에 따라 점진적으로 증가하는 경향을 보인 것으로 사료된다. 둘째, 조경 시공과 관련된 동시 출현 빈도가 높은 핵심 단어를 분석한 결과, Plant, Management, Improvement, Species 등의 순으로 나타났다. 또한, 연관성이 높은 핵심 단어 간의 네트워크를 분석한 결과, ‘사후관리, 기능개선’, ‘식생, 생육환경’, ‘공간, 이용성’, ‘시공성, 경제성’ 등 4개 주제로 연구 영역이 분류되었다. 셋째, ‘조경 시공’과 관련된 주요 연구영역별로 시간의 흐름에 기반하여 연구 경향 변화를 분석한 결과, 시대 변화에 따라 점차 다양한 주제를 포용하는 경향을 보였으나, 4차 산업혁명 시대에 걸맞도록 첨단 스마트 기술을 접목한 조경 시공·유지관리 기술 및 기후변화를 고려한 소재, 공법 개발 등에 대한 연구가 활발히 이루어져야 할 것이다. 본 연구는 조경 시공 분야에 대해 국내에서 최초로 빅데이터 기반의 서지 분석을 통해 연구 경향을 분석하였다는 점에서 의미가 있으며, 조경 산업의 사회적 패러다임과 기술 트랜드 변화 추이를 고려하여 조경 시공 분야의 발전적인 연구방향 도출을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있다.

이 연구는 대학캠퍼스의 구성원의 풍부한 감성․기억․체험을 통해서 습득된 캠퍼스의 시각과 청각의 경관에 대한 이미지를 형성하는 심리적 요인을 찾아내어 경관 평가를 위한 의미구조를 파악하는 것, 그리고 대학 캠퍼스의 시각과 청각 경관의 만족도에 영향을 미치는 평가 요인에 대한 상대적 중요도를 파악하는 데 목표가 있다. 전남대학교 용봉캠퍼스 구성원들을 대상으로 설문조사하여 시각과 청각의 경관 이미지에 대한 평가요인과 상대적 중요도를 분석하였다. 시각 경관의 이미지는 활력․정취, 매력성, 청결성, 현대성, 통일성, 복잡성, 개방성의 7가지 요인이 관여하고, 시각 경관의 만족도에 영향을 미치는 중요도는 매력성> 활력․정취>청결성>현대성>통일성>개방성의 순으로 구성된다. 청각 경관의 이미지는 정감, 활기, 평온성, 변동성의 4가지 요인이 관여하고, 청각 경관의 만족도에 영향을 미치는 중요도는 정감>평온성>활기>변동성의 순으로 구성된다. 종합만족도에 미치는 영향은 시각 경관의 만족도가 청각 경관의 만족도보다 약간 높은 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구로부터 전남대학교 용봉캠퍼스의 구성원들이 파악하는 시각과 청각의 경관 이미지의 표현이 어떤 의미나 가치를 나타내고 있는지 확인가능하며, 심리적 경관의 이미지를 어떻게 물리적 가치로 치환해 낼 수 있는 지는 추후의 과제로 남아있다. 이 연구는 이제까지 양적으로 크게 성장해 온 대학캠퍼스의 경관의 문제를 보다 질적인 측면으로 확대하고 다가올 미래의 경관 문제를 종합적으로 파악하고 해결하기 위한 시도이다. 또한 지금까지 시각에만 머물러 있거나 의존해 왔던 경관 연구를 청각이라는 소리풍경(soundscape)의 문제로 확대한다는 점에서 기존의 경관 연구를 한 단계 발전시킬 수 있다는 점에 의의가 있다.

This study aims to interpret the transformation of location, spatial structure, and landscape characteristics of the political and administrative center in Naju. Based on an analysis of the town plan using old maps, cadastral maps, excavation survey maps, and aerial images, the transformation process of the center is divided into three phases: first, the local structure centered on the Bannam area and Dashidl Bokamri area from the Mahan to Unified Silla period had a landscape characteristic of mixed mountain fortresses and surrounding living and burial areas. Second, the local structure centered on the Naju-wall in the Goryeo Dynasty whose administrative facilities and living spaces were distributed around the plain wall surrounding Kumseong Mountain, Youngsan River, and Naju River. Third, the local structure centered on Naju-eupseong in the Joseon period whose administrative facilities and living spaces were distributed in the wall had structural complexity with acidity and flatness. In particular, Naju-eupseong in the late Joseon period was completed through continuous reconstruction and expansion from the foundation of Naju-wall in the Goryeo Dynasty.

This study analyzes the structure and meaning of the landscape expressed in the Sangrimshipgyeong poem composed by King Jeongjo, which describes the Donggwol back garden in the Joseon Dynasty. The study conclusions are as follows: the landscape contents of Sangrimshipgyeong were evenly distributed in the Donggwol back garden, and jeongs, gaks, and dangs are set as view points. The landscape objects of Sangrimshipgyeong consisted of behaviors and the natural phenomena of four seasons. The poem primarily depicted daytime scene. The landscapes were distributed over the four seasons, with four spring landscapes, four autumn landscapes, one summer landscape, and one snowy landscape. The landscape structure expressed in Sangrimshipgyeong appeared to be formed around a limited view point of the building. However, the objects did not intermittently exist, but maintained organic relations in one context. It is organic and harmonious in that interplay was visualized as the pavilion extends to nature, and nature comes into the pavilion. The depiction of Sangrimshipgyeong was not only very suggestive in terms of showing the hopes and dreams of the royal culture of the Joseon Dynasty, but also interesting because they were based on the condensed ideological symbolism of a specific cultural group. Sangrimshipgyeong expresses amusement and responsiveness to the scene based on the understanding of nature in the limited space of a palace back garden. It was also full of dynamic poetic language, such as encouragement of agriculture, sericulture, rain-calling, and highest- level state examination. Sangrimshipgyeong is interpreted as a symbol of ideology and a desired landscape reflecting the cosmic resonance of political affairs and moral cultivation of a king or an heir to the throne.

This study evaluated Jichang Garden in China, which features various visual arrangements for landscape experiences. The purpose of the study was to understand concrete landscape arrangement methods and structure and to analyze the landscape experience therein. The results indicated the following elements. Water spaces in Jichang Garden created synesthetic multi-layers constructed by the sounds of the Eight-pitch stream. A multi-layer landscape structure was created through symmetrical and borrowed landscapes displayed in the buildings centering on the pond. The pot-planting landscape reveals axial and complementing landscapes that extract and separate aesthetic objects from plain walls and distracting surroundings to evoke the profound beauty of mountains and waters. By creating walkways and frameworks, the corridors serve as dividing landscapes that create a sense of direction and dynamics and divide landscapes. The moon gate and openwork windows create visual frameworks, while the overlapping of the framed and window landscapes creates a sense of depth, making the space more intriguing. First, the landscape experience, with framing and layering features, offer visual diversity and illusions. One may find Jichang Garden full of stories and landscapes as it often creates illusions to separate spaces while maintaining the atmosphere through the landscape composition and overlapping unusual layers. Second, Jichang Garden offers the experience of dynamic visual perception. In doing so, Jichang Garden combines standstill and mobile views, which offers opportunities and occasions for each individual to create different layers. Third, to recapitulate huge mountains and waters in nature, Jichang Garden overlaps a range of visual layers, reminiscent of nature outside the garden.

본 연구는 부산광역시 지정 기념물 제 46호인 동백섬에 대해 문화경관림으로서의 식생관리방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구대상지는 동백섬 내 자연휴식년제 지역인 정상부 주변 20,000㎡이었다. 지형, 식생, 식생관리현황을 기준으로 식생구조 유형을 분류하였으며 유형별 식물군집구조 분석을 통해 관리방안을 도출하였다. 식생구조 유형은 관리되고 있는 동백나무림, 관리되지 않은 사스레피나무림, 험준지의 미관리된 사스레피나무림 등 3개로 구분되었으며, 식물군집 구조 분석결과, 교목층에서는 곰솔이 우점하였고 아교목층에서는 동백나무(유형Ⅰ), 사스레피나무(유형Ⅱ, Ⅲ)가 우점하였다. 특히, 관목층을 중심으로 난대림의 극상수종인 후박나무가 일부 분포하였다. 흉고직경급별 분석결과, 유형Ⅰ, Ⅱ에서 중경목의 팽나무와 후박나무가 일부 분포하였고 모든 유형의 관목층에서 후박나무가 4~44주 생육하였다. 교목층의 평균 수령은 66년, 아교목층은 22.9년이었으며 종다양도는 0.5472~0.8646로 분석되었다. 동백섬의 식생관리 방향으로서 기존 관리된 동백나무림은 주기적인 관리를 유지하며 관리되지 않은 사스레피나무림은 사스레피나무를 제거하고 동백나무를 식재하는 관리를 제안하였다. 관리되지 않은 험준지 사스레피나무림은 동백나무경관 형성이 불가능 할 것으로 예측되어 상록활엽수림으로의 천이유도 방안을 제시하였다.

Modern railway construction by Japanese had a great influence on the urbanization, transformation of urban structure and landscape during the Japanese imperialism and compressive increasing period in Iri(Iksan). This paper aims to find out the effect of railway on the modern urban structure and urban landscape in Iri(Iksan). Railways in Iri, Honam railway, Kunsan railway, Jeonla railway have been constructed progressively during 1911 and 1915 with Iri and old Iri(east-Iri) station. From the analysis of land registration maps and street plans, old photographies and historical records, some significant features underling railway construction can be followed in view of modern urbanization process in Iri. Firstly railways cut off the possibility of developing urban structure based on traditional spatial structure of Iksan. Secondly railways made dual spatial structure in Iri. Japanese and Korean life zone were divided into separate district around urbanization area and market place. Thirdly traditional space cognition system based on four cardinal directions were changed to front and rear space of railway station. Fourthly railways and stations caused neo-baroque spatial order and imperialistic urban landscape of Iri with axis, vista and gridiron plan. Fifthly break points and fringe belts garbling modern urbanization process are created. Sixthly modern cultural and consumptive urban spaces were taken their seats in relation with daily urban life.

This study was conducted to examine the community structure of ground beetles between coniferous and deciduous forest in rural landscapes along latitudinal gradient, such as Miryang-si, Yeongdong-gun, Icheon-si, and Cheolwon-gun from April to October in 2009. A total of 19 species belonging to 15 genera of 9 subfamilies were identified from 6,253 collected ground beetles. Between forest stands, 14 species belonging to 10 genera of 7 subfamilies were identified from 2,874 ground beetles in coniferous forests and 14 species belonging to 11 genera of 7 subfamilies were identified from 3,379 ground beetles in deciduous forests. Dominant species from 4 regions were Synuchus nitidus (59.4% of total) and Synuchus cyloderus (28.5%) respectively. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) showed no difference between forest stands, but it was significantly different among regions. Non-metric multidimensional scaling showed that 8 study sites were divergence to 2 major groups between Miryang-si and the others. Overall, community structure of ground beetles showed no difference between forest stands. In conclusion, rural forests is being discussed about important role in biodiversity conservation such as refuge from human activity, and thus, studies on the community structure of ground beetles in the rural forests will be important to manage the biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, because ground beetles are well known for general predator groups in the ecosystems.

Landscape structure is important to understand a complex patterns and interaction with adjacent habitat in rural area. The aim of this study is to analyze relationship between landscape structure and insect spatial distribution in rural area to suggest applicable possibility of landscape structure as biological indicator. For this purpose, first, four landscape structure criteria such as distance from the forest; density of farmland-forest ecotone; landscape continuity; and field size are selected. Secondly, these criteria are applied to Gangsang-myeon, Yangpyeong-gun where mosaic feature are conserved at various spatial scale. Thirdly, application of landscape structure criteria is verified using correlation with species number, species diversity, and species richness of insect. As a result, it could be suggested that the landscape structure criteria are useful for explaining insect spatial distribution.

The goal of this research is to evaluate landscape-ecological characteristics of watersheds in the Nakdong River Basin by using Geogaphic Information System (GIS) and landscape indices for integation of spatio-temporal informations and multivariate statistical techniques for quantitative analysis of forest landscape. Fragmentation index and change matrix techniques using factor analysis and grid overlay method were used to efficiently analyze and manage huge amount of information for ecological-environmental assessment (land-cover and forest landscape patterns). According to the results based on the pattern analysis of land-cover changes using the change detection matrix between 1980s and 1990s, addition on 750km2 became urbanized areas. The altered 442.04km2 was agricultural areas which is relatively easy for shifting of land-use, and 205.1km2 of forests became urbanized areas, and average elevation and slope of the whole altered areas were 75m and 4˚. On the other hand, 120km2 of urban areas were changed into other areas (i.e., agricultural areas and green space), and fortunately, certain amount of naturalness had been recovered. But still those agricultural areas and fallow areas, which were previously urban areas, had high potential of re-development for urbanization due to their local conditions. According to the structural analysis of forest landscape using the landscape indices, the forest fragmentation of watersheds along the main stream of the Nakdong River was more severe than my other watersheds. Furthermore, the Nakdong-sangju and Nakdong-miryang watersheds had unstable forest structures as well as least amount of forest quantity. Thus, these areas need significant amount of forest through a new forest management policy considering local environmental conditions.

The purpose of this study is to analyze seasonal changes in structure and landscape of Gongji stream corridor in Chuncheon, and to suggest some guidelines to contribute to creating a desirable close-to- nature stream. The study seasonally surveyed floodplain and revetment conditions, channel micro-topography, streamflow level and velocity, and vegetational cover. Flooding, water level, and vegetation were major factors of affecting seasonal changes in streambed structure and stream landscape. Small sand bars and islands were considerably disturbed by flooding and water level change. However, large islands and sand bars in the upper and middle section of the study stream remained or reappeared even after flooding. Flooding also tended to repeat channel sedimentation at the same spot. Controlling water volume of the Euiam Lake, which is adjacent to the study stream, caused higher water level downstream in the dry seasons. The majority of vegetation in sand bars and islands was washed away by the floods. Vehicle passing, crop cultivation, and ball game were other elements which disturbed vegetation in the floodplain. Creating a close-to-nature stream should reflect micro-topographical changes of channel by flooding, prevent improper vehicle entry and human use, and remove concrete material in the revetment and floodplain.