One disadvantage of deep cycle flooded lead-acid batteries is increasing water loss caused by use of (+) Pb-Sb / () Pb-Sb alloy grid. Water loss is generated by the emission of hydrogen gas from the () electrode during battery charging. In this paper, we maintain cycle life aspect through the development of hybrid flooded lead-acid batteries to which a (+) Pb- Sb / () Pb-Ca grid is applied and deal with the improvement of water loss. The amount of water loss compared to that of the () Pb-Sb grid decreased when Ca was added to the () Pb grid. For the () Pb-Ca grid, it was confirmed that the time to reach 0.0 V, at which water decomposition occurs, was increased compared to that of the () Pb-Sb grid at the NPV (Negative Potential Voltage). In the cycle life test conducted with the BCI (Battery Council International) standard, compared to the (+) Pb-Ca grid, the (+) Pb-Sb grid increased the life cycle of the batteries and the (+) Pb-Ca grid showed an early end of life due to PbO corrosion layer generation, as determined through SEM / EDS and Tear Down analysis. In conclusion, by addition of Sb to (+) Pb grid and Ca to () Pb grid, we developed a hybrid flooded lead-acid battery that meets user requirements to improve water loss characteristics and preserve cycle life characteristics.

To cope with automobile exhaust gas regulations, ISG and charging control systems are applied to HEV vehicles for the purpose of improving fuel economy. These systems require quick charge-discharge performance of high current. Therefore, a Module of the AGM battery with high energy density and EDLC(Electric Double Layer Capacitor) with high power density are constructed to study the charging and discharging behavior. In CCA, which evaluates the starting performance at -18 oC & 30 oC with high current, EDLC contributed for about 8 sec at the beginning. At 0 oC CA (Charge Acceptance), the initial Charging current of the AGM/EDLC Module, is twice that of the AGM lead acid battery. To play the role of EDLC during high-current rapid charging and discharging, the condition of the AGM lead-acid battery is optimally maintained. As a result of a Standard of Battery Association of Japan (SBA) S0101 test, the service life of the Module of the AGM Lead Acid Battery/EDLC is found to improve by 2 times compared to that of the AGM Lead Acid Battery.

To cope with automobile exhaust gas regulations, ISG (Idling Stop & Go) and charging control systems are applied to HEVs (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) for the purpose of improving fuel economy. These systems require quick charge/discharge performance at high current. To satisfy this characteristic, improvement of the positive electrode plate is studied to improve the charge/discharge process and performance of AGM(Absorbent Glass Mat) lead-acid batteries applied to ISG automotive systems. The bonding between grid and A.M (Active Material) can be improved by applying the Sand-Blasting method to provide roughness to the surface of the positive grid. When the Sand-Blasting method is applied with conditions of ball speed 1,000 rpm and conveyor speed 5 M/min, ideal bonding is achieved between grid and A.M. The positive plate of each condition is applied to the AGM LAB (Absorbent Glass Mat Lead Acid Battery); then, the performance and ISG life characteristics are tested by the vehicle battery test method. In CCA, which evaluates the starting performance at -18 oC and 30 oC with high current, the advanced AGM LAB improves about 25 %. At 0 oC CA (Charge Acceptance), the initial charging current of the advanced AGM LAB increases about 25 %. Improving the bonding between the grid and A.M. by roughening the grid surface improves the flow of current and lowers the resistance, which is considered to have a significant effect on the high current charging/discharging area. In a Standard of Battery Association of Japan (SBA) S0101 test, after 300 A discharge, the voltage of the advanced AGM LAB with the Sand-Blasting method grid was 0.059 V higher than that of untreated grid. As the cycle progresses, the gap widens to 0.13 V at the point of 10,800 cycles. As the bonding between grid and A.M. increases through the Sand Blasting method, the slope of the discharge voltage declines gradually as the cycle progresses, showing excellent battery life characteristics. It is believed that system will exhibit excellent characteristics in the vehicle environment of the ISG system, in which charge/discharge occurs over a short time.

The performance characteristics of a lead acid battery are investigated with the content of Sodium Perborate Tetrahydrate (SPT, NaBO3·4H2O) in a positive plate active material. SPT, which reacts with water to form hydrogen peroxide, is applied as an additive in the positive plate active material to increase adhesion between the substrate (positive plate) and the active material; this phenomenon is caused by a chemical reaction on the surface of substrate. A positive plate with the increasing content of SPT is prepared to compare its properties. It is confirmed that the oxide layer increases at the interface between the substrate and the active material with increasing content of SPT; this is proven to be an oxide layer through EDS analysis. Battery performance is confirmed: when SPT content is 2.0 wt%, the charging acceptance and high rate discharge properties are improved. In addition, the lifetime performance according to the Standard of Battery Association of Japan (SBA) S0101 test is improved with increasing content of SPT.

납축전지 활물질 제작 공정 중 숙성공정에서 온도 제어를 통해 활물질 결정 크기를 제어할 수 있고, 생성된 활물질에 따라 초기 성능 향상, 내구성능 향상 효과를 얻을 수 있었다. 숙성반응 후 생성된 활물 중 3BS는 초기성능에는 유리 하였고, 4BS의 경우 초기 성능은 불리하였으나 내구 성능이 3BS활물질에 비해 48% 향상 되었다. 자동차용 납축전지를 ISG시스템이 적용된 자동차에 사용하기 위해 평가하는 DOD17.5% 수명시험 평가 결과, 일반 자동차 시동용으로 널리 사용하고 있는 Flooded 납축전는 적합하지 않은 것으로 확인 되었고, AGM 납축전지가 적합한 것으로 확인되었다. 그리고 3BS 활물질을 적용한 AGM 납축전지에 비해 4BS 활물질을 적용한 AGM 납축전지가 내구력이 우수하여 ISG 시스템에 적용된 자동차에 적합한 것으로 확인 되었다.

Positive plate was composed of lead hydroxide via reaction between lead oxide and H2O and lead sulfate was formed of the reaction of lead hydroxide with sulfuric acid. And its density is 3.8 g/cm3, 4.0 g/cm3, 4.2 g/cm3 and 4.4 g/cm3 by controlling volume of refined water. Curing of positive plate is done for low (45℃, 40hr, over 95% of relative humidity) & high (80℃, 40hr, over 95% of relative humidity) temperature, which created 3BS & 4BS active materials. Experimental result of DOD with 100% life cycle test shows that it was not related to the density of active materials but to the low & high temperature aging of active materials. The test makes us to understand that the crystallization which is made by curing of active materials is a more of a main factor than density of active materials under the deep cycle using circumstances. The active materials which were from the high temperature curing are better for deep cycle performance.

The influence of red lead(Pb3O4) to curing and formation reaction properties when it was added in positive material of lead acid battery for vehicle use has been investigated. At the results, it was confirmed that the addition of red lead led 4BS crystal size to be smaller and increased the rates of 4BS formation and Pb consumption. Consequently the curing time was shortened to half compared with that of red lead-free one. In addition to this, the lead acid battery prepared by adding red lead showed 14% higher efficiency at the life cycle test than that without red lead.

This study investigates the paste mixing of positive active materials which, affect the life cycle of batteries in Pb-Ca-Sn grids, and generation of 4BS in a curing process and considers the effects of these things on the initial charge characteristics and life cycle. In the results of the experiments applied in this study, it was possible to reduce the curing time in which the fine 4BS was formed by the mixing of the positive active materials of lead acid battery applied at high temperature compared to that of the existing coarse 4BS and that represented some improvements in the life cycle performance.

In this study, positive plates of lead acid battery of Pb-Ca alloy and Pb-Ca-Sn alloy were fabricated and the mechanical characteristics of positive plates were measured. This study observed how the changes of content of Ca & Sn affect interface corrosion which is located in between grid & active materials and lead acid batteries as well. The mechanical characteristics of grid alloy is better when Ca is 0.05 wt.% then 0.1 wt.%. This study said that the corrosion rate between the active material based on the charge/discharge cycle of lead acid battery and grid interface is much faster than a grid which contains Sn. And furthermore, according to the study the rate 30 of Sn/Ca which is added to grid shows the best performance.

This study was conducted to made a grid alloy (Pb-Ca-Sn-Al) which has a temporary composition ratio in order to improve the efficiency of lead acid batteries. The positive activity material made a 3BS(tri-basic lead sulfate; 3PbO·PbSO4·H2O) by a low temperature curing and it evaluates the plate efficiency through the life cycle testing. The initial current capacity of low temperature curing plate was excellent but the life cycle was not good (S1). As for the S2 plate, however, the initial current capacity and the life cycle were superior.

Generally, it has been known that positive plate efficiency is the most influential effect on the initial current capacity of lead acid battery. Thus, in this study, we have investigated the curing effect of the positive plate, which is one of the important lead acid battery processes. The curing process of the positive plate is performed either with the separation of each plate with 1mm gap or with no gap of plate. As a result, when there is no interval between each plate, the higher temperature current happened than expected, resulting in the changes in the initial current efficiency of the lead acid battery. The chemical composition and crystal structure of a material coated on the positive plate were identified with XRD and SEM. It was resulted that were only there not a lot of 4BS (tetrabasic-lead sulfate, 4PbO·PbSO4) on the plate in case of curing of plates without interval, but a large quantity of Pb3O4 also formed on the surface. On the other hand, it was observed that 3BS (tribasic-lead sulface, 3PbO·PbSO4·H2O) was the main product on the plate in case of typical curing process with some interval. From the initial current capacity test, the positive plate having 3BS was approximately 40% higher in initial current capacity than that having 4BS. It was concluded that 4BS and Pb3O4 on the plate surface were harmful to the initial current capacity of lead acid battery.

The capacity and long life of gel electrolyte batteries is connected with gas recombination producting PbO2 and Pb electrode. We prepared with sulfuric acid gel electrolyte to know gel characteristics per density to assemble valve regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries. We studied on actions of sulphuric acid gel electrolyte by measuring electrolyte dispersion using Brewster-angle microscope (BAM), charge-discharge cycle, and electrode structure using scanning election microscope (SEM). Sulphuric acid density 1.210 showed excellent gel dispersion in sol condition, electrode condition after fifty cycles in this study.

The capacity and long life of gel electrolyte batteries is connected with gas recombination producting PbO2 and Pb electrode. We were prepared with phosphoric acid gel electrolyte to know gel characteristics per density to assemble VRLA batteries. We studied by measuring electrolyte dispersion using Brewster-angle microscope(BAM), charge-discharge cycle and electrode structure using scanning election microscope(SEM) per electrolyte density. As a results, phosphoric acid density 1.210 was excellent gel dispersion in sol condition, electrode condition after fifty cycles in this study.

Lead-acid battery is being most widely used with secondary battery because of its low price, and long life cycles. But According to using for a long time, its voltage, capacity, and recovery ability is decreased gradually. Therefore there are many papers about improving the property of a lead-acid battery. One of them is to slow down sulfation due to formation of inner PbSO sub(4) by adding inhibitor to electrolyte, however it was not well known what is inhibitor's composition and its role acting on both cathodic and anodic electrode because of its know-how of every country and companies. The purpose of this paper is to study about improvement of property of lead-acid battery by adding one of the inhibitor to H sub(2) SO sub(4) electrolyte.

Waste lead-acid batteries are recycled and turned into lead and plastics (polypropylene and ABS etc.) through collection, disassembly, crushing, sorting, and washing. In particular, lead is recovered from the scrap by recycling companies and used as raw material in a smelter. Refined lead from smelters is reused as a raw material in new products. It is highly valuable to recover effective metals from waste lead-acid batteries that contain a significant amount of lead under environmentally sound management. In this study, we investigated the composition change and its cause in the process of use and phased out products to understand the discharge characteristics of waste lead-acid batteries. We also suggest examining the correlation between the waste lead-acid battery and the recovered lead to estimate the potential amount of recoverable lead. Finally, we produced a strategic method for accelerating national resource circulation by comprehending the flow of resources and their residues from wastes and propose it as a policy in baseline data.

최근 원자재 가격 상승 및 자원부족 문제가 높아지면서 자원의 희소성과 특정 국가의 생산 집중도가 높아 자원보유국의 무기화 경향으로 인해 자원에 대한 공급 불안정은 점차 증가되고 있다. 이에 전 국가적으로 자원의 확보를 위해 자원순환에 대한 관심은 점점 높아지고 있으며, 특히 매년 발생되는 폐기물을 자원화 하는 폐기물 재활용 정책이 강화되면서 재활용에 대한 관심과 기술개발에 대한 활성화가 더욱더 필요한 전망이다. 우리나라는 대부분 광물자원을 대부분 수입(약 97%)에 의존하고 있기 때문에 더욱더 재활용에 대한 산업이 증가되고 있지만 폐기물 자체도 수입에 의존하고 있어 국제 협약과 관련되어 폐기물 수출･입 시 부정적 관리나 유통되는 부분에 대한 관리실태 파악과 국내에서 처리된 폐기물의 물질별 흐름파악이 필요하게 되었다. 수출･입 폐기물 중 국내에서 금속 회수를 위한 재활용량이 가장 높은 폐납산배터리를 선정하여 재활용에 대한 관리실태 파악 및 수출･입 실태를 조사하여 재활용된 폐납산배터리의 물질흐름도에 대해 조사하였다. ‘15년 국내 자동차 등록 대수는 2천만 대 이상이며, 국내등록양이 년 100∼130만대 이상이 증가되고 있다. 국내에서의 발생되는 폐납산배터리는 자동차 노후배터리 교체 및 폐차로 인해 주로 발생되며, 일부 산업용 배터리와 배터리 제조회사의 불량품 및 수입제품의 완구류에서 적은 양이 매년 국내에서 발생되고 있다. 해외에서의 자동차 및 산업용 폐납산배터리의 수입량은 매년 증가되고 있으며, ‘15년 기준 410천톤 이상 국내로 수입되어 재활용 처리되어지고 있다. 그러나 국내로 수입되어 재활용 처리되면서 회수되는 금속자원 및 기타자원에 대한 통계가 명확하게 파악되지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 국내로 수입되는 폐납산배터리의 재활용 회수 기술 등을 조사하고 수출･입 및 국내 발생량을 산정하여 국내에서 소비 및 수출되는 연괴(납: Pb)의 양과 폐납산배터리를 재활용하여 회수된 폐금속자원 등의 물질흐름을 파악하여 국내에서의 연간 폐납산배터리의 발생량을 추계하고 납산배터리의 재활용을 통한 국내 금속자원 등의 국내 물질별 흐름도 및 국내 대체율(Replacement rate)을 조사하였다.