Detection and sizing of defects are very important for structure life management base on fracture mechanics. The non-destructive inspection techniques based on the induced current field measurement are newly developed. This paper describes the results obtained by these techniques for artificial surface defects. In the case of the RICFM technique, the potential drop distribution around a surface defects was measured as a smaller potential drop than that in a place without a defect. This potential drop showed a minimum value at the defect location, and the absolute value of this minimum value increases depending on the depth of the defect. In the case of the FEF technique, the potential difference distribution for surface defects was measured as a maximum at the location of the defect. This maximum value showed a difference depending on the depth of the defect.

In this study, non-destructive technologies that can be applied to evaluate the integrity of valve materials, safety against internal pressure caused by corrosion, and the blocking function of large-diameter water valves during operation without requiring specimen collection or manpower entering the inside of the valve were tested to assess the reliability of the technologies and their suitability for field application. The results showed that the condition of the graphite structure inside the valve body can be evaluated directly through the optical microscope in the field without specimen collection for large-diameter water butterfly valves, and the depth of corrosion inside the valve body can be determined by array ultrasound and the tensile strength can be measured by instrumented indentation test. The reliability of each of these non-destructive techniques is high, and they can be widely used to evaluate the condition of steel or cast iron pipes that are significantly smaller in thickness than valves. Evaluation of blocking function of the valves with mixed gas showed that it can be detected even when a very low flow rate of mixed gas passes through the disk along with the water flow. Finally, as a result of evaluating the field applicability of non-destructive technologies for three old butterfly valves installed in the US industrial water pipeline, it was found that it is possible to check the material and determine the suitability of large-diameter water valves without taking samples, and to determine the corrosion state and mechanical strength. In addition, it was possible to evaluate safety through the measurement results, and it is judged that the evaluation of the blocking function using mixed gas will help strengthen preventive response in the event of an accident.

Parrots have been threatened by global trade to meet their high demand as pets. Controlling parrot trade is essential because parrots play a vital role in the ecosystem. Accurate species identification is crucial for controlling parrot trade. Parrots have been traded as eggs due to their advantages of lower mortality rates and more accessible transport than live parrots. A molecular method is required to identify parrot eggs because it is difficult to perform identification using morphological features. In this study, DNAs were obtained from 43 unidentified parrot eggs using a non-destructive sampling method. Partial cytochrome b (CYTB ) gene was then successfully amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Sequences newly obtained in the present study were compared to those available in the GenBank by database searching. In addition, phylogenetic analysis was conducted to identify species using available sequences in GenBank along with sequences reported in previous studies. Finally, the 43 parrot eggs were successfully identified as seven species belonging to two families and seven genera. This non-destructive sampling method for obtaining DNA and molecular identification might help control the trade of parrot eggs and prevent their illegal trade.

Non-destructive estimation of leaf area is a more efficient and convenient method than leaf excision. Thus, several models predicting leaf area have been developed for various horticultural crops. However, there are limited studies on estimating the leaf area of strawberry plants. In this study, we predicted the leaf areas via nonlinear regression analysis using the leaf lengths and widths of three-compound leaves in five domestic strawberry cultivars (‘Arihyang’, ‘Jukhyang’, ‘Keumsil’, ‘Maehyang’, and ‘Seollhyang’). The coefficient of determination (R2) between the actual and estimated leaf areas varied from 0.923 to 0.973. The R2 value varied for each cultivar; thus, leaf area estimation models must be developed for each cultivar. The leaf areas of the three cultivars ‘Jukhyang’, ‘Seolhyang’, and ‘Maehyang’ could be non-destructively predicted using the model developed in this study, as they had R2 values over 0.96. The cultivars ‘Arihyang’ and ‘Geumsil’ had slightly low R2 values, 0.938 and 0.923, respectively. The leaf area estimation model for each cultivar was coded in Python and is provided in this manuscript. The estimation models developed in this study could be used extensively in other strawberry-related studies.

PURPOSES: Spalling is one of the primary problems that lead to the damage of concrete pavements. The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact range of spalling that occurred in an area of concrete pavement by applying a variety of nondestructive and destructive testing methods. METHODS: Spalling of the concrete pavement was categorized into four different sizes, 0 cm, 7.5 cm, 15 cm, and 30 cm. Nondestructive and destructive tests were performed at the point of spalling and 1 m away, respectively, and the obtained results were compared. The nondestructive tests included the electrical resistance test and the ultrasonic velocity test as well as strength tests by Schmidt hammer and concrete tester. The destructive tests included the direct compressive strength test and the chloride content test using field cored specimens. The test results helped in the analysis of the correlation between the current spalling damage condition and the expected damage acceleration. RESULTS: Based on the present study, the repair area and depth of spalling for a partial depth repair was suggested. It was also shown that the size of the spalling is highly correlated with the chloride content and the electrical resistance of the concrete pavement. CONCLUSIONS: The degree of spalling deterioration was found to be highly correlated with the chloride content and electrical resistance of the concrete pavement and based on the results, the extent of repair could be determined more quantitatively.

The visual inspection device was developed for non-destructive test of piping from the inside. The developed components of the system can be classified as camera module, main body module named crawler module and system module. Because the system has driving part as electric motors, it can run not only the horizontal and vertical straight lines but also bend lines. The system has video processors, it can make it possible to display the video on the monitor and to save the video clips simultaneously. Several tests were performed to check the development objectives.

Plant physiological indices for Euryale ferox Salisb. an endangered aquatic plant from Gyeongsan Province, were analyzed in this study. The NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) was highest at 0.820 in Dongguji and lowest at 0.592 in Dongjaji; the SR (Simple Ratio) index was highest at 10.240 in Dongguji and lowest at 4.312 in Dongjaji; and the PRI (Photochemical Reflectance Index) was highest at 0.039 in Dongguji and lowest at −0.036 in Dongjaji. The CRI1 (Carotenoid Reflectance Index 1) index was in Sahwaji and Waji at 8.881 and 12.988, respectively, and the CRI2 (Carotenoid Reflectance Index 2) index was highest at 7.889 in Sahwaji and lowest at 11.889 in Dongjaji.

PURPOSES: It is theoretically well known all over the world, that porous hot mixed asphalt (HMA) with hydrated Lime improves moisture and rutting resistance, and reduces pothole occurrence frequency, as well as the life cycle cost (LCC). METHODS : Addictive in the two different formations of the liquid anti-stripping Agent and powder Hydrated-Lime was applied in this investigation in order to obtain relatively clear results according to their types and conditions. Firstly, the moisture conditions were set, and applied to the porous HMA mixtures with hydrated lime (anti-stripping agent). Next, it was followed by a non-destructive test with the application of three freeze-thaw cycles, which were individually carried out thrice to compare the results of the dynamic moduli. Lastly, the hydrated lime effect related to moisture sensibility to porous HMA has been verified through the analysis of the modulus results regarding the change rate of dynamic modulus per n-cycle. RESULTS: It is clear from this investigation, that the dynamic modulus is inversely proportional to the change in temperature, as the graph representing the rigidity of the thermorheologically simple (TRS) material showed gradual decline of the dynamic modulus with the increase in temperature. CONCLUSIONS: The porous HMA mixture with the anti-stripping agent (hydrated Lime) has been found to be more moisture resistant to freezing and thawing than the normal porous HMA mixture. It is clear that the hydrated lime helps the HMA mixture to improve its fatigue resistance.

본 연구에서는 서모소닉 시험을 위한 실용적이고 편리한 PZT 가진 시스템을 구축하고 그 특성을 평가하고자 하였다. PZT 가진기의 성능 평가 및 가진기와 시험체와의 다양한 연결방법의 효과에 대하여 평가하기 위한 실험 을 수행하였다. 실험은 서로 다른 두께를 가진 금속 플레이트를 이용하여 수행되었다. 본 논문에는 실험 장치 및 다양한 연결방법의 성능 시험 결과가 소개되었다. 실험 결과 가진기의 공진 주파수 근처에서 작은 입력 전압과 작은 힘을 이용하여 큰 변형률을 가진 다수의 모드를 가진 할 수 있었고 이 결과는 가진 중에 비선형 진동의 발 생 없이 서모소닉 시험을 위해 충분한 변형률을 얻을 수 있는 가능성을 보여준다. 결과적으로 결함 검출을 위해 작은 크기의 변형률이 필요한 시험체의 경우 작은 PZT 가진기가 간편하고 신뢰성 있는 가진 시스템을 제공 할 수 있다는 가능성을 보여주었다.

PURPOSES: This study is to evaluate the dynamic modulus changes of permeable asphalt mixtures by using non-destructive impact testing method and to compare the dynamic moduli of permeable asphalt mixtures through repeated freezing and thawing conditions. METHODS: For the study, non-destructive impact testing method is used in order to obtain dynamic modulus of asphalt specimen and to confirm the change of dynamic modulus before and after freezing and thawing conditions. RESULTS : This study has shown that the dynamic moduli of asphalt concrete specimens consisting of 10%, 15% and 20% porosity are reduced by 11.851%, 1.9564%, 24.593% after freezing and thawing cycles. CONCLUSIONS : Non-destructive impact testing method is very useful and has repeatability. Specimen with 15% porosity has high durability than others.

PURPOSES : This study is to evaluate moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures by using non-destructive impact wave and to determine durability so as to decrease the gap between before and after freezing in the future. METHODS : Using non-destructive impact wave, this study is to determine the dynamic modulus of asphalt specimen. Furthermore, the results obtained from two experiment accelerometers are used for the dynamic modulus determination. The dynamic moduli of specimens are compared with those of the freezing-thawing specimens. RESULTS : Test results showed that the dynamic modulus before freezing and thawing environment loads at each temperature dropped about 3.7% after the environmental loads. Furthermore, correlation analysis indicates that transition of dynamic modulus at each point is about 89.59%. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of asphalt mixtures using non-destructive impact wave has excellent repeatability and simple equipment for the test. Consequently, the method in the study will be useful for evaluating the characteristics of a various asphalt mixtures.

본 연구에서는 가시광 및 근적외선 초분광 반사광 영상 시스템을 이용하여 배추의 건전종자와 퇴화종자를 선별할 수 있는 기술 개발에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 초분광 반사광 영상을 이용하여 배추의 건전종자와 퇴화종자를 선별할 수 있는 최적의 반사광 파장 조합을 구명하고 이를 이용하여 퇴화종자를 검출할 수 있는 초분광 영상 알고리즘을 제시하였다. 본 논문의 전체적인 결론을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 가) 배추의 건전종자와 퇴화종자를 구별하기 위해 초분광 반사광 스펙트럼을 이용하여 PLS-DA 모델을 개발하고 성능평가를 수행하였다. Calibration set의 분류 정확도 97.6%이고 test set의 분류 정확도는 96.9% 이었다. 나) 배추의 건전종자와 퇴화종자를 분류하는데 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 파장대는 680 nm로 확인 되었으며, 이는 배추종자가 퇴화하는 과정에서 발생하는 chlorophyll 변화의 영향으로 사료된다. 다) 개발한 PLS-DA모델의 beta coefficient를 적용한 PLS의 영상을 이용하여 건전종자와 퇴화종자를 선별한 결과 분류정확도 96.8%로 육안 및 일반 컬러 카메라로 선별하기 힘든 배추의 퇴화종자 검출이 가능한 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

케일 잎의 내적 품질 중 비타민 C, 질산염, P, Ca, Mg, Fe 함량은 기존의 보고와 유사하였고, 이중 채소 품질로서 가장 큰 관심이 되고 있는 질산염은 100g 생체 중 139~429 mg으로 나타났으며, 비타민 C 함량은 역시 생체 100g당 106~203 mg으로 나타났다. 상대적 엽록소 함량과 케일 잎의 내적품질과 엽색과의 관계를 분석해 본 결과 상대적 엽록소와 b 수치가 내적 품질 중 질산염, 마그네슘, 철과 같은 엽록소와 관계 깊은 요인, 그리고 비타민 C 함량과 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 이 중 질산염 함량은 상대적 엽록소 함량과 r = 0.910** (질산염 함량 =5.907** 상대적 엽록소 함량 + 21.55), 그리고 b 수치와는 r = -0.901**의 고도의 음의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 비타민 C 함량도 상대적 엽록소와 r = -0.858**의 고도의 상관관계를 보였다. 내적 품질간의 상관관계에서는 질산염 함량이 적을수록 비타민 C함량이 높아져 r = -0.795**의 고도의 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 따라서 재배중 비파괴적인 상대적 엽록소 측정으로 케일 잎의 질산염 등의 내적 품질의 예측이 가능하며 이를 통한 시비관리로 보건적 가치가 높은 저 질산염, 고 비타민 C의 케일생산이 가능해 질 것이라 생각된다.