본 연구는 스트렙토조토신에 의해 유도한 당뇨병, 알코올성 간 손상 실험용 랫드에서 혈액 지질 감소, 당뇨병 및 알코올성 간 손상 예방에 미치는 지장김치 추출물의 경구투여 효과를 조사하였다. 당뇨병 모델동물에서, 혈액 지질 프로파일, ALT, AST 수준은 DC (당뇨병 대조군)와 비교할 때 김치추출물 투여군에서 낮아졌으며 혈당은 DCJK (DC+지장김치 추출물 경구투여군)가 DCCK (DC+일반김치 추출물 경구투여군)에 비해 낮았다. 인슐린 수준은 NC (정상대조군), DCJK > DCCK > DC 순서로 높게 나타났다. 알코올성 간 손상 모델동물에서, 혈액 ALT, AST, 빌리루빈 농도는 AC (알코올 대조군, 일일 소주 1병 섭취군) > ACCK (AC+일반김치 추출물 경구투여군) > ACJK (AC+지장김치 추출물 경 구투여군) > NC 순서로 낮았다. 간 조직의 임상병리학적 소견은 AC에서 가장 심각한 손상을 보였으나 소주1병과 김치 추출물 특히, 지장김치 추출물 경구투여군은 일반김치 추출물 경구투여군에 비해서 회복되는 속도가 개선되었다. 결과는 당뇨병 및 알코올성 간 손상 모델동물에서 지장김치의 섭취가 혈액 지질 프로파일, 혈당, ALT, AST 수준을 낮추고 인슐린 분비능력을 개선하여 줌으로써 항당뇨 및 알코올성 간 손상 보호효과를 갖는다는 사실을 보여준다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nine times repetitive steaming and drying process Sunsik diets on antioxidant activity in obese mice fed high fat diets to prevent oxidative stress, using drying materials comprising 23 kinds of cereals (61.5%), beans (30.0%), sweet potato and potato (3.0%), fruits (2.0%), vegetables (3.0%), and stevioside, a natural sweetener (0.5%). We produced three samples: the experimental group was classified into the normal diet group (control), the high fat diet group (HF), and the high fat diet group + the Sunsik group (3HFS, 7HFS, 9HFS) fed to the mice for eight weeks. As a result, the serum, liver lipid peroxide, and nitric oxide levels were significantly higher in the HF group than in the C group at p<0.05 level, and the NO level was lower in the Sunsik supplemented groups. The antioxidant enzyme catalase activity significantly decreased in the HF group at the p<0.05 level compared to the C group. The total antioxidant activity of the C group was significantly higher in serum, liver, and kidney tissues than the HF group (p<0.05). The anthocyanin level in liver and spleen tissue was significantly higher in the group fed Sunsik than in the HF group.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Atractylodes lancea (A.l.) in a dose-dependent manner on lipid levels and plasma glucose in diabetic rats induced with streptozotocin (STZ). The Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly classified into five groups: normal, STZ-control and three experimental groups [A.l.-1, diabetic treated with ethanolic extract of A.l. (1 g/kg b.w.), A.l.-2, diabetic administered with ethanolic extract of A.l. (2 g/kg b.w.), and A.l.-3, diabetic administered with ethanolic extract of A.l. (3 g/kg b.w.)]. The normal and STZ-control group were fed an AIN-93 diet and the three experimental groups were administered with A.l. extract at doses of 1, 2, and 3 g/kg b.w./day, respectively, for 14 days. The plasma glucose levels in all the experimental groups were significantly lower than the STZ-control group after 14 days of treatment. The total cholesterol of the A.l.-3 and triglyceride levels, atherogenic index (AI) of all three experimental groups were significantly lower than the STZ-control group. The ALT and AST activities at A.l.-2, A.l.-3 were significantly lower than the STZ-control group. This result that demonstrate the administration of Atractylodes lancea can reduce hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia risk in diabetic rats.

Gastrodia elata Bl. (GE) is a traditional herbal medicine used for the treatment hypertension and cerebrovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effect and blood pressure control ability of the GABA containing fermented Gastrodia elata Blume. The fermentation strain provided by Dr. Gi in Seoul National University is L. brevis GABA100, excellent strain of GABA production, which is involved in the ability to degrade gastrodin glycosides and activation of brain function. The Gastrodia elata Blume fermented by Lactobacillus brevis GABA 100 showed antioxidant activity (total phenolic contents, DPPH radical and ABTS anion scavenging activities) than unfermented Gastrodia elata Blume. In the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the concentration of fermented Gastrodia elata Blume was administered at 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg for 8 weeks. Systolic blood pressure decreased statistically significantly (p<0.05), especially 2 weeks after feeding fermented Gastrodia elata Blume. Also, it showed a significant decrease in low, medium, and high concentrations of fermented Gastrodia elata Blume at 4 weeks and 8 weeks. These results indicated that Gastrodia elata Blume fermented by the excellent strain of GABA production L. brevis GABA100 shows the antioxidant function and the effect of suppressing the increase in blood pressure.

This study used adult wistar-based rats to observe the sexual cycle as a morphological characteristic of vaginal epithelial cells by vaginal smearing, and investigated the fetal number through mating with male rats of the same strain. The target animal was a 12 to 13-week-old Wistar-based mature unlighted rat (weight 220 g to 240 g), room temperature 23 ± 2℃, 14 hours artificial lighting (05:00 to 19:00 hours), 10 hours Adapted individuals were used for rearing for at least 2 weeks under the conditions of the darkroom (19:00 to 05:00). The feed was managed for free feeding of pellet feed for animals and water. The vaginal smearing method was used for the experiments by observing the sexual cycle every morning and confirming that the normal sexual cycle of 4 or 5 days was repeated at least 2 cycles or more. As a result, the proestrus was found to have few red blood cells, the cells and nuclei were rather large and round, and many nucleated cells were identified. In the case of the estrus, the cells were large and the nuclei were not stained, and most of the keratinocytes were found. In addition, in the metestrus and diestrus, there were many white blood cells, and it was confirmed that nucleated epithelial cells and keratinocytes were significantly reduced. The pregnancy period was 21 ± 1.8 days, and the number of live births per delivery was 11.9 on average. The number of fetuses on the 8th and 10th days of pregnancy were 15.2 ± 0.4 and 15.4 ± 0.3, respectively. On the contrary, the number of fetuses on the 12th day of pregnancy was 12.9 ± 0.6, which was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased compared to the 10th day of pregnancy, and the number of fetuses was similar until delivery. As a result of investigating the change of body weight according to the birth weight and growth stage after delivery, the birth weight of female and male was 9.2 ± 2.0 g and 9.8 ± 2.5 g, respectively. After that, until the 16th day, the female and the male showed similarly moderate weight gain, and then showed a rapid weight gain until the 21st day of lactation. With reference to the results of this study, it is expected to be used as basic data for determining the mating time of rodents and controlling pregnancy and fetal number.

Periodontitis is a bacteria-induced inflammatory disease associated with alveolar bone loss. Osteoclast is a macrophage-lineage cell that exhibits phagocytic activity; however, osteoclast phagocytic activity has not been demonstrated under pathological conditions. Diabetes is a pathological condition that exacerbates alveolar bone loss via periodontitis; therefore, we examined phagocytic osteoclasts in diabetic rats that had periodontitis. The rats were divided into the control (C), periodontitis (P), and diabetes with periodontitis (DP) groups. Diabetes and periodontitis were induced by streptozotocin injection and ligature of the mandibular first molars, respectively. On days 3 and 20 after the ligature, the rats were sacrificed, and osteoclasts containing inclusions were quantified by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. On day 3, there were more osteoclasts containing inclusions in the DP group than in the C group. Among inclusions, osteocyte-like cells and dense bodies were more frequently observed in the DP group than in the C group. Cytoplasm-like structures were elevated more in the DP group than in the C and P groups. However, no differences were observed on day 20. Interestingly, some osteoclasts were in contact with the osteocytes within the exposed lacunae and contained several inclusions within a large vacuole. Thus, the elevation of phagocytic osteoclasts in rats with diabetes and periodontitis provides insight into the role of osteoclast phagocytic activity under pathological conditions.

노화는 말초 혈관 기능에 퇴행성 변화를 가져올 수 있으며 혈관의 기능은 혈관생성 지표의 영향을 받는 것으로 보고되고 있다. 따라서 이 연구는 젊은 흰쥐와 노화된 흰쥐를 대상으로 골격근(가자미근)에서 나타나는 혈관생성 지표인 Ang-1과 Ang-2의 단백질 발현의 차이를 비교하고 Ang-1 : Ang-2 ratio의 차이를 분석 및 관찰하기 위해 수행되었다. 연구의 목적을 위해 12주령 흰쥐(SD rats) 6마리와 20개월령 흰쥐 6마리를 Young 집단과 Old 집단으로 구분하였다. Old 집단의 경우 20개월 동안 직접 사육하여 노화 상태를 유도하였다. 골격근(가자미근)에서 관련 단백질의 발현 정도를 알아보기 위해 western blot 기법을 사용하였다. 연구결과, Ang-1 단백질은 젊은 집단에 비해 노화집단에서 낮게 나타나며 집단 간 차이를 보였다(p= .001). Ang-2 단백질의 경우, 젊은 집단에 비해 노화집단에서 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p= .007). 마지막으로 Ang-1:Ang-2 ratio는 젊은 집단에 비해 노화집단에서 유의하게 낮게 나타났다(p= .001). 따라서 골격근 내 혈관생성 관련 단백질들은 노화에 의해 변화되는 것으로 사료된다.

Big data analysis methods are useful tools for sorting valuable data and products. Achyranthes Radix root extract (AR) is a well-known herbal medicine in East Asia due to its anti-osteoarthritis, pro-circulatory, and anti-osteoporosis effects. In this stud y, we investigated the liver- and kidney-protective effects of AR by applying big data analysis to traditional medicine. CDDP (cis-diamminedichloridoplatinum) is an effective cancer cell anti-proliferative agent used in the treatment of diverse types of tumors. However, it is clinically limited due to liver and kidney toxicity. The current study was designed to assess the potential protective effects of AR against CDDP-induced hepato-renal toxicity. For this purpose, male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were assigned to four groups, each consisting of four animals. Intravenous injection or oral administration of either saline or AR was performed daily for 14 days, whereas CDDP was injected intraperitoneally on day 3 following AR treatment. Serum biochemistry results revealed that CDDP induced clear hepatic and renal damage while the AR treatment groups showed less damage relative to controls. Next, we tested the pharmacokinetics of AR using 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-HE), which is the most abundant component of AR extract. After intravenous administration of AR, the plasma concentration of 20-HE rapidly declined with a terminal half-life (t1/2) of 0.99±0.47 h. The area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve was 24.96±3.5 h*ng/mL. The present study provides valuable tools for further verification studies of the classical herbal literature and its scientific relevance.

본 연구의 목적은 달걀의 섭취가 랫드의 간에서 합성, 분비되는 간 지방산의 산화, 에스터화 사이의 대사적 분할 메커니즘을 구명하는 것이었다. 동물은 4개의 그룹으로 나누어 30일 동안 난황을 경구투여 하였다: 대조군 (CON, control, 생리식염수 1.0 g), T1 (삼겹살 기름 1.0 g), T2 (난황 1.0 g), T3 (삼겹살 기름 1.0 g, 난황 1.0 g을 각각 1주일씩 교체 투여군). 간에서 [14C]-labelled lipid의 축적율은 모든 처리구 가운데 T2가 유의하게 낮았다 (P<0.05). 인지질 분비량은 T2가 기타 처리구에 비해서 유의하게 높았다 (P<0.05). 중성지방 분비량은 T1이 가장 높았으며 CON, T3, T2 순서로 유의하게 높았다 (P<0.05). 총 glycerolipid로부터 인지질의 대사적 분할율은 T2가 가장 높았고 T3, CON, T1 순서로 높았다 (P<0.05). 총 glycerolipid로부터 14CO2 방출은 T2에서 가장 높았으며 CON, T1, T3과 비교할 때 높은 산화율을 보여 주었다 (P<0.05). 간으로부터 glycerolipid의 대사적 분할은 중성지방의 경우 T2가 CON, T1, T3와 비교할 때 감소하였으나 인지질은 T2에서 증가했다 (P<0.05).

녹두(Phaseolus aureus L.)가 당뇨 유발 흰쥐에 있어서 혈당 및 지질성분, 단백질, 전해질 농 도 등에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 기본 식이를 섭취시킨 BD군, 기본 식이군에 5% 녹두 급여군 (BM군), 당뇨 유발 실험군(BS군)과 BS군에 5% 녹두를 섭취시킨 실험군(SM군)으로 나누어 실험을 수행 하였다. 혈청 지질성분(총 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, 중성지질, 인지질, 유리 콜레스테롤, 콜레스테롤 에스테르), 혈당 및 유리지방산(non esterified fatty acid, NEFA)의 농도와 동맥경화지수 (atherosclerotic index, AI), 심혈관 위험지수(cardiac risk factor, CRF)는 당뇨 유발군에서 여타 실험군과 비교하였을 때 유의적인 차이를 보이며 증가를 나타내었고(p<0.05), 5% 녹두 급여군에서 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 당뇨유발군인 BS군에 비해 5% 녹두를 첨가시킨 SM군에서 고밀도 지단백 콜레스테롤 (high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-콜레스테롤) 및 총 콜레스테롤에 대한 HDL-콜레스테롤의 농도 비는 유의적인 차이를 보이며 증가를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 혈청 단백질 농도에 있어서, 당뇨 유발 군(BS군)에 5% 녹두를 급여(SM군)한 흰쥐의 혈청 알부민(albumin) 농도와 알부민/글로불린 비 (albumin/globulin ratio, A/G 비)는 증가 하는 것으로 관찰되었다. 나트륨(Na) 및 염소(Cl)는 SM군에 서 BS군 보다 농도가 감소된 것으로 확인하였다. 이상의 결과, 5% 녹두는 흰쥐의 혈당 및 지질대사 기 능 개선에 도움이 되는 것으로 판단된다.

이 연구는 비만이 심장 조직에서 자가포식 관련 단백질 발현에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 고지방 식이(20주)를 통해 비만을 유도한 후 8주간의 트레드밀 운동을 실시하고, 자가포식의 유도, 형성 그리고 자가포식포와 라이소좀 융합단계를 조절하는 단백질의 발현을 확인하였다. 실험동물(SD rat)은 20주 간의 고지방식이(탄수화물: 20%, 지방: 60%, 단백질: 20%)를 통해 비만을 유도하였으며, 8주간의 트레드 밀 운동(주 5일, 하루 30분, 5분; 8m/min, 5분; 11m/min, 20분; 14m/min)을 실시하였다. 집단 구분은 정상식이 비교군(n=10), 고지방식이 비교군(n=10), 고지방식이 운동군(n=10)으로 구분하였다. 8주간의 트레드밀 운동 실시 전과 후에 경구당부하검사를 실시하여 곡선하 면적(area under the curve; AUC)을 산출 하였으며, 공복시 인슐린 농도와 포도당 농도를 통해 인슐린 저항성 지표인 HOMA-IR과 체중 당 복부지 방량(abdominal visceral fat/Body weight; AVF/BW)를 산출하여 비교하였다. 또한 심장 조직에서 자가포식 관련 단백질을 분석하여 운동 트레이닝의 효과를 검증하였다. 장기간의 고지방식이를 통해 HFD-CON 그룹에서는 비만이 유도되었으며, ND-CON 그룹에 비해 체중, AUC, HOMA-IR, AVF/BW가 증가되는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 8주간의 트레드밀 운동을 실시한 HFD-TE 그룹에서는 AUC, HOMA-IR, AVF/BW가 개선되는 것으로 나타났다. 체중의 경우, 감소되는 경향은 있었지만, 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었다. 자가포식 유도에 관여하는 mTOR와 AMPK는 비만상황에서 모두 감소되었지만, 운동을 통해 증가되는 것으로 나타났다. 자가포식 형성에 관련된 Beclin-1, BNIP3, ATG-7, p62, LC3는 비만상황에서 모두 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 운동을 통해 감소되는 것으로 나타났다. 자기포식포와 라이소좀 융합단계 조절하는 Cathepsin L과 LAMP2는 비만상황에서 모두 감소되었으며, 운동을 통해 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 트레드밀 운동과 같은 신체활동은 대사성 질환에서 나타나는 병리학적 현상을 개선하고 자가포식 과정을 정상적으로 유도하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 트레드밀 운동이 심장 관련 질환의 예방 및 치료에 있어 일차적으로 고려해야할 필요성이 있다고 제안한다.

고지방식이에 의해 유도한 비만모델동물에서 지장김치의 혈액 중 유해 지질 감소, 항비만 효능 및 그 작용 메카니즘을 조사하였다. 4개의 처리구는 CD(일반식이를 섭취한 정상 대조구, chow diet as normal control), HFD(고지방식이를 섭취한 비만 대조구, high fat diet as obesity), HFDCK(고지방식이+일반김치 추출물 투여구), HFDJK(고지방식이+지장김치 추출물 투여구)로 구분하여 김치추출물을 28일 동안 경구투여 하였다. 체중, 간 및 지방조직 무게는 비만모델동물에서 HFDJK가 HFDCK에 비해서 낮았다(p<0.05). 혈액 중성지방, 총콜레스테롤, LDL-C, 혈당은 HFD와 비교할 때 CD, HFDJK, HFDCK의 순서대로 낮았으며 HFDJK는 HFDCK에 비해 낮았다(p<0.05). 간 및 지방세포의 크기는 HFD, HFDCK, HFDJK의 순서대로 증가하였으며 HFDJK는 HFDCK에 비해서 크게 낮았다(p<0.05). 결과는 비만모델동물에서 지장김치의 섭취가 일반김치에 비해서 혈액 지질과 혈당을 낮추고 지방세포의 크기를 줄여줌으로써 항비만 효능을 갖는다는 점을 나타낸다.

스트레스는 인체의 다양한 기관과 정신적 상태에 영향을 미치는 교감신경 항진을 야기시킨다. 본 연구의 목적은 만성 스트레스로 교감신경을 항진시킨 동물 모델에서 국내산 생강 에센셜오일이 스트레스 호르몬 및 뇌 조직 반응에 미치는 효과를 평가하였다. 평가 방법은 세포독성 평가 및 성분 분석을 수행하였으며, 혈청 바이오 마커와 뇌 조직의 병리학적 분석이 기초한 효과를 관찰하였다. 동물 실험에서 국산 생강 에센셜오일의 처리는 만성 스트레스로 교감신경을 항진시킨 동물 모델 제작 후 2주간 100 nl/㎖로 처리하였다. 그 결과, 국산 생강 에센셜오일은 100 nl/㎖ 농도 이하에서 독성이 없었으며, 6-진저롤 함량이 345 ppm으로 확인되었다. 국산 생강 에센셜오일의 처리는 대조군과 비교하여 혈청에서 부신피질호르몬, 코르티코스테론, 멜라토닌과 같은 스트레스 호르몬의 농도를 크게 줄였으며, 복측 피개부(VTA) 및 흑색질 치밀부(SNpc) 부분에서 TH-면역 반응이 때때로 중단되는 것을 효과적으로 보존하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 국산 생강 에센셜오일이 교감신경 항진을 개선했음을 나타내고 있다. 따라서 국산 생강은 교감신경 항진에 대한 아로마오일의 새로운 원료로 활용될 수 있다.

Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai is a deciduous shrub of a flowering plant in Oleaceae. It is an important plant resource and consists of only one species in the entire world. A. distichum Nakai is well known an edible, medicinal herb in its habitat districts, but the toxicological evaluation for the safe use of its extract is still insufficient. The study characterized the toxicity of an Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai ethanol extract in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and determined the safe dosage levels in a 13 weeks toxicity study. Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai ethanol extract was orally administered once daily for 2 weeks at 0, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg/day to male and female SD rats. while recording the clinical signs of toxicity, body weight, food intake/consumption, eye test and urine analysis. Only the total protein frequency in the urine of male SD rats (p<0.05), the right ovary of the 500 mg/kg group (p<0.01) and the right adrenal gland of the 1,000 mg/kg group (p<0.05) in the female rats showed statistically significant changes. But no toxic effects were noted from repeated-dose administration of the Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai ethanol extract in the SD rats during the observation period. The post-mortem examinations showed no test substance-mediated changes. The hematological analysis and clinical blood chemistry data demonstrated no toxic effects from repeated-dose administration of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai ethanol extract in the SD rats during the observation period. Based on these results, this data suggests that a dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day is a highest treatment to administer when conducting a further 13 weeks toxicity study.

Red Chinese cabbage is rich in anthocyanins, with beneficial effects on anti-obesity and lipid profiles. The purpose of this study was to examine the anti-obesity effects of red Chinese cabbage. Four-weeks old Spague-Dawley male rats were divided into four groups for six weeks as follow: Normal Diet (ND), High Fat Diet (HFD), HFD + Red Chinese Cabbage Diet (RCD), HFD + Red Chinese Cabbage Juice (RCJD). After six weeks, the liver weight was significantly higher in the HFD group than in the other groups, and the RCD and RCJD groups showed similar values to the ND group. The epididymal fats were significantly higher in all high fat diets (HFD, RCD, RCJD) than in the ND group and there was statistical significance in the post-tests when comparing the RCD and RCJD groups with the HFD group. Triglycerides significantly decreased in the RCD group. In conclusion, red Chinese cabbage is rich in anthocyanins, with beneficial effects on organ weight and lipid profiles.

The purpose of this study was to examine the physiochemical characteristics of hot water extract of Caragana sinica roots and verified its protective effect on MIA-induced osteoarthritis in rats. The contents of total polyphenol and total flavonoid used in this experiment were 0.40 mg/g and 0.22 mg/g respectively. We found that the weight of all experiment groups which ingested Caragana sinica extract for three weeks evenly increased in rats with MIA-induced osteoarthritis without toxicity in the liver or kidney. In the histopathological test through the Mankin score, the extent of damage of knee joint tissue in the experiment groups to which Caragana sinica extract was administered in 5 mL/kg or 10 mL/kg was significantly lower than that of the negative control groups statistically(p<0.05). As for the grade of osteoarthritis, the extent of tissue damage of the experiment groups to which Caragana sinica extract was administered in 5 mL/kg or 10 mL/kg was lower than that of the negative control groups as well.