This paper describes the epidemiological characteristics of bovine tuberculosis in Korea during January 2000 to September 2004, when the incidence of bovine tuberculosis increased markedly: a total of 1,054 herds (4,197 cattle) were confirmed to be infected with Mycobacterium bovis during this period. Based on the record of epidemiological investigation, introduction of purchased cattle (22.9%, 125/545) into a farm was the most frequent transmission route of M. bovis infection. On 31.7% (335/1,054) of the infected farms, recurrent infection occurred more than once before the disease has been eradicated completely. The highest rate of recurrence was detected around 70 days after the initial test of the infected herd, which seems to be related to current regulation on the test of animals that cohabited with those previously diagnosed with infection in farms, rather than to the characteristic of the disease. Although the current eradication program has been effective in controlling the disease in dairy cattle in Korea, control measures more specific to beef cattle may be needed because infection rate in beef cattle continues to increase in recent years.

Epidemic models on disease spread attempt to simulate disease transmission and associated control processes. This study reviewed published papers on epidemiological models for the management of foot-and-mouth disease in the world. In addition, an individual animal-based, spatially-explicit, stochastic disease transmission model, the Davis Animal Disease Simulation (DADS) model, was described in the frame of an international collaborative research project participating three countries: Republic of Korea, USA, and New Zealand. In this project, the Korean team is aiming at developing the most appropriate parameters for livestock and epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks. On the other hand, the purpose of foreign counterparts is validating their models: DADS (USA) and InterSpread Plus (New Zealand). Classification of farm types and preliminary estimations on the frequency of intra-herd contacts were also presented. This research project is expected to provide precious information to plan a strategy that will facilitate the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease from Korea.

The twentieth-century history of the ROK (Republic of Korea) is arguably the story of a people’s long struggle for freedom from authoritarian rule. This essay will explore the struggle waged by the people between 1980 and 1987 in ROK to secure civil and political rights denied by military dictatorship. This essay will critique the organisational platform of the movement and use the Spiral Model of human rights norm socialisation (Risse et al, 1999) to understand the regime response to the advocacy movement. This will be contextualised alongside the role of the US (United States of America) as the hegemonic power in ROK in either supporting or denouncing ROK human rights violations. Central will be the role of discourse[1] in enabling the construction of counter-hegemonic resistance ‘from below,’ drawing from Gramscian concepts of a constructed public realm in which discursive forces battle with challenges to hegemony[2]. The essay will conclude by suggesting the successes of the movement, in moving ROK towards norm internalisation, were facilitated by the subversive discourses of the minjung ('people') resulting in an irresistible counter-hegemonic discourse against the Chun Doo Hwan regime.

Horse population has been gradually increasing with the growth of the racing industry in Republic of Korea (ROK). Approximately 22,941 horses including native ponies were raised on 1,142 farms in 2006. Great care has been taken to prevent viral, bacterial and parasitic infections in horses. However, there has been few reports on equine infectious anemia (EIA) in ROK until recently since 1987. Therefore, we conducted a serological survey of EIA in ROK from 2007 through 2009. Using the agar gel immunodiffusion test, a total of 2,601 horses were tested in Foreign Animal Disease Division of Animal, Plant, and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency. This survey found no serological evidence of EIA presence in ROK. Although our surveillance found no evidence of EIA in ROK during the surveillance period, it is possible that EIA could be introduced into ROK in the near future. Increased cooperation between the government and other agencies, such as horse-racing authorities, is important for both the early detection of the disease and the development of effective veterinary and public health strategies.

The Korean National Residue Program consists of three sampling plans for domestic and imported foods of animal origin : monitoring, surveillance/enforcement and exploratory testing. Monitoring and surveillance/enforcement testing programs are routinely implemented by 17 Provincial Veterinary Services for domestic products and two regional offices of Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency (QIA) for imported products, respectively. The exploratory testing is designed to test substances which are not included in the list of monitoring and enforcement testing programs controlled by headquarter of QIA. In 2010, the exploratory testing was carried out in domestic and imported foods of animal origin for 24 veterinary drugs including florfenicol, clavulanic acid, four quinolones (nalidixic acid, difloxacin, marbofloxacin, orbifloxacin), two anthelmintics (closantel, levamisole), two sedatives (azaperone, carazolol), six glucocorticoids (dexamethasone, betamethasone, flumethasone, prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone), eight non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (phenylbutazone, paracetamol, carprofen, flunixin, ketoprofen, meloxicam, tolfenamic acid, acetylsalicylic acid). In the total of 1,153 domestic samples, only florfenicol was detected from 17 pig muscles at levels of 0.2～614 ng/g. Of 17 positive pig muscles, 16 samples were non-violative and one sample was violative. In the total of 1,065 imported samples, florfenicol was detected at 0.4 ng/g in one pork. Also, flunixin was detected at 22 ng/g in one beef.

Korea had experienced second epidemic highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), and there were the seven affected farms, including two breeder duck farms, from 22nd November 2006 to 6th March 2007. Here, we reported the clinico-pathological characteristics of domestic breeder ducks farms naturally infected with HPAI virus (H5N1). Clinically, the most ducks showed various signs from depression, decreased egg production and feed consumption to even, death. The most commonly gross changes were hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhage on the liver surface, a white stripe on the cardiac muscle, and severely hemorrhagic and deformed eggs. The most significant histopathological changes were necrosis of various cells such as neuron, lymphocytes, cardiac myocytes, hepatocytes, blood vessels and pancreatic acinar epithelium. The viral antigen was mainly detected in the endothelium of blood vessels of various organs and tissues, peripheral nerves and neuronal cells. Based on the above results, we identified that HPAI H5N1 induced systemic infection in the adult breeder ducks.

Field-collected populations of mayflies, Ephemera orientalis were tested for susceptibility to 10 different insecticides using a direct-contact mortality bioassay. Ephemera orientalis subimagoes were susceptible to the insecticides chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion and chlorfenapyr with LD50 values of 69.7, 78.8 and 81.9μg/♀, and adults had LD50 values of 71.9, 78.8 and 85.4μg/♀, respectively. Susceptibility ratios(SRs) of subimagoes and adults of E. orientalis to the 10 insecticides were 1.0 to1.2 folds. The mayflies showed higher susceptibility to organophosphates than to pyrethroids. The SRs of Anopheles sinensis to E. orientalis were 514 to 1,438 fold higher for organophosphates (LD50 values of 0.05 to 0.23μg/♀) and 62 to 1,155 fold higher forpyrethroids (LD50 values of 0.13 to 2.41μg/♀). The SRs of Culex pipiens to E. orientalis were 606 to 3,595 fold higher for organophosphates with LD50 values of 0.02-0.17μg/♀ and 81 to 1,365 fold higher for pyrethroids with LD50 values of 0.11- 1.83μg/♀. These results indicate that the use of ineffective insecticides will result in unsatisfactory control against field populations of the subimagoes and adults of E. orientalis. This work was supported by a research grant from the National Vector Control and Surveillance work performed by the Korean National Institute of Health.

Density of malaria vector mosquitoes, Anopheles mosquitoes, and infection of Plamodium vivax from the vector mosquitoes were monitored at 9 surveillance points in Incheonsi, 12 in Gyeonggi province and 7 in Gangwon province in the Republic of Korea (ROK) from April to October of 2010. The seasonal numbers of Anopheles mosquitoes collected weekly showed a high degree of variability. A total of 4,435 mosquitoes were captured using black light traps. Members of the Anopheles mosquito group were the most abundant species and accounted for 71.8% of the mosquitoes collected. The majority of this species were collected from Incheonsi (86.2%), particularly from Ganghwagun (84.8%). During June, populations of this species steadily increased and peak at second week of July. Thereafter, populations of this species decreased by the second week of August and increased by the third week of August, again. Anopheles mosquitoes steadily decreased from the fourth week of August. First Anopheles mosquitoes were reported in Wolgotri (15th weeks/year), Ganghwagun, Incheonsi, followed by Tanhyundong (16th weeks/year), Pajusi, Gyeonggi Province and Daemari (17th weeks/year), Cheolwongun, Gangwon Province. In Ganghwagun in which the most abundant malaria patients (102 patients) were reported, Anopheles mosquitoes demonstrated the highest species portion (over 70%) among collected mosquito species from July to September. Infection rate of P. vivax from the Anopheles mosquitoes also was the highest in Ganghwagun. In Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces, collection rate of Anopheles mosquitoes and infection rate of P. vivax were relatively lower than those of Ganghwagun. Reported malaria patient cases in Gangwon and Gyeonggi provinces also were relatively lower than those of Ganghwagun. However, detailed results showed that there were some sites in which any correlation between malaria patients and vector mosquitoes were not. This may be resulted from size of surveillance area. Smaller size of surveillance area was, higher accuracy of analysis on correlation between vector mosquitoes and patients was. Further studies on relationship between malaria vector and patients may need for more accurate analysis, such as increase of collection site and so on.

This study was carried out to investigate the inhabitation features of cockroaches in Jejusi, Korea. For sampling, fourteen sites were selected from every two sites of seven different habitat categories, including dwelling house, Korean restaurant, Japanese restaurant, Chinese restaurant, tea-room, hotel-inn and hospital. The cockroaches were weekly captured using sticky-traps from March, 2005 to February, 2006. Studies were focused on the temporal fluctuations of the total sample and two developmental stages (nymph and adult), the sex ratio, the positive trap percentage, and the comparative population sizes of the habitats. The positive trap percentage was 16.64%. Three species, Blatella germanica, Periplaneta americana, and Periplaneta fuliginosa, were confirmed to inhabit in Jejusi. The predominant species was P. fuliginosa (89.16%). Meanwhile, P. americana and B. germanica were shown to be much lower population size (6.44 and 4.40%, respectively). The mean sex ratio was 0.75% (males/females): B. germanica, 0.62%, P. americana, 0.29% and P. fuliginosa, 0.87%. The nymphs (82.19%) surpassed the adults (17.81%) in the individual number. Periplaneta fuliginosa also exceeded much more the other two species (P. americana and B. germanica, 5.37% and 1.67%, respectively) in the nymph number/the collected cockroaches. Both curves of the nymph and adult in the seasonal population change of P. fuliginosa made the peaks at September. This result suggested that the life cycle of this species is univoltine. The positive trap percentage and population size in the Japanese restaurant where was shown to be the most heavily polluted habitats by cockroaches were 20.67% and 0.79 (individuals/trap/week), respectively. Also, Chinese restaurant and dwelling house where were shown to be comparatively high polluted were 31.67% and 23.75% in positive trap percentage and 0.76 and 0.40 in population size, respectively. In contrast, hotel-inn, tea-room, hospital and korean restaurant were shown to be quite or very low numbers as 16.50%, 16.00%, 6.20%, and 6.00% in positive trap percentage, and 0.37, 0.18, 0.10, 0.06 in population size, respectively. It was concluded that there were differences in the species composition and the actual living conditions of the cockroach between Jejusi and other cities of Korea.

This paper describes an investigation of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Republic of Korea in January 2010. In this paper, we investigated introduction to the index farm from overseas countries, transmission from index farm to other outbreak farms. The introduction factors were divided direct, indirect factors or airborne spread factor. Based on the epidemiological data, clinical information and other data, in these introduction factors, it was likely that outbreak of FMD in index farm was due to international goods or employees from overseas countries (including China). There were other suggested causes in index farm. But it was less likely that outbreak of FMD in index farm have occurred by other causes. The transmission factors from index farm to other farms were also divided direct, indirect factors or airborne spread factor. In these transmission factors it was possible to make assumptions from index farm to other outbreak farms that the FMD virus was transmitted through animal treatment, persons concerned and persons (who were) attended farmers’ assembly.

옥천대 우라늄 광화대 부근 퇴적암 지하수에 대한 수리지화학적 연구를 수행하여 옥천대 우라늄 광화대와 대전지역 우라늄 지하수와의 성인적 관련성을 고찰하였다. 지하수의 pH는 6.4-8.1의 범위로 중성에서 약칼리성 특성을 보이며, Eh는 대체로 -50-225 mV의 범위로서 일부는 환원성 환경의 특성을 보인다. 지하수는 탄산염광물의 용해반응으로 Ca2+ 및 HCO3- 함량이 우세한 Ca-HCO3 유형에 해당된다. 석탄광산 폐수에서는 1165μg/L의 우라늄이 검출되었으나 지하수내 우라늄 함량은 3.2μg/L 이하로 매우 낮다. 우라늄 광화대 부근 지하수에서 낮은 우라늄 함량은 낮은 Eh를 보이는 수리지화학적 특성에 기인한다. 대전지역 지하수 내 우라늄은 옥천대 우라늄 광화대로부터 공급되지는 않은 것으로 판단된다.

Thirteen species of mealybugs were intercepted in quarantine at Korean ports of entry on plant materials from China over the past 9 years (2000-2009). Of these, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green has been newly reported in China through this study. This list and key are provided to assist in identifying intercepted specimens of mealybugs from China.

Density of malaria vector mosquito was monitored at 24 sites in Korea to estimate malaria epidemic from 2004 to 2009. Twenty four locations include six in Gwangwon province and nine in Kyonggi province and nine in Incheon metropolitan city. Mosquitoes collected by public health centers in 24 sites were sent to each RIPHE(Research Institute of Public Health & Environment) then the RIPHE identified the malaria vector mosquitoes. KCDC analysed the results. Number of malaria vector mosquito collected in 2009 shapely decreased over 33 % when compared with number of mosquito collected from 2004 to 2009. In 2009, malaria vector mosquitoes firstly were collected at Injegun on 2nd week of April (6-13, April) and the highest peak of collected mosquito was demonstrated on 3rd week of August. Number of collected mosquito sharply decreased below 10 at 3rd week of september and None of mosquito was collected 2nd week October. Decrease of number of malaria vector mosquito collected in 2009 seem to be related with lowest temperature around midnight and precipitation days per month.

The susceptibility of the Blattella germcanica (L.) in the Republic of Korea (ROK) to insecticides was evaluated under laboratory conditions using 12 insecticides currently used by the local public health centers and/or pest control operators in the ROK. The insecticides included seven pyrethroids and five organophosphages. Based on their LD50values, the order of susceptibility of B. germanica adults to the insecticides was chlorpyrifos-methyl, profenofos, and chlorpyrifos with the values of 0.07, 0.29, and 0.88 ㎍/♀, respectively. The least susceptibility was obtained with tetramethrin at LD50 of 7.39 ㎍/♀. In the comparative resistance test, the resistance ratios (RR) of 12 insecticides were compared to each other using field collected B. germanica adults in Seoul between 1993 and 2007. Blattella germanica demonstrated higher RRs to pyrethroids such as λ-cyhalothrin, and low RRs among the organophosphates. Among the pyrethroids, λ-cyhalothrin had the highest RRs of 111 and 129 fold differences at LD50 and LD90 values, respectively. Among the organophosphates, profenofos was observed to have the highest RRs of 4 and 15 fold differences at LD50 and LD90 values, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in susceptibility to tetramethrin, chlorpyrifos, and fenitrothion. Blattella germanica was more susceptible to pyridafenthion showing a 0.7 fold difference in a resistance rate (RRLD50), respectively. Resistance ratio of tetramethrin was low, but susceptibility was also not high.

본 연구는 1990년대 전반기(1989년 5월~1993년 4월)의 자료와 2000년대 중반기(2002년 5월~2006년 4월)의 자료를 분석하여 낙동강 하구에서 수면성 오리류(Dabbling Ducks; Anas spp.)의 장기적 도래 현황을 파악하고자 하였다. 조사기간(1989년5월~1993년4월, 2002년5월~2006년4월, 총 8차년도)에 관찰된 수면성오리류 중 청둥오리속(Anas spp.)은 총 11종 356,100개체이었다. 1990년대 전반기(1989년~1993년)와 2000년대 중반기(2002년~2006년)까지 조사한 청둥오리속(Anas spp.)들의 개체수의 월평균 값은 1990년대 전반기에는 10월부터 점진적으로 개체수가 늘어나 11월에 가장 많은 개체수를 관찰할 수 있었으며, 2000년대 중반기에는 10월에 가장 많은 개체수를 관찰하였다. 또한 월별 개체수 평균도 1990년대보다2000년대가 약 2, 3배 이상을 나타내었다. 1990넌대 전반기 조사와 2000년대 중반기 조사 결과를 T-검정을 실시한 결과 11월부터 2월까지의 것이 5% 수준에서 유의한 것으로 나타나 11월부터 2월까지의 개체수들은 큰 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 채식지와 휴식지가 다른 오리류는 낙동강 하구를 휴식지로 낙동강 상류를 채식지로 하는 조류로서, 채식지와 휴식지가 분리된 충분한 공간이 형성되어야만 다양하고 많은 개체들이 월동에 필요한 충분한 기간을 가질 수 있으므로 경작지의 보존이 무엇보다 중요한 실정이다. 낙동강 하구와 인접해 있는 주변의 논과 밭은 오리류의 서식지로 이용되는 공간이므로 경작지에 대한 철저한 관리와 부산광역시 강서구청에서 시행하고 있는 생물다양성관리계약제도를 확대하여 이러한 농지가 지속적으로 보존되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

수왕광상은 중생대 백악기 중기의 반상화강암이나 선캄브리아기의 소백산 편마암 복합체에 발달한 열극을 충진한 석영맥에서 산출된다. 광물 공생군에 대한 연구 결과 광화작용은 4차례에 걸쳐 일어났다. 섬아연석은 광화작용이 진행되는 동안 광화 I, II, III기에 각각 정출하였다. 현미경 관찰과 전자현미분석 결과 섬아연석에서 나타나는 황동석 점적과 황동석 병변은 광화 III기 초에 열수용액의 교대작용에 의하여 생성되었을 것으로 생각된다. 황동석 병변의 생성과정은 아래와 같다. (1) Fe가 풍부한 용액이 Fe가 결핍된 섬아연석의 가장자리나 틈을 통해 Fe부화 (2)광화 II기에 Fe가 결핍된 섬아연석에 황동석 점적을 형성하고 Cu를 함유한 용액에 의해 황동석 점적 주변의 섬아연석에 Fe 감소 (3)광화 III기 초에 황동석 병변을 형성하였다.