본 연구는 코로나19로 인한 사회적 위험지각이 대학생들의 화장품구매 행동에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위하여 설문을 통한 실증분석을 시행하였다. 요인분석(Factor analysis)을 통하여 요인을 추출하 고 피어슨의 상관관계 분석(Pearson's correlation analysis)과 다중회귀분석(Multiple linear regression analysis)을 이용하여 요인별 상관관계와 변수가 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 설문지 320부를 표본으로 하여 통계분석을 하였다. 연구 결과 코로나19에 대한 두려움이 높을수록 감염의 두려움, 생활의 변화, 경제위기에 대한 인식이 높아지는 것으로 나타났으며, 과시적 구매, 상표 습관적 구매, 합리적 구매 성향이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 생활의 변화가 많을수록 경제적 위기에 대한 인식이 높으며, 상표 습관 적 구매, 합리적 구매 행동이 높아졌다. 감염의 두려움은 상표 습관적 구매에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났 고, 감염의 두려움과 생활의 변화는 합리적 구매 행동에 영향을 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 네일 케어 방법에 따라 위험지각과 만족도를 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 알아보기 위하여 네일 케어의 두 가지 방식인 니퍼 케어와 드릴케어로 나누어 각각의 소비자의 인식, 위험지각 그리고 만족도에 대한 문항 구성하였다. 또한 인구통계학적 특성 문항을 포함한 설문 200부를 표본으로 하여 통계 분석을 시행하였다. 연구 결과, 드릴케어 와 니퍼케어 모두 위험 지각 구성요인이 만족도와 유의한 선형관계에 있으며, 통계적으로 유의한 수준으로 확인되었다. 두 유형 모두 성과적 위험지각은 유의하게 정의 관계를 보였 다. 시술에 대한 불안이 큼에도 결과적 만족, 즉 구매라는 행동 의도로 이어져 유의미한 가 치를 제공했다. 이러한 결과를 통해 네일 산업 연구에 시사점을 제시하였으며, 더 실증적인 결과물을 제시하여 산업의 발전에 활용할 수 있도록 하였다.

The food delivery platform labor market has been continuing to grow rapidly in Korea, which resulted in traffic accident increases of delivery riders. To prevent traffic accidents while delivery, this study conducted a survey for 462 delivery riders and analyzed the statistical relationships of delivery characteristics and risk perception with delivery accidents. The results of this study revealed that riders with young age (20s: 46.6%) and/or low delivery experience (less than 1 year: 50.6%) had significantly higher proportion of accident experience than other age groups (over 40s: 36.2%) and high delivery experience (more than 2 years: 36.4%). In addition, side job riders (61.5%) showed significantly higher proportion of accident experience than main job riders (39.1%). The riders with accident experience had more number of deliveries per hour (weekday: 3.56, weekend: 3.91) than the riders without accident experience (weekday: 3.29, weekend: 3.68). Lastly, the riders with accident experience rated significantly higher perceived level of risk on weather, violation of traffic laws, uninspected motorcycle, receiving calls while driving, missing safety training, missing personal protective equipment than the riders without accident experience. This study suggested four aspects based on the study results to prevent traffic accidents for delivery riders.

본 연구는 코로나19 유행 시기 간호대학생의 코로나19에 대한 불안, 위험인식, 정보이해력, 감염예방행위 이행 수준을 파악하기 위해 시도되었다. 본 연구는 서술적 조사연구로 2020년 6월 8일부터 6월 14일까지 간호대학생 224명을 대상으로 온라인을 통해 설문조사를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 26.0을 이용하여 기술통계, t-test, ANOVA, 상관관계 분석을 하였다. 간호대학생의 불안정도는 6.86점(최대10점)으로 보통 수준이었으며, 위험인식은 8.19점(최대10점), 정보이해력은 3.50점(최대4점), 감염예방행위 수행정도는 4.44점(최대5점)으로 높은 수준이었다. 감염예방행위는 불안정도, 위험인식, 정보이해력이 높을수록 수행정도가 높았다. 코로나19와 같은 신종감염병이 유행할 때는 감염에 대한 불안감과 위험인식이 증가할 수 있으므로 감염병에 대한 충분한 정보제공으로 감염병에 대한 정확한 이해가 필요하다. 신종 감염병에 대한 정확한 이해는 철저한 감염예방행위를 향상 시키므로 감염병 전파 위험을 감소시킬 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구는 학부모를 대상으로 식품첨가물 및 보존료에 대한 인식 수준과 정보요구도를 파악하고 이를 바탕으로 학부모의 식품첨가물 및 보존료에 대한 올바른 이해와 안전한 식생활을 위한 교육자료를 개발하고자 하였다. 2014년 서울 경기지역 초등학생을 둔 학부모 381명을 대상으로 식품첨가물 및 보존료에 대한 인식 및 정보요구도에 대한 설문조사를 수행한 결과 응답자 중 가공식품 구입시 안전성을 가장 중요한 요소라고 응답하였으며, 41.5%가 식품 첨가물을 가장 식품안전을 위협하는 것이라고 응답하였으며, 식품 첨가물 중에서는 보존료가 가장 위험하다고 응답하였다. 그러나 응답자의 90.6%가 식품첨가물 및 보존료에 대한 교육 경험이 없다고 응답하였다. 설문결과와 학부모들의 정보요구도에 따라 교육홍보책자인 ‘보존료 바르게 알기’를 개발하였다. ‘보존료 바르게 알기’는 ‘보존료란 어떤 물질인가요?’, ‘보존료는 어떤 종류가 있나요?’, ‘보존료는 안전한가요?’, ‘가공식품, 어떻게 섭취해야 하나요?’, ‘식품첨가물은 식약처가 철저히 관리하고 있어요’ 등의 5장으로 구성하여 소비자인 학부모들이 알고싶어하는 내용들을 알기 쉽고 재미있게 전달할 수 있도록 구성하였다. 개발된 교육홍보책자를 초등학교 학부모에게 시범 적용한 결과, 사전 18.9%만이 보존료가 무엇인지 알고 있다고 응답한 수준에서 사후 90.9%가 그 역할을 이해하고 72.7%가 안전하다고 응답하여 개발된 책자가 보존료에 대한 이해도를 크게 높이고 보존료에 대한 오해를 바로잡을 수 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발된 교육홍보책자는 학부모를 비롯한 일반소비자들에게 보존료에 대한 이해를 높일 수 있는 효과적인 정보전달매체로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

PURPOSES : This study was conducted to develop expressway safety treatments based on the analysis results of older driver behaviors through literature review, surveys, and driving simulator experiments. METHODS: In this study, three analyses were conducted: surveys of 700 older drivers to find the risk segments they recognized, driving simulator experiments with older and younger drivers to investigate driver behaviors, and expert surveys to find the priority of expressway safety treatments for older drivers. RESULTS : Through survey results it was found that merging areas and tunnels were identified as the most dangerous areas, and more dangerous older driver behaviors were observed on those expressway segments in the driving simulator experiments. In addition, the priorities of safety treatments for each segment of expressways were decided based on expert surveys. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that choice and concentration strategies of expressway safety treatments for older drivers should be applied as perceptions regarding dangerous spots and older driver behaviors, including geometric designs, safety facilities, regulation, and institutes to improve expressway safety.

Construction sites have gradually become bigger and bigger according to Korea economic growth. Also use of tower crane and other heavy equipment has been increased. The increased use of heavy equipment like tower crane is leading to fatality incident. This study will verify hazards to influence tower crane incident through structural and positive verification and find which hazard influence incident risk. The result of this study is as follows. First, while there is a significant difference between safety managers and tower crane operators for working environment, safety management, personal manage among risk factors, we can not find any evidence on the difference in perception of tower crane incident risk between them. Second, task manage risk and personal manage risk has a significant positive effect on perception of tower crane incident risk. Third, while site environment risk has a significant positive moderating effect of task type between risk factors and perception of tower crane incident risk, personal environment risk has a significant negative moderating effect between them.

Introduction Consumers throughout the world, including Asia, are showing increased concerns about food safety. Public policy, industry, and academic researchers are turning increased attention to the effects of food labeling requirements. General food labels provide information about serving size, servings per container, total calories per serving, calories from fat, and minimum daily nutritional value. Consumers must then use the food labeling information to make individual dietary choices. Thus it is appropriate for researchers to ask how consumers formulate product choices and evaluations according to food labeling information including calorie counts and standardized nutritional information (Ford et al. 1996; Keller et al. 1997; Roe, Levy, & Derby 1999). Long-term strategies are critically needed to find ways to protect public health and to assure food safety. Health practitioners and governmental regulators have increased their efforts to address the growing problem by sponsoring programs for food safety and by requiring nutritional labeling. In answer to the need for further research in food consumption behavior (RFC), this study was conducted to investigate how manufacturers might use consumers’ perceptions of risks and involvement for planning the most effective food labeling. Theoretical Framework To find ways to promote general and social marketing healthful consumer use of food labels (Lefebvre, 1988; McDermott, 2000), this study utilizes consumer segmentation techniques in which consumers are categorized according to psychological and demographic profiles (Slater, Kelly, & Thackeray, 2006). That is, they are segmented based on essential homogeneous responses (Forthofer, 2000; Kotler, 1971) and demographic characteristics, including age, gender, income and social class, although demographics may be less effective than psychological differences for predicting responses to health promotions (Lefebvre, 1988; Slater, 1991). The psychographics approach to consumer segmentation, derived from marketing techniques, selects variables that predict health behaviors; that is, consumers are segmented according to how they process communication channel properties and message features (Rimal & Adkins, 2003). By focusing on consumer segmentation we elucidate how consumers react to food labeling designed to promote health and food safety. Consumer segmentation should help us understand why consumers might reject risky unhealthful behaviors and adopt protective healthful behaviors (Slater, 2006). The risk perception attitude framework (Garretson & Burton, 2000; Rimal & Real 2003; Turner, Rimal, Morrison &, Kim, 2006) is a theoretical perspective for segmenting consumers based on their perceptions of risk and their beliefs about personal efficacy. According to the risk perception attitude framework, risk perceptions are usually insufficient to motivate behavior, but when high risk perceptions are coupled with strong efficacy beliefs, people are more motivated to engage in self-protective behaviors. Social cognitive theory and the extended parallel process model also support the importance of efficacy beliefs as moderating risk perception effects on self-protective behavior (Bandura 1986; Witte 1994). Using the risk perception attitude framework for purposes of this study, consumers are classified into four groups according to their risk perception and self-efficacy as indicated by their involvement in health concerns. 1) The "indifference" group comprises study participants who have low risk perceptions and low involvement; they believe they face few risks, lack control of their actions, and are thus not motivated to undertake protective behaviors. 2) The "responsive" group comprises study participants who have high risk perceptions and high involvement and thus are motivated to undertake extensive self-protective behaviors. 3) The "proactive" group comprises participants who have low risk perception but high involvement; they believe strongly in their personal abilities to take control, but perceive low risk and are thus not motivated to engage in self-protective behaviors. 4) The "avoidance" group comprises study participants who have high risk perceptions and low involvement; they are concerned about the need to counter risks but lack the self-efficacy and involvement to follow recommendations. Research Questions To examine the risk perception attitude framework in the context of research on food consumption behavior (RFC), three central research questions are posed: RQ1: How are consumers classified according to their level of perceived risk and involvement? RQ2: Do different consumer types show different attitudes toward paying higher prices for safer food and toward paying attention to food labels? RQ3: What factors influence consumer classifications? Methods Data for this study came from research on food consumption behavior (RFC) conducted by Korea Rural Economic Institute (KREI) in 2014. In 2013, the KREI began gathering data regarding food consumption behavior to help the food industry develop more efficient use of food resources. RFC data are appropriate because they include data about various consumption patterns regarding food lifestyles, purchases, and food safety. Specifically, RFC for this study, we gathered data for a stratified sampling of 6,311 consumers, 19 to 75-years-old, living in 16 metropolitan city-regions in South Korea. Table 1 shows general features of the research participants. Among the respondents, 44.2% were men; 55.8% were women; 10.7% were 19 to 25-years-old; 37.6% were high school graduates; 46.9% had lower than middle school graduation levels, 21.9% were college graduates, 2.3% had post-graduate levels, 1.1% were uneducated; 36.5% had average monthly family incomes of 200~399; 1.3% had the highest rate of 1000 and more; 1.0% had low to moderate interest in health; 42.8% reported that they bought food two or three times weekly; 0.7% reported buying food once a month. Respondents reported an average 3.93 regarding risk perceptions for food safety. Their reported average level of involvement was 3.32; average of intention to pay higher prices for safe food was 3.37, and their average likelihood of checking food labels was 3.15. Measurement To score education levels, the uneducated group = 1, less than middle school = 2, high school graduates = 3, college graduates = 4, and postgraduates = 5. A five-point Likert-type scale was used to measure participants’ interest in their health (1 = complete indifference to 5 = very much interested). Also a five-point Likert scale was used to measure perceived risk for twelve items related to food safety: foreign substances, pesticide residue, use of antibiotics in livestock and fish, natural toxicity, food additives, heavy metals, endocrine disruptors, bacterial contamination, livestock disease, GMO, irradiation, packing hazards, and allergens (1 = not concerned at all to 5 = very concerned). Involvement was measured for three questions regarding food origin, food materials, and eco-friendly products (1 = not concerned at all to 5 = very concerned). Intentions to pay higher prices for safe food and to check food labels were measured from 1 = not at all to 5 = very positive. Results Four consumer groups were classified according to their level of perceived risk and involvement. We followed previous RPA model studies (e.g., Sullivan et al., 2008; Jo & Yoo, 2011) and classified groups based on median perceived risk and involvement: (≥4.00) for high perceived risk, (<4.00) for low perceived risk, (≥3.333) for high involvement, and (< 3.33) for low involvement. The responsive group had high perceived risk and high involvement; the proactive group had low perceived risk and high involvement; the avoidance group had high perceived risk and low involvement; and the indifference group had low perceived risk and low involvement. Additionally, ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test was conducted to examine the average difference among the four groups regarding their intentions to pay higher prices for safe food and to check food labels. Multinomial logit regression was performed to discover the factors that influence classification of consumer types. Classification of consumer types according to perceived risk and involvement Table 1 shows the consumer classifications according to the level of perceived risk and involvement: 1,198 participants, 21.8%, were in the indifference group with low perceived risk and low involvement; 1,254 participants, 22.8%, were in the proactive group with low perceived risk and high involvement; 1,125 participants, 20.5%, were in the avoidance group with high perceived risk and low involvement; 1,924 participants, 35.5%, were in the responsive group with high perceived risk and high involvement. Among the four groups, the responsive group had a statistically significant relatively high ratio: χ2 value for group classification was 79.695 (p <.001). Consumer classification differences in purchase intentions to pay higher prices for safe food and to check food labels Table 2 shows differences in intentions to pay higher prices for safe food and to check food labels. The proactive group showed the highest average intentions to pay higher prices for safe food at 3.52, followed by the responsive group at 3.51, the avoidance group at 3.25, and the indifference group at 3.16. The differences among the groups were statistically significant. A Tukey post-analysis showed that the high involvement group, in contrast with the low involvement group, showed higher average intentions to pay higher prices for safe food. Among the low involvement groups, those with high perceived risk had higher average intentions than those with low perceived risk. The responsive group showed the highest average intentions to check food labels at 3.44, followed by the proactive group at 3.43, the avoidance group at 2.74, and the indifference group at 2.27. The differences among the groups were statistically significant. A Tukey post-analysis showed that high involvement groups, in contrast with low involvement groups, showed higher average intentions to check food labels, but no difference was found according to the level of perceived risk. Influential factors of consumer segmentations Table 3 shows the results of examining the factors of gender, age, education, monthly average family income, and interest in health that are typical in consumer segments. Comparing all groups with the responsive group, the indifference group was most likely to comprise young women who had lower educational levels, lower monthly income, and less interest in health. The proactive group was most likely to be made up of men. The avoidance group was most likely to be made of young men who had lower educational levels, lower monthly incomes, and less interest in health. Discussion This study is an investigation of the theoretical framework of risk perception and involvement according to indifference, proactivity, responsiveness, or avoidance consumer segments. The study centrally indicates that the four risk perception–involvement framework groups differ in their perceptions of risk and the extent of their involvement. By revealing the importance of high involvement as a fruitful intervention strategy, the results suggest practical implications for public policymakers and marketers who strive to devise appropriate food labeling. Social cognitive theory has long stressed the importance of enhancing personal involvement (Bandura 1986). That insight can be applied to the risk perception attitude framework for identifying particular audiences who will respond to involvement-enhancing messages. Our findings suggest that a useful strategy in promoting change is to recognize that consumers will react differently according to their tendencies toward indifference, proactivity, responsiveness, or avoidance.

후쿠시마 원자력 발전소 사고 이후 한국 정부는 일본북부지역에서 생산되는 수산물 수입을 금지하였다. 한국과 일본 사이 수산물 분쟁은 아직 진행중이며 소비자들은 식품안전에 위협을 받고 있다. 이 연구는 소비자의 일본수산물에 대한 위험인식과 위험행동에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 밝히기 위함이다. 이를 위해 2012년 9월부터 10월까지 1,500명의 성인을 대상으로 설문조사를 수행하였다. 분석결과 일본산 수산물에 대한 위험인식에서 감정의 역할이 확인되었는데, 일본산 수산물에 대해 부정적인 감정을 느끼고 있는 개인은 해당 제품에 대한 위험 인식이 높았다. 또 부정적인 감정은 수산물 구입행동에도 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 한편 운명주의적 성향은 수산물 구입행동에 유의한 변수가 아닌 것으로 나타났다.

본 연구는 인적오류 예방을 위해 선박 충돌위험 가능성이 높은 여섯 가지 선박조우상황(Head on, 045°, 090°, 135°, Overtaking, Overtaken)에 대해서 양 선박의 거리가 점차 감소될 때 항해 당직자가 느끼는 충돌위기체감지수(Collision Risk Perception Index, CRPI)를 획득하고 통계분석을 통하여 신뢰도분석 및 가설을 검증한 후 곡선근사과정을 통해 다항 계수로 모델링하는 것이 목적이다. 해상에서 실제 경비함 두 척과 항해당직 승조원 총 30명을 대상으로 CRPI 데이터 획득 실험을 하였으며 데이터 분석결과 각 조우상황에서 높은 신뢰도를 나타냈고 유의미한 결과를 나타냈다. 또한 타 선박 조우시 양 선박간 거리가 가까워지는 상황에서 항해당직자의 승선경력과 연령이 많고, 상위면허를 보유 할수록 CRPI에 음(-)의 영향을 미친다는 것을 알았다. 또한 3차 다항식 모델로 CRPI를 추정한 결과 평균제곱오차(RMSE)는 Head on에서 1.19, 045°에서 0.87, 090°에서 0.81, 135°에서 0.71, Overtaking에서1.29, Overtaken에서 0.87로 나타나서 CRPI 곡선근사가 유용함을 알았다.

Recently, the Ministry of Labour, published clause 2 of Article 41 (Risk Assessment) of the Act "Industrial Safety and Health" dated 12 June 2013 in connection with continuous increase of accidents at construction sites in order to prevent accidents in industrial safety and health in new construction in accordance with the risk assessment on construction projects are realized after March 13, 2014. In this paper, positive method of calculating risk discussed by performing research the awareness of general contractors and sub-contractors with presenting risky situation is considered. The purpose will be a positive method of calculating risk and would be a sufficient basе and give a positive direction in the development of new systems currently working in the construction and risk assessment which consider the characteristics of sufficient risk assessment system for future research.

The purpose of this article was to research the effects of physical environment on risk perception in customers at raw-fish restaurants in the Northeastern area of Kangwon province, South Korea. In this research, reliability analysis, factor analysis and path analysis were carried out. Physical environments were divided into four factors and risk perception into three factors. ‘Exterior facility’ had a negative influence on performance (p<0.001) and financial risk (p<0.001). ‘Interior facility’ negatively affected performance risk (p<0.001), financial risk (p<0.001) and time risk (p<0.001). ‘The others’ negatively influenced performance risk (p<0.05). Lastly, ‘press copy’ negatively influenced performance risk (p<0.001). Based on these results, various physical environments affected the risk perception in customers at raw-fish restaurants, and satisfaction level of customers was based on risk perceptions. As a result, food-service companies need to manage the physical environment as a marketing strategy, as well as reduce risk perception to increase customers loyalty.

We conducted this study to determine the factors associated with childhood obesity. The subjects were 170 preschool children in Busan. Data were collected by using questionnaires which asked for information about socioeconomic status, parental perception of their child’s weight status and dietary/physical activity behavior. BMI was calculated for each child and their classification was determined, according to their age and sex, as follows: “overweight” at or above the 85th percentile, “normal” for the 15th-85th percentile, and with a BMI below the 15th percentile the children were deemed as underweight. Classification according to BMI percentile showed that 23.5% (18.25±1.33 kg/m2) of the children were overweight, 62.9% (15.51±0.76 kg/m2) normal, and 13.5% (13.23±2.86 kg/m2) were underweight. Socioeconomic status, as represented by the parents' level of education, the occupation of the father and the household income, did not affect the results. However, mothers working outside the household was a factor that was more likely to affect the weight status (p<0.05). Among mothers whose children were overweight, 30% underestimated their children’s weight status (believing them to be of normal weight when they were overweight), and 25% failed to recognize the necessity of weight control for their overweight children. While sedentary activity and total daily activity levels were not related to BMI, the level of physically active leisure activity was inversely correlated with BMI (p<0.05). Although there were no differences in total energy intake, dietary behavior was significantly related to weight status. Overweight children had poor eating tendancies: they eat faster (in less than 15 minutes), overeat, and eat late at night. Based on our findings where hereby recommended the following interventions to help limit weight problems in Korean pre-schoolers: early promotion of active leisure behavior and healthy eating habits, along with attempting to correct parental misperception of healthy weight status for children.

Purpose: The study was to identify the differences between individuals' own health risk perceptions and those of others at the same age. Moreover, this study tried to explore the differences in perception bias toward health risks by gender and the physical activity level. Methods: Three hundred fifty questionnaires were initially distributed to company employees and sports center members. Among them, total 332 were finally used in this study(male: 166, female: 166, Mage=49.32 years). Self and other risk judgment profile was revised into Korean and applied in the study. Frequency analysis and independent t-test were carried out by SPSS 23.0. Results: Results indicated that middle-aged adults tend to have unrealistic perceptions of their vulnerability to most health risks and perceive their own likelihood of encountering all health risks events as lower than that of others. In addition, the finding revealed that there were significant differences in perception bias toward to health risks by gender and the physical activity level. Conclusion: The significance of this study lies in the fact that it made a unique contribution to the existing knowledge about middle-aged adults' health risk perceptions.

There are enormous challenges in the Istanbul Strait- one of the most important, congested and narrow waterways in the world - from the view point of risk determination and risk mitigation for the local traffic. Previously several traffic parameters such as; traffic volume for local vessels, traffic flow and potential encounters of local traffic, in addition to the possibility of collision, were investigated in order to determine the degree of dangers in the southern entrance of the Istanbul Strait. Furthermore, risky zones were also determined in this waterway. On the basis of the results of those, a group of expert was surveyed. These experts were pilots, Vessel Traffic Services Operators (VTS-O), Local Traffic Vessel Captains and Master Mariners who had several experience of navigation through the Istanbul Strait. In order to assess experts perceptions of danger and to propose further studies based on this survey. The questionnaire was analyzed by using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) program version 13.0. Finally, some differences and/or shares on risk perceptions of expert in the Istanbul Strait are considered.