There is little information on the nutrient intake according to the city size and small town in Korean elderly. This study analyzed the nutritional consumption of older people in metropolitan, middle and small cities, and rural areas according to four income levels. The recent data from the 2016~2018 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were used. The final analysis included 4,325 individuals (Male: 1,856, Female: 2,469) over 65 years old. Multivariable regression with a complex sample design was conducted to compare the nutrient intake among the groups. In a comparison within regions, the nutrition status of the elderly in small towns was more vulnerable than metropolitan and middle & small cities. The energy intakes were similar between the groups. The carbohydrate intake of middle & small cities was significantly higher than the other regions. The intake of other nutrients in metropolitan and middle & small cities appeared to be higher than in rural areas. The number of nutrients with statistical significance between low and high-income levels were 19 in metropolitan, 11 in middle & small cities, and 5 in rural areas. Each contribution of carbohydrate, fat, and protein to the total energy intake was lower in the low-income level than the high-income level in metropolitan and middle & small cities. On the other hand, in rural areas, only the contribution of protein to energy intake was lower in the low-income level than the high-income level. Cities with higher levels of urbanization had more severe nutritional inequality in relation to the income level. There was also nutritional inequality present in rural areas but it was to a lesser extent. Moreover, the generally low level of nutrient intake was problematic in rural areas. These findings could be used as fundamental evidence for developing community nutritional policies for the elderly.

최근 ‘새마을운동’이라는 이름으로 동시다발적으로 진행되는 농촌개발사업의 양적인 증가는 사전조사 목적으로 수행되는 수혜국가 지역의 농업환경을 자세히 분석하는 것에 소홀해질 가능성이 있다. 현시점에서 체계적인 지역농업환경 분석이 필요하다. 본 연구는 네팔 극서부지역의 농업담당 공무원 7명을 대상으로 반구조화된 설문을 이용하여 SWOT 요인을 도출하여 분석하였다. SWOT 분석 결과를 토대로 다음과 같이 3가지 농촌개발전략을 제안하였다. 첫째, 효율적 농촌개발을 위해 농민조직의 구성이다. 이를 위해 자본 ·기술· 인적자원의 지원과 농민 스스로 의사결정을 할 수 있는 능력을 키워줄 수 있는 교육이 필요하다. 또한, 지역에서 활동하는 기존의 농업 관련 NGO에 대한 지원도 고려할 수 있다. 둘째, 연구지역은 농산물 뿐만 아니라 농업자재를 인도와 중국으로부터의 수입에 의존하고 있어 농업 생산성 증대를 통한 해외의존도를 낮추는 전략이 필요하다. 전기를 생산할 수 있는 복합관개수리 건설, 고지대 지역의 용수공급을 위해 태양에너지를 이용한 양수시스템 보급, 저수지 건설과 같은 농업 인프라 구축, 현대농업기술 및 우량종자의 보급, 농업연구시설의 지원, 농업용지 확대를 위한 개간 및 농지 비옥화 작업등이 시행 가능할 것이다. 셋째, 지역에 생산되는 허브나 soap-nut과 같은 식물자원을 가공품으로 생산할 수 있는 기술보급과 가공품 판매에 의한 부가가치 창출 및 양봉과 같은 농외소득을 통해 농가소득 증대전략이다. 본 연구는 질적연구방법의 하나인 SWOT 분석하였다. 질적연구방법의 단점으로 지적되는 연구 결과의 일반화는 어렵지만, 양적 자료가 없는 상태에서 연구접근방법은 적절하다고 생각된다. 네팔 극서부지역의 농업담당자로 7명의 연구 참여자는 대표성을 갖기에 충분하지만, 추가로 비정부기구(NGO)와 국제기구 농업담당자로 확대할 필요성이 있다. SWOT 분석이 가지고 있는 우선순위를 결정하기 어려운 단점을 보완하기 위해 계층분석과정 (Analytical Hierarchy Process)와 같은 양적연구 도구를 함께 활용하지 못한 점이 아쉬움으로 남는다. 하지만 해외에서 진행되는 농촌개발분야에 SWOT 분석의 활용과 연구지역의 농업 상황과 농촌개발전략을 제안한 점에서 연구의 의의를 찾는다.

By selecting rural residential houses of Jiaozuo region as the research object, paper analyzes local residential houses' origin, formation and development. Base on searching literature study, field research, and summarizing the previous analysis methods, firstly, describe the form of rural residential houses in Jiaozuo region; secondly, analyses the causes of architectural evolution; lastly, summarizes the evolution laws. Then combined with related domestic and abroad instance, paper is to propose reasonable advice and strategies for preservation and update the rural residential houses in Jiaozuo.

By selecting rural residential houses of Jiaozuo region as the research object，paper analyzes local residential houses’ origin, formation and development. Base on searching literature study, field research, and summarizing the previous analysis methods, firstly, describe the form of rural residential houses in Jiaozuo region; secondly, analyses the causes of architectural evolution; lastly, summarizes the evolution laws. Then combined with related domestic and abroad instance, paper is to propose reasonable advice and strategies for preservation and update the rural residential houses in Jiaozuo.

본 연구는 전원지 역 인 양구군을 대상으로 녹지 면적 및 식생구조 중심의 녹지구조를 정량 분석하고, 녹지에 대한 주민태도의 설문조사를 병행하여 녹지기능을 증진할 개선방안을 제시하였다. 수목피도는 공원이 약 29%로서 녹지공간 유형 중 가장높았고, 상업지 정원이 가장 낮아 3%에 불과하였다. 양구 전원지역의 수목식재는 개발밀도가 높은 도시의 경우보다 더 빈약하였다. 교목의 흉고직경분포는 20cm 미만의 점유비가 전체의 91%로서 도시지 역과 유사하게 유목 및 성장과정의 수목들이 우점하였다. 식재수종들의 상대우점치를 분석한 결과, 상위권 10개 수종 중4개 수종은 도시에서도 상위 10위권 내인 주요 도시경관수종들이었으며, 일부 우점종만 도시지 역과 상이하였다. 한편, 주거지 및 상업지 정원에선 우점종 대부분이 유실수로서 주로 실용적 수종을 식재한 것으로 나타났다. 녹지면적의 점유비는 공원 약 69%, 주거지 정원 39%, 공공용지 정원 37%, 가로 24%, 상업지 정원 15%등이었다. 향후 수목을 식재할 수 있는 잠재식재공간은 가로가 37%로서 현 수목피도를 약 6배, 주거지와 상업지 정원이 각각 19%,7%로서 현 수목피도를 2배이상 증진할 수 있을 것으로 분석되었다 녹지구조와 식재기법, 설문조사분석결과에 근거한 녹지확충 및 기능 개선책은 가로 구간별 테마 창출, 다층구조 조성, 정원 나지에 수목식재 및 건물 주변 에너지 절약적 식재 추진 등으로 요약된다.

With the rapid change of rural communities and increasing desire for social welfare, the demand for the quality of public spaces and facilities is increasing. However, inefficient location of rural public space and facility has caused problems such as economic inefficiency, inconvenient accessibility, environmental pollution, unsustainable energy use, and disturbance of visual landscape. This study aims to evaluate suitability of public spaces and facilities in three types of rural village: rural downtown village, rural clustered village, and individual village. As a way to measure the suitability of public spaces and facilities, we assessed indicators of suitability in terms of accessibility, usability, biophysical environment, and sustainable management. To evaluate the accessibility, we applied indicators such as distance from residential areas, public transit, market and public facilities. For the evaluation of biophysical environment, we applied indicators such as slope, elevation, aspect, and occurrence of natural disasters. We analyzed digital maps representing the indicators listed above using GIS. We also conducted a survey and face-to-face interviews to evaluate usability and sustainability of management which are not possible to understand through maps. As a result, we identified that suitability of public spaces and facilities in downtown villages is higher than clustered and individual villages. In particular, suitability of infrastructure facilities, social welfare facilities, and income generation facilities in downtown village are higher than those in clustered and individual villages. The suitability of tourism facilities is generally lower than other types of public facility across the three types of villages. Tourism facilities in clustered village have been identified especially unsuitable compared to other types of villages. We expect the outcome of the research is helpful to improve allocation of public spaces and facilities in rural villages.

This research was establishment of landscape formation plan to Yusang village region Yeongcheon city. Literature research, field research, surveys carried out for this purpose. In addition, by utilizing design code that appears in the common characteristics of the rural scenic views of the region in improving the quality of life of the local population and preserve the indigenous landscape as well as improve the quality of rural landscapes, management, capital town of the region to form Yeongcheon the center was established in the landscape plan form. The natural environment of the capital region for the landscape formation plan, Humanities and Social Environment, Landscape Resources Status, Social Consciousness, landscape map, landscape design, code identification and basic design and planning through the basic steps to derive design guidelines were applied to the landscape formation plan. Formation landscape plan for the regional launch of the regional landscape improvements, region entrance space and yusang reservoirs place, rest zone in the sacred tree and nurse trees around the plan, and repair the town hall. residents living village road maintenance to improve the environment, and develop a detailed plan, such as the lungs maintenance. The plan is likely to be able to contribute to improving the quality of life of the people and landscapes to improve regional, creating a guide for future business landscape is formed to have a significant advantage as a basis.

In this study, we try to quantify resident's conflict by rural development project based on previous researches about community capacities required for residents and social networks in rural village for suggesting efficient project model. we analyzed conflict elements in six category such as 'conflict in residents', 'conflict in residents and leaders', 'conflict in leaders', 'conflict in villages', 'conflict in development fund', 'conflict in village by common income project'. These results also analyzed by personal background(age, role, education, income) of respondent in questionary survey. Results show that 'conflict in residents and leaders', 'conflict in leaders', 'conflict in development fund' are perceived differently by age, role, education, and income in 5% significance level. Especially, relatively young age(below 40 years old) expressed clearly about conflict and high scored in item of 'residents and leaders'. Regression model show statistical significance(F=39.807, P=0.000) in influence relation analysis of conflict, network, leadership, and project fund. In this model, network β=-0.237, leadership β=-0.375, project fund β=-0.000 show network and leadership have negative relation to conflict but project fund is difficult to find relation with conflict. In this study, we defined social vulnerability using conflict, network, and leadership and verified the vulnerability of rural village applying regional community capacity in analysis results; vulnerability increased by the size of region and show inverse correlation to future vision of residents.

This study investigated the problem of the existing rural development plan where the opinions of local residents are excluded due to the lack of expert knowledge and limited participation and sought the village development plan driven by the voluntary participation of local residents by applying a rural forum targeting rural villages to solve the problem. As a result of the study, (1) the problem of the current village development plan should be made based on the participation of local residents, and (2) this problem has remained as an important challenge. Therefore, the village improvement activities that have reflected the opinions of local residents can be said to be (3) the process that seeks the change into the rural planning process led by local residents, and this study derived the ways to ensure the voluntary behavior of local residents, strengthen local residents' capacity to create on-going villages, and expand local residents' participation opportunities in the entire process of rural planning through the application of the rural forum. (4) Although it is generally difficult for local residents to propose opinions directly and exert influence in the rural planning and design process and it is not easy to reduce the difference in the perspective between the professionals and local residents, significance lies in the fact that local residents voluntarily determine the future of their region and derive the plan. Therefore, the experience of decision-making and consensus process through the rural forum can promote the sustainability of the village creation participated by local residents and the increase of local residents' role. This study took one village as an example to reflect the results applied to the rural forum, and it is difficult to determine that it has been fully verified with the method of residents' participation. Therefore, future studies to verify the effectiveness of village creation and seek the empirical utilization measures are needed more, and the operation of education programs and various support plans suitable to the capacity and level of local residents should be promoted rather than the traditional lecture-style stereotyped education in the future for sustainable rural development.

The purpose of this study was to develop survey tools for diagnosis of capacity levels in business promotion of rural residents when performing a rural development project of a regional unit. The cases of previous studies were analyzed to select community capacity indicators related to a rural development project. Five indicators were derived : social capital, consciousness of participation, community spirit, and leadership. Based on the five indicators, measurement items of various capacities were selected and 54 survey items were selected through evaluation of experts twice. The pilot tests were conducted and targeted at Jeonnam song ho-jung village and Gyeongnam Haegeumgang village to identify derived survey items. In addition, descriptive statistic analysis and reliability analysis were conducted. As a result, survey items were corrected by reducing 10 items of the total 54 items. This results showed that using this tool could help us understand capacity levels of rural residents.

The purpose of this study is to show the relation of the change between spacial structure and social conditions of rural area. The spacial structure change of Asan city was analyzed using Space Syntax, and multiple regression analysis (dependent variables: connectivity, global integration, local integration / independent variables: population, household, farm population, farm population of 65years old and over, farm household, part-time farm households, cultivated land) was accomplished. As th result, that the increase of connectivity is related to the increase of population and farm population of 65years old and over and the decrease of farm population, and the increase of local integration is related to the increase of farm population of 65years old and over was showed. However, that global integration is not related to change of social conditions was proved.

This study has intended to build a rural landscape evaluation model based on an integrated landscape assessment paradigm of rural region using an additive integration index method and applied the model to the Seondong Region of Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea. To reach this goal, this study developed a model to calculate Integrated Landscape Assessment Index. The model has employed the Objective Landscape Index, the Subjective Landscape Index, and the weighted values, and was applied to the Seondong region. This study has found the following results: 1) forests and water spaces were assessed with relatively better visual preferences and better landscape ecosystem; 2) the historic cultural area and scenic agriculture as well as general farm land were assessed with moderate ratings; and, 3) the villages included in development plan, their adjacent arable farming land, and the village watercourses were forming relatively poorer landscape.

본고는 서부경남지역의 저명한 학자로서 동학농민혁명에 관해 상세한 기록을 남긴 조성가의 ..월고일기..를 통해 서부경남지역의 동학의 확산과 향촌사회의 대응을 살핀 것이다. 서부경남지역은 관리들의 탐학과 혹심한 가뭄으로 자주 민란이 일어나고 있었으며, 호남지역 동학농민혁명을 계기로 동학농민혁명이 발발하게 되었다. 1894년 4월 산청 덕산에서 백낙도 등의 동학교도들이 처형 되었음에도 불구하고, 7월부터 호남지역의 지원을 받아 덕산의 동학농민군의 활동이 다시 활발하게 재개되었다. 동학농민군은 8월 19일부터 곤명의 봉계와 진주의 마동 일대에 모이기 시작하였으며, 동학농민군에 비판적인 사족들을 체 포하기 시작하였다. 이어 9월 초 섬진강을 건너온 순천, 광양의 영호도회소나 구례 등지를 거쳐 남원 등에서 온 호남지역 농민군과 함께 하동,진주, 사천, 곤양 등지를 동학농민군이 장악하게 되었다. 동학농민군은 폐정개혁과 왜적의 침 입을 막아낸다는 명분하에 대규모로 집결하였기 때문에, 진주 병영이나 관아에 서도 동학농민군의 기세를 막아 낼 수 없었다. 이에 조정에서는 관군과 일본군이 합세하여 서부경남지역 동학농민군을 공 격하게 하였다. 그 중 가장 큰 전투는 10월 14일 전개된 하동의 고성산성 전투 였다. 동학농민군은 전력을 기울였음에도 불구하고, 일본군의 무기와 전투기술 에 눌려 끝내 동학농민군은 패배할 수 밖에 없었다. 이어 이곳에 관군이 진격하 고 진주 우병영의 활동이 본격화되면서 동학농민군의 활동이 종식되게 되었다. 당시 동학농민군의 활동에 맞서 경상 우병영에서는 각 지역의 사족들을 군무 참모관으로 임명하고, 지역별로 성첩을 수리하고, 군량미를 확보하고자 하였다. 각 지역별로 요호(饒戶)를 대상으로 군무참모관을 뽑아 향회를 개최하고, 성첩 을 수리하고, 군기를 보수하였으며, 군량을 확보하는 방안을 마련하였다. 당시 사족들은 경상우병영의 대책에 대해서 불만이 많았으나, 어쩔 수 없이 자금을 제공하고, 군무에 종사할 수 밖에 없었다. 각 마을에서는 오가작통제를 강화하고 산에 보를 축조하였다. 오가작통제는 경상감영의 지시로 실시되었는데, 각 洞에 오고가는 자를 살펴서 수상한 자취 가 발견되면 통수→두령→통장→영수→관아→감영으로 보고하는 체계를 갖추 었다. 보는 진주 우병영의 지시로 단성이나 옥종면 일대의 산에 많이 축조되었다. 월횡리에서 축조한 사림산 보의 경우, 보의 축조에 마을 사람 전체가 동원되었 다. 마을 사람들은 산의 정상에 성문을 축조하고 보 안에는 사람들이 머무를 수 있는 집을 지었다. 그리고 식수원과 연결하는 길을 내었다. 그러나 이 보는 땅 이 좁아서 마을 사람들이 거주하기 불편하였고, 동학농민군의 신속한 공격에 맞서 제대로 대응하지 못하였다. 그러나 이러한 오가작통이나 보의 축조에도 불구하고, 마을에서는 동학농민 군에 가담한 인물이 점차 늘었다. 월횡리에는 최소한 두 개 이상 동학농민군 조 직이 있었으며, 10월 초 일본군이 진격해옴에 따라 마을 사람들이 동학농민군 에 강제 징집되었다. 대부분 탈출하였으나, 상당수가 동학농민군을 따라 백곡, 수곡, 북평을 거쳐 이동하였으며, 고성산성 싸움에 참여하기도 하였다. 그러나 동학농민군이 고성산성에서 패배함에 따라 전투에 참여하였던 사람들은 죽거 나 피신하였으며, 월횡리에는 도인과 속인의 조사가 시작되면서 동학농민혁명 이 막을 내리게 되었다.

In this paper, in order to clarify the effect and characteristics of rural women enterprise in rural areas, AWATAKE Restaurant at Kita Ward, Kobe is taken as a case study, and its management and operation condition, and the effects towards the region are analyzed. As a result, it can be concluded that: 1) according to the local employment and purchase of local food products, the economic effect towards the area shows a returning 73% of the gross sales to the area, 2) lifestyle technology which is empowered by women and food culture which is used as a start in the enterprise activities, are functioning as new workplace to cultivate technologies own by the women, moreover, members have never decreased, and most of them stayed for as long as 10 years, 3) however, the average age of the members are high and decreasing, leaving a new task on how to encourage participation of young members, 4) lastly, rural women enterprise is easy to manage, and also received cooperation from family in the members' working environment.

Owing to increase of meteorological disasters by climate change, it needs to study of climate change which will be able to deal with adaption for basic local authorities. A case study area of Yesan have been impacted by land-use which alter natural environment demage. It has led to micro-climate change impacts in rural area, Yesan. In order to adapt to the effects, this paper estimated temperature change in productivity of fruits and conducted decline of nonpoint pollutant loadings. As the results of temperature change of effecting on growth of apple, since a rise in temperature have not increased high, therefore the apple productivity could not be influence until 2030s. While the apple productivity could be declined 14.8% in 2060s. In addition, it supposes that the productivity would be decreased 44.5% in 2090s. Furthermore, it showed that the apple maturity has become worse, because length of high temperature has dramatic increased 54.2% in 2030s, 103.2% in 2060s and 154.0% in 2060s beside 2000, respectively, compared with 2000. As results of analysing between the future rainfall characteristics and nonpoint pollutant loadings, the subject of reduction of nonpoint pollutant was efficiency when it implemented around Oga-myeon or Deoksan-myeon Dun-ri. This study classified the region more detail each Eup and Myeon after that it analysed the rural region impacts of climate change for basic local authorities. Hence, this study is able to predict adaptation of rural region impacts of climate change. Due to increase of green house gases emission, meteorological disasters could often occur in the future. Therefore, it needs follow-up studies that assess climate change of effecting on rural region.

The study area is Cheonjang-ri, also called Alps village, making continuous profit after performing Comprehensive Rural Village Development Projects. This study aims to determine the development process of activities about urban and rural interchange and its characteristics for making continuous profit by residents themselves. A focus on thinking about the process is necessary to make activities in order to achieve continuous profits in the underdeveloped rural village by residents themselves. As a result of this study, Alps village has developed new activities, improving problems which are encountered on the development process of activities. And, Alps village has developed new activities by linking them with previous activities. To improve problems, Alps village has made an effort by itself and cooperated with the subject, both inside and outside of the village. This way has been effective for increasing the number of visitors in village. Increasing the number of visitors in village has been effective in making a continuous profit. Also, continuing to make new activities in order to substitute previous activities including problems has been effective to increase profit.

This study has intended to evaluate rural subjective landscape through participation of residents and visitors according to space types, and to perform comparative analysis of evaluation results between residents and visitors. This study has employed a survey method for which 58 residents of 8 villages within Seondong region at Gochang-gun and 70 visitors to Green Barley Field Festival in the target region have participated. 42 landscape view points were selected according to landscape scopes and space types, and then the preference was evaluated using landscape adjectives after showing pictures already taken for each landscape view point. This study has found the following results. First, whereas residents gave high points to natural landscape and artificial one at the historical culture areas in comparison with other landscape scopes, visitors gave them low points on the other hand. Second, visitors evaluated the cultivated area among space types of mixed landscapes with high value. Third, based on t-test for comparative analysis, the statistically significant differences of evaluation results appeared at 6 places among 8 natural landscapes, 3 places among 12 artificial landscapes, and 3 places among mixed landscapes.

This study has intended to evaluate the subjective landscape of rural region using additive integration index calculation model in Seondong region, Gochang-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Korea. This study consists of the following three steps. First, this study defmed the rural landscape using survey and developed the estimating equation for rural landscape assessment index. Second, this study set up assessment units and assessment indicators, then estimated mean of representative landscape adjectives in accordance with them through residents-participatory evaluation. Third, this study calculated rural landscape assessment index using additive integration index calculation model, and evaluated subjective landscape of rural region in accordance with space types and landscape fields through mapping methodology. The results of this study can be described as follows: 1) satisfaction level for landscape in accordance with village (urban area and residential area) was very high; 2) satisfaction level was very high in both Ye-Jeon reservoir and Hakwon farm, representative landscape resources of the study area.

Recently, rural leisure by urban dwellers has been recognized as a catalyst for regional development or restoration. The federal government implemented several regional planning policies attempting to address this phenomenon in the late nineties. However, most of these policies focused on supply-centered planning, which caused a diverse set of problems relating to the sustainability and economic validity of the planning. Instead, this study focuses on the re-visitation one of the demand variables, with the intention of analyzing the character of rural leisure demand and its re-visitation choice attributes. For these reasons, this study investigates the character of current rural leisure demand, and develops functional equations about urban people who visit rural areas, using logit model. The results of this study can be summarized as follow: Urban people are visiting rural areas from nearby cities or metropolitan areas that are within 3 hours driving distance, and over 80% of rural visitors are one-day visitors. Therefore, most of their visitation activities should be understood as rural leisure, including rural tourism. In addition, the likelihood of the rural tourist to make a return visit is influenced by their transportation means, product purchasing, staying period and travel time. The results of such rural leisure demand can provide information for regional planning strategies, such as selection of target market, type of market segments, improvement of recognition level, activity program price, facility and space planning, produce sale and connection with tour site.