The dung beetle, Copris tripartitus, has been listed as an endangered insect in Korea. In contrast to typical genomic characteristics, the 15,457-bp long, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of C. tripartitus has a few unusual characteristics. The genome has the trnP-trnT arrangement at the ND4L-ND6 junction, which is found only in two species of Scarabaeoidea, including C. tripartitus, in 53 available species. Twelve protein coding genes (PCGs) have typical ATT and ATG start codons, whereas COII had the start codon GTA, which is unprecedented in Scarabaeidae. The 297-bp A + T-rich region, which is the shortest available in Scarabaeidae, harbors three repeat units (26, 29, and 21 bp), each consisting of duplicated identical sequences interspersed in the A + T-rich region. Phylogenetic analyses were performed using the concatenated sequences of the 13 PCGs and two rRNA genes using both the Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods for the families Scarabaeidae and Lucanidae that are available for their mitogenomes in Scarabaeoidea. Our consensus phylogeny yielded monophylies of each family and the subfamily Scarabaeinae in Scarabaeidae with the high nodal supports (0.99-1 by BI and 79-100 by ML). Among the three tribes, represented by multiple genera in Scarabaeinae each Oniticellini and Onitini was supported as monophyletic groups with the highest nodal supports (1 by BI and 100 by ML), whereas Onthophagini was non-monophyletic group, presenting the tribe relationships: ((((Oniticellini + Onthophagini [Caccobius, Milichus, Onthophagus]) + Onthophagini [Digitonthophagus, Phalops]) + Onitini) + (Phanaeini + Eurysternini) + Coprini).

바둑게임은 중국에서 적어도 2,500년 전에 창안되었으며, 게임을 이기기 위해 상대방보다 더 많은 영역을 둘러싸는 것을 목표로 한다. 간단한 규칙에도 불구하고 바둑은 인공지능(AI) 분야에서 아주 복잡한 전략적인 보드게임이다. 몬테카를로 트리탐색(MCTS)은 국면 평가의 어려움을 극복하고 게임트리 내의 엄청난 분기수를 줄여주는 최상우선탐색 알고리즘이다. 컴퓨터바둑 게임에서 MCTS는 수많은 플레이아웃을 수행한 후, 게임트리 내에 있는 현재노드로부터 단말노드까지의 임의의 수순을 표본 추출하여 다음 후보 착수에 대한 승률을 근사적으로 계산해낸다. AlphaGo를 포함한 모든 강력한 컴퓨터바둑 프로그램은 컴퓨터바둑 게임 진행에 있어 MCTS를 이용하여 가장 유망한 착수를 구해왔다. 본 연구는 소형바둑 컴퓨터게임에 있어 순수 MCTS를 이용하여 가장 유망한 일련의 수순을 찾고자 했다. 실험결과에 의하면 순수 MCTS는 소형바둑에서 19줄바둑게임에서 벌어지는 포석, 중반전, 끝내기라는 3단계가 아닌 중반전과 끝내기라는 단지 2단계를 진행하였으며, 아울러 순수 MCTS는 맥과 연단수와 같은 하위개념의 지식을 이해 못하는 것을 보였다.

As visual marketing gains a more critical role in marketing communications, consumer eye-tracking data has been utilized to assess the effectiveness of those marketing efforts (Croll, 2016; Glazer, 2012). With eye-tracking data, researchers can capture consumers’ visual attention effectively and may predict their behavior better than with traditional memory measures (Wedel & Pieters, 2008). However, due to the complexity of data: its volume, velocity and variety, known as 3Vs of Big Data, marketing scholars have been slow in fully utilizing eye-tracking data. These data properties may pose a challenge for researchers to analyze eye-tracking data, especially gaze sequence data, with traditional statistical approaches. Commonly, researchers may analyze gaze sequences by computing average probabilities of gaze transitions from a particular area of interest to another area of interest. When the variance of gaze sequence data in the sample is small, this method would uncover a meaningful “global” trend, a trend consistent across all the individuals. However, when the variance is large, this method may not enable researchers to understand the nature of the variance, or the “messiness” of data. In this paper, first, to overcome this challenge, we propose an innovative method of analyzing gaze sequence data. Utilizing the singular value decomposition, our proposed method enables researchers to reveal a “local” trend, a trend shared by only some individuals in the sample. Second, we illustrate the benefits of our method through analyzing gaze sequence data collected in an advertising study. Finally, we discuss the implications of our proposed method, including its capability of uncovering a hidden “local” trend in “messy” gaze sequence data.

Kim, Kyu-hyun & Suh, Kyung-Hee. 2018. “Formulation Sequence in Korean TV Talk Shows: Pre-Sequence as Consensual Grounds for Managing Category Work”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 26(2). 85~117. From the perspectives of conversation analysis (CA) and membership categorization analysis (MCA), this paper analyzes the formulation sequence in Korean television news interviews and celebrity talk-shows. The analysis shows that the host's formulation is normatively oriented to by the guest as a preliminary action, which projects a range of face-impinging actions, such as challenge, assessment, request, etc. The formulation-confirmation sequence furnishes the host with consensual grounds for embarking on affectively-loaded assessment activities vis-à-vis the guest in his/her own terms. The guest, as the formulation-recipient, may block the host's projected action by using disconfirmation, which points to the contingent nature of the power that the host exercises as the agent of morality. The analysis of the formulation sequence is brought to bear upon the examination of the compositional features of the formulation turn (e.g., sentence-ending suffixes, discourse particle, etc.) and their interactional imports.

이 연구에서는 학습 발달과정을 탐색을 통해 계절의 변화에 대한 교육과정과 교수 계열을 제안하고자 하였다. 학습 발달과정을 알아보기 위해 Wilson (2005)이 제안한 ‘구인 모델링 방식’의 4가지 단계(구인특화, 평가 문항 개발, 평가 결과 기술, 측정 모델)를 적용하였다. 구인특화 단계에서는 계절의 변화의 하부 구인으로 ‘계절에 따른 그림자의 길이’, ‘계절에 따른 별자리의 위치’, ‘남반구와 북반구의 계절’, ‘계절에 따른 태양의 일주운동’, ‘계절의 원인과 현상‘을 설정하였으며, 선행 연구 결과를 바탕으로 각 하부 구인의 하위 정착점인 수준 1에서 상위 정착점인 수준 4까지를 나타낸 구인구성도를 작성하였다. 평가 문항 개발 단계에서는 구인구성도를 토대로 C-E (choose and explain) 형태의 문항 3개, CR (constructed response) 형태의 문항 2개로 구성된 총 5개의 평가 문항을 개발하였으며, 초, 중, 고등학교 학생 383명을 대상으로 적용하였다. 평가 결과 기술 단계에서는 평가 문항에 대한 학생 응답 결과를 구인구성도를 토 대로 범주화하는 과정을 거쳤으며, 이 범주들을 학생 능력에 따라 4수준으로 분류하고 1-4점의 점수를 부여하였다. 측정 모델 단계에서는 Rasch 모델의 부분점수 모형을 적용하여 학생들의 응답 결과를 통해 작성한 학습 발달의 경로가 선행 연구를 기반으로 작성한 구인구성도와 일치하는지 비교하였다. 이를 통해 구인구성도를 수정함으로써 최종적으로 계절의 변화에 대한 가설적인 학습 발달과정을 작성하였다. 최종적으로, 연구 결과를 바탕으로 계절 변화에 대한 교육 과정 개정 방향과 효과적인 교수 계열을 제안하였다.

The Acoptolabrus changeonleei Ishikawa et Kim, 1983 (Coleoptera: Carabidae), has been listed as an endangered insect in South Korea. The complete mitochondrial genome of the species was 16,831 bp with a typical set of genes (13 protein-coding genes [PCGs], 2 rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes) and one non-coding region, with the arrangement identical to that observed in most insect genomes. Phylogenetic analyses with concatenated sequences of the 13 PCGs and 2 rRNA genes, using the Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum-likelihood (ML) methods, placed A. changeonleei as a sister to the within-subfamilial species Damaster mirabilissimus in Carabinae, with the highest nodal support by both analyses.

Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) has caused severe agricultural damage in Asian regions. To clarify genetic relationships among different populations of R. pedestris in Korea, 294 COI sequences were generated from 294 individual samples collected in 42 local regions. In total, 36 haplotypes were detected from the 294 COI sequences, and the genetic distances among the 42 local populations ranged from 0.00 % to 1.50 %. In the AMOVA results, a variability of more than 98 % was observed within populations, and the median joining (MJ) networks revealed that R. pedestris has expanded by crossing the nine geographical groups. Most of the samples shared one haplotype, H2; however, some samples obtained from the same regions displayed slight genetic differences. These results indicate that R. pedestris have undergone a series of genetic variations.

The brown marmorated stinkbug, Halyomorpha halys, is an invasive insect pest in North America and Europe that attacks crop species and causes substantial economic damage. To evaluate the genetic diversities and distributions of different H. halys populations in East Asia, North America, and Europe, COI sequences obtained from 79 new specimens from Korea and 10 from the USA were compared with 725 existing COI sequences. In total, 45 haplotypes were detected in populations from 10 countries. Sixteen haplotypes from Korea (H34–.H49) and 2 from the USA (H50 and H51) were novel. Korean populations exhibited the 2nd highest diversity among the 10 countries, with only Greece exhibiting higher diversity. Haplotype H22 was prominent in Korea, H1 was prominent in China, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Canada, and USA, and H3 was prominent in France and Switzerland. Of the 18 haplotypes found in Korea, 1 was shared with China (H2) and 1 with Greece (H22). Haplotype diversity patterns showed that Korean populations were genetically distinct from populations in China, Europe, and North America. This suggested that populations in Europe and North America arose through multiple invasions from China and that (with the exception of Greece), Korean populations did not spread to other countries. This study represents a comprehensive analysis of H. halys populations in Korea and places these populations in a global context that includes other native populations in East Asia and invasive populations in Europe and North America.

We study the pseudo-synchronous orbital motion of a binary system on the main sequence. The equations of the pseudo-synchronous orbit are derived up to O(e4) where e is the eccentricy of the orbit. We integrate the equations to present their solutions. The theoretical results are applied to the evolution of the orbit and spin of the binary star Y Cygni, which has a current eccentricity of e0 = 0.142. We tabulate our numerical results for the evolution of the orbit and spin per century. The numerical results for the semi-major axes and rotational angular velocities in the evolutional time scales of three stages (synchronization, circularization, and collapse time scale) are also tabulated. Synchronization is achieved in about 5 × 103 years followed by circularization lasting about 1 × 105 years before decaying in 2 × 105 years.

Hypsizygus marmoreus is a mushroom with abundant flavor and medicinal properties. However, its application is limited by problems such as long cultivation period, low biological efficiency, and microbiological contamination; therefore, there is a substantial need for development of new cultivars of this species. In this study, 55 strains of H. marmoreus were subjected to inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis to identify markers for the selection of mother strains for breeding from the collected germplasm. ISSR 13 and 15 were confirmed as polymorphic markers. The three strains (KMCC03106, KMCC03107, and KMCC03108) with white cap color were found to be genetically closely related upon UPGMA analysis of both ISSR 13 and 15. Based on the PCR analysis results for ISSR 15, the collected germplasm were differentiated into three groups according to the strain collection year. Thus, ISSR 15 could be a marker for determining the phylogeny of cap color and genetic variations according to the strain collection year. These results suggest that ISSR markers can be effective tools for the selection of mother strains for breeding of H. marmoreus.

멸구과(Delphacidae) 8종의 internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) DNA 염기서열로 종간 차이 추정값을 비교하고 분자계통수를 추론하였다. ITS2 DNA 염기서열 길이는 종(species)마다 550 bp (흰등멸구)에서 699 bp (겨풀멸구)까지 차이를 보였다. 같은 Nilaparvata 속의 겨풀멸구와 벼멸구붙이 사이 의 염기서열 차이 추정값(d ± S.E.)은 0.001 ± 0.001로 가장 낮았으며, 사슴멸구와 일본멸구 사이는 0.579 ± 0.021로 가장 높았다. 벼멸구와 다른 멸구류들 과의 종간 염기서열 차이 추정값은 0.056 ± 0.008 (겨풀멸구)에서부터 0.548 ± 0.021 (일본멸구)로 구분되었다. 반면, Neighbor-joining 방법으로 추론된 분자계통수에서는 겨풀멸구와 벼멸구붙이를 제외하고 나머지 멸구류들은 독립된 다른 그룹으로 분지되었다. 벼멸구의 ITS2 염기서열을 참고하여 벼멸구 특이 고리매개등온증폭(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP) 프라이머 4 세트(BPH-38, BPH-38-1, BPH-207 및 BPH-92)를 제작하였다. 이들 각각을 벼멸구, 흰등멸구 및 애멸구의 게놈 DNA와 65°C에서 60분간 반응시켰을 때, 벼멸구 시료에서만 증폭 산물들이 관찰되었다. BPH-92 LAMP 프라이머 세트로 65°C에서 벼멸구 DNA의 양(0.1 ng, 1 ng, 10 ng, 100 ng)과 반응시간(20분, 30분, 40분, 60분)을 달리하여 형광반응을 관찰하였을 때, 20분과 30분 반응에서는 100 ng 까지에서도 발광여부 구별이 어려웠다. 그러나 40분 반응에서는 10 ng 이상에서, 60분 반응에서는 0.1 ng 이상에서 발광여 부가 명확히 구별되었다.

Through data mining of the Cordyceps militaris genome, a lectin-encoding gene, CMLec3, was identified. In this study, the CMLec3 sequence was analyzed using bioinformatics approaches, and the gene was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 cells. The biological activity of the product was examined. In addition, CMLec3 gene expression levels were assessed. The results showed that the CMLec3 protein contained a lectin domain structure and was successfully expressed. The CMLec3 protein partly inhibited HeLa cell proliferation. CMLec3 exhibited the highest gene expression in the primordium at a level 5.19 times that of the mycelium and 1.35 times that of the fruiting body. This suggests that the gene may be related to fruiting body development.

Occurrence spontaneous mushrooms in eastern Jeju Muryeongarioreum, Sillyecheon-Iseungak, Kyoraegotjawal, Geomunoreum were examined in 2016. The collected mushrooms were classified by 15 order 56 family 149 genera 317 species. Among the collected mushrooms, 87 species of mushrooms were successfully incubated in mushroom complete medium in which DNA of 25 species were completely extracted and amplified using universal primers ITS1 (5’-CTTG GTCA TTTA GAGG AAGT AA-3’) and ITS4 (5’-TCCT CCGC TTAT TGAT ATGC-3’). Four species of them were differently identified between the classification by morphological observation and by analysis of DNA sequences i.e. by morphological identification Ganoderma applanatum, Armillaria gallica, Macrolepiota procera and Trametes gibbosa were identified as G. gibbosum, A. cepistipes, M. detersa and T. elegans by analysis of DNA sequences, respectively. Based on these results both identification ways might be necessary for correct classification of mushrooms. On the other hand, among the collected 317 mushrooms, 48 species could be identified to genus but not to species by the morphological observations. However, by the analysis of DNA sequences, 15 species were identified to species in which 6 species were unregistered mushrooms in Korea. Therefore, the analysis of DNA sequence may be useful to identify the mushrooms which are difficult to recognize by morphological observation.

A. bisporus is the fifth most cultivated mushroom in Korea, and approximately 10,757 tons were cultivated in 2015. The genetic diversity of collected strains in Korea and commercial cultivars was analyzed using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. ISSR markers known to be comparable among A. bisporus spp. were selected from various markers. Totally, 16 markers, namely the ISSR markers 807, 808, 810, 811, 834, 835, 836, 841, 842, P3, P8, P17, P22, P30, P38, and P39, were evaluated to discriminate between ASI 1110, 1114, 1115, 1238, 1246, 1365, 1366, and 1369 for selecting suitable markers in 16 markers. The ISSR markers P31, P38 and P39 exhibited various fingerprints that could help classify the strains in species. Using the three markers, genetic relationships among 39 strains, including commercial cultivars, such as SaeA and SaeYeon, were analyzed using the UPGMA method. The results of the analysis of the genetic relationships between commercial cultivars and collected strains in Korea confirmed that the commercial cultivars were different from the collected strains in Korea. These results suggested that the ISSR markers P31, P38, and P30 could be used for selecting the commercial cultivars of A. bisporus.

Microsatellite SSR markers were developed and utilized to reveal the genetic diversity of 32 strains of Flammulina velutipes collected in Korea, China, and Japan. From SSR-enriched library, 490 white colonies were randomly selected and sequenced. In the 490 sequenced clones, 85 clones (17.35%) were redundant. Among the remaining 405 unique clones, 201 clones (49.6%) contained microsatellite sequences. As a result, 12 primer pairs produced reproducible polymorphic bands within diverse 4 strains and these selected markers were further characterized in 32 Flammulina velutipes strains. A total of 34 alleles were detected using the 12 markers, with an average of 3.42 alleles and the number of alleles ranged from two to seven per locus. The major allele frequency ranged from 0.42 (GB-FV-127) to 0.98 (GB-FV-166), and values for observed (HO) and expected (HE) heterozygosity ranged from 0.00 to 0.94 (mean = 0.18) and from 0.03 to 0.67 (mean = 0.32), respectively. SSR loci amplified with GB-FV-127 markers gave the highest polymorphism information content (PIC) of 0.61 and mean allele number of five, while for loci amplified with GB-FV-166 markers these values were the lowest, namely 0.03 and two. The mean PIC value (0.29) observed in the present study with average number of alleles (3.42). The genetic relationships among 32 Flammulina velutipes strains based on SSR data were generated by UPGMA cluster analysis. In conclusion, we succeeded in developing 12 polymorphic SSRs markers from SSR-enriched library of Flammulina velutipes. These SSRs are presently being used for phylogenic analysis and evaluation of genetic variations. In future, these SSR markers will be used in clarifying taxonomic relationships among the Flammulina velutipes.

Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, is one of the serious pests of fruit throughout the world. Two regional populations (Bangladeshi and Malaysia) were collected using methyl eugenol lure and one laboratory population was obtained from Thailand. Three populations were compared in cytochrome b (CYB) cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences. COI sequences were highly homologous. However, CYB sequences were polymorphic and used to discriminate these regional populations by a phylogenetic analysis. In CYB phylogeny analysis, Malaysia and Thailand populations were clustered and Bangladeshi population was separated

목 적 : 생체부분간이식(Living Doners Liver Transplantation. 이하 LDLT) 에서 간 공여자의 수술 전 검사는 RARE sequence로 T2효과를 높여 간 담도내의 해부학적 구조물을 잘 관찰하기 위한 검사이다. 이에 본 논문에서는 3D T1 VIBE sequence에서 획득한 영상을 3D MRCP post-processing함으로써 그 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2015년 11월부터 2016년 2월까지 본원에 간 공여자로 내원한 환자 총50명(남자:33명 여자:17명, 평균나이:32.6세)을 대상으로 하였다. 검사에 사용된 장비는 Siemens skyra (3.0T)로 검사하였다. 2D-MRCP은 Breath-hold Single-shot RARE sequence 매개변수는 TR/TE:928/2010ms, matrix: 384×384, slice thickness: 4cm, radial (oblique coronal) & oblique axial projection image 얻고. 3D-MRCP 영상은 respiration-triggering sequence기법으로 매개변수는 TR/TE:698/5438ms, matrix: 384×384, slice thickness: 1㎜ thin slice coronal image 획득했다. Dynamic MR 영상으로 3D T1 VIBE sequence 매개변수는 TR/TE:2.5/5.6ms, matrix: 320×310, , GD-EOB-DTPA (primovist)를 IV injection후 vascular phase 영상을 얻고, 20분 경과 후 간담도기 영상으로 지방을 소거한 slice thickness:1.5, 3㎜ coronal image 얻었다. 영상처리 장비는 GE Workstation (AW volumeshare 4.6)에서 3D기법 중 Maximum Intensity Projection(MIP)와 Volume-rendering(VR)으로 간담도에 평행하게 slab rendering 기법으로 다양한 두께의 slab와 angle을 주어 간담도가 영상처리 했다. 평가방법은 정성적 분석으로 biliary track와 hepatic ducts의 해부학적 구조와 명확도를 2D-MRCP와 3D-MRCP/ T1 VIBE MIP/VR image를 비교하여 방사선과 2명이 판독했다. 결 과 : 3D source data image를 3D MIP/VR으로 간담도를 영상처리했을때, 3D-MRCP 검사는 호흡불량으로 인해 50건 중 12건(24%)이 영상처리 재구성이 불가능 했다. 3D T1 VIBE sequence는 간담도와 간문맥의 관계를 3D 영상처리 재구성 할 수 있었고, 간담도 변이의 종류는 총 5 가지로 나타났다. 총간관에서 분지하여 우간관 좌간관 연결되는 classic Type이 50건 중 34건 68%였고, RPHD into LHD 7건 14%였다. RPHD into CHD 4건 8%, trifurcation 3건 6%, 기타 2건 4%이다. 결 론 : 생체부분 간이식에서 간 공여자마다 간담도 형태가 다양하고 복잡하기 때문에, 3D MIP/VR slab rendering 기법으로 적당한 slabs angle를 적용하여 간담관 구조를 영상처리 한다. 3D T1 VIBE sequence의 post-processing은 간담도와 간문맥의 해부학적 관계를 동시에 보여줌으로써, LDLT 수술을 계획하는 외과의에게 정확한 정보를 제공하여, 간 공여자의 안전과 수술시간 단축에 기여할 수 있으리라 사료된다.