This study introduces the Three-Memory-Model (Cherry, 2019) in education into Maritime Simulator- based training in Sri Lanka and conducts empirical research. In simulator-based education what is disseminated as knowledge during the Briefing, Scenario and Debriefing phases must be transferred from short-term, across working memory to long-term-memory. Working memory gained during the scenario phase, could be encoded into long-term-memory through rehearsal probes. But the number of probes which could be tolerated by the participants of simulator-based training has not undergone empirical investigation. Thus, selecting the Open Sea scenario phase as its setting the research questions aim to identify tolerance limits in the participants for the number of freezes and the number of probes introduced during each freeze. The methodology selects a population of seafarers (n = 60). Through stratified random sampling this population was subdivided based on experience at sea as Group A (n = 30): Mean of 2 years and Group B (n = 30): Mean of 13.6 years of sea experience. The duration of the open sea scenario phase is 35 minutes with freezes at 10-minute intervals. The number of probes were given a range of 7 to. Data analysis utilized SPSS. The highest percentage mean value was obtained for three freezes for the Open Sea scenario phase while two freezes had the next highest percentage mean value. The mean value of the tolerance limits for questions during one freeze is approximately 9 and 6 probes for Group A and B respectively. Citing prior research on working memory, visuo-spatial vs. verbal working memory, reaction time and age this study raises a counter argument against the findings: the self-declared tolerance limits of the number of questions the participants feel comfortable to answer during each freeze. The findings of this research are valuable to maritime Simulator-based instructional designers outside and within Sri Lanka.

Dental health care workers (DHCW) are at a risk of occupational exposure to Helicobacter pylori from the aerosolized oral biofilms and saliva of patients. We designed this study to investigate the prevalence of H. pylori in the oral biofilms of a group of dental and non-dental undergraduates from Sri Lanka. After obtaining informed consent, oral biofilms were collected from 38 dental undergraduates (19 males and 19 females) undergoing clinical training and 33 non-dental undergraduates (14 males and 19 females). The participants were in the age range of 22–27 years and had healthy periodontium. Total DNA from the oral biofilms were extracted, and H. pylori DNA was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of 16S rRNA gene of H. pylori using JW22-JW23 primers, and the results were confirmed using PCR amplification of H. pylori -urease specific HPU1-HPU2 primers. Out of 71 participants, 11 (28.95%) dental and 3 (9.09%) non-dental undergraduates had H. pylori in their oral biofilms indicating an overall prevalence rate of 19.72% (14/71). Thus, the prevalence of H. pylori in oral biofilms was significantly higher in dental undergraduates than in non-dental undergraduates (p < 0.05). An odds ratio of 4.07 indicated that dental undergraduates were four times more likely to harbor H. pylori in their oral biofilms than nondental undergraduates. Foregoing data support the fact that there may be greater occupational risk of exposure to H. pylori for dental undergraduates during clinical training than that for non-dental undergraduates, warranting meticulous infection control practices during clinical dentistry.

스리랑카는 채소의 주년 생산에 적합한 기후를 갖고 있는 열대국가이다. 열대, 아열대 채소의 재배면적은 전체 농지(105,062 ha)의 약 3%이다. 지난 50년 동안 스리랑카에서 채소 육종에 관한 체계적인 연구가 이루어졌고 채소 부문은 지속적으로 증가하였다. 하지만 채소 육종, 재배 및 가공과 관련된 기술이 선진국에 비해 많이 뒤떨어져 있는 형편이다. 전통 육종법을 통해 개발된 다양한 농업적 형질을 가진 품종이 현재까지 스리랑카의 채소 생산에 이용되고 있지만 생명공학적 방법을 접목한 채소 품종 육종법의 중요성이 점차로 부각되고 있다. 본 논문은 스리랑카에서 중요한 채소 작물인 토마토, 고추류, 콩류, 가지 및 여주의 육종과 품종 현황을 소개하고 향후 스리랑카 육종 전망에 대해 논의하였다.

스리랑카에서는 인도로부터 붓다의 사리를 전해 받아 탑을 세우면서 사리 이운(移運) 페라하라 의식을 거행하게 되었는데, 이로부터 스리랑카에서 페라하라 전통이 시작되었다. 이 축제는 역대 스리랑카 문화에 가장 큰 영향을 끼친 축제로 오늘날 스리랑카 국민에게 생활 깊숙이 내재화되어 있다. ‘까티나(Kaṭhina) 가사공양 페라하라’, ‘웨삭(Vesak) 페 라하라’, ‘결혼식 페라하라’, ‘장례식 페라하라’ 등 다양한 형태로 페라하라가 스리랑카 문화 속에 스며들어 있다. 세계적으로 가장 오래된 역사 적인 축제 중의 하나인 ‘캔디(Kandy) 페라하라’는 많은 사람들에게 널 리 알려져 있는 바, 이미 1,800여 년의 역사를 지니고 있다. 싱할라 왕조가 캔디 시대 때에 이 축제를 ‘에살라(Esala) 페라하라’라고 불렀고 그 후 이 축제는 스리랑카 불교의 유구한 전통을 상징하는 축제로 성스러운 불치(佛齒)사리 및 신들에 대한 공경을 표하기 위해 거행되어 왔다. 이처럼 불심(佛心)뿐만 아니라 신앙사상도 나타내는 페라하라 축제는 스리랑카의 문화 발전에도 도움을 주고 있다. 스리랑카에서 페라하라가 정치ㆍ문화ㆍ경제ㆍ심리 등 여러 방향에서 영향을 미쳐왔는데, 오늘날에도 이 페라하라 의례를 통해 사람들에게 정신적 맑음과 경제적 발전을 이루게 했고, 사람들로 하여금 불교적 감각과 감정을 지닐 수 있도록 하여 창조적인 힘을 성취하게 만들었다. 또한 이후 스리랑카에서 붓다와 관련된 유물에 가장 최고의 존경을 보이게 만들었고, 스리 마하보디를 돌고 치아사리를 이운하는 페라하라 전통을 창출하였다. 페라하라 의례 행사는 붓다의 사리 등 불교 유물이 스리랑카 사람들에게 최고의 숭배를 받으며 다루어지도록 하는 결정적 계기가 되었다. 이 페라하라 전통은 스리랑카인들에게는 깨달음을 상기 시켜 줄 뿐만 아니라, 또한 이것이 사람들을 깨달음으로 이끄는 한 가지 방법이라고 본다. 뿐만 아니라 500년 동안 서양 식민지를 겪었음에도 불구하고 이런 전통을 지키고 있다는 것은, 스리랑카인들의 삼보에 대한 신심이 깊다는 것을 충분히 반증하고 있다고 생각한다.

PURPOSES: The objective of this study is to evaluate the application of soil stabilization method for soft shoulder construction in the iRoad Project of Sri Lanka. METHODS: Firstly, the quantitative analysis of soil strength improvement due to soil stabilization was done for soil samples collected from iRoad construction sites. Two types of soils were selected from iRoad Project sites and prepared for soil stabilization testing by the Road Development Authority. Secondly, the appropriate stabilizer was selected at given soil type based on test results. Two different stabilizers, ST-1 and ST-2, produced in Korea were used for estimating soil strength improvements. Finally, the optimum stabilizer content was determined for improving shoulder performance. The uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) test was conducted to evaluate the strength of stabilized soil samples in accordance with ASTM D 1633. The use of bottom ash as a stabilizer produced from power plant in Sri Lanka was also reviewed in this task. RESULTS: It is found from the UCS testing that a 3% use of soil stabilizer can improve the strength up to 2~5 times in stabilized soft shoulder soils with respect to unstabilized soils. It is also observed from UCS testing that the ST-1 shows high strength improvement in 3% of stabilizer content but the strength improvement rate with increase of stabilizer content is relatively low compared with ST-2. The ST-2 shows a low UCS value at 3% of content but the UCS values increase significantly with increase of stabilizer content. When using the ST-2 as stabilizing agent, the 5% is recommended as minimum content based on UCS testing results. Based on the testing results for bottom ash replacement, the stabilized sample with bottom ash shows the low strength value. CONCLUSIONS: This paper is intended to check the feasibility for use the soil stabilization technique for shoulder construction in Sri Lanka. The use of soil stabilizer enables to improve the durability and strength in soft shoulder materials. When applying the bottom ash as a soil stabilizer, various testings should be conducted to satisfy the specification criteria.

As Sri Lanka Stupa had been affected by Indian stupa directly, understanding Sri Lanka Stupa is important to know about the flow of Buddhist Art History, which is showing the variation of Initial Buddhist stupa. Due to invasions and disasters, all Sri Lanka’s Stupa collapsed and became random mound. After restoration works, Stupa shape changed dramatically from the Initial shape to Existing shape. Since it is hard to find out how Initial stupas were like, Sanchi Stupa needed to be an example for the comparative study as an Initial shape. Sri Lanka Stupa have Square foundation and 3 Basal rings that are supporting the Main Dome. Entrances are on all 4 sides, Railing and Torana(gate) has never found in Sri Lanka stupa. Sri Lanka stupa has been classified with the shape of Dome into 6～8 types according to 『Vijayanta Potha』, the Ancient Buddhist Description, and described by several researchers confusingly. With the inconvenience of using unfamiliar words and irrational gap between the Initial Sri Lanka stupa and Existing Sri Lanka stupa, proposing new classification of Sri Lanka Stupa is necessary. Existing Sri Lanka Stupa can be classified into 4 types : which is ➀Bell type, ➁Pot type, ➂Mound type, ➃Bubble type. This suggestion is for further studies to use Easier and shorter words to describe the types and make it reasonable to use, since the current classification includes 3 stupa types even there is no case for any of them. Restrict Stupa Classifications within existing Sri Lanka Stupa is needed because the current classification had been continued for hundreds of years without any adjustments. Bell type is mainly located in Anuradhapura. Pot type and Mound type is only found in limited area, and Bubble type is located in most area of Sri Lanka.

The main aim of this research study is to compare the Relationship Marketing Orientation (RMO) between public and private commercial banks in Sri Lanka. Thus, the findings of this study can possibly be useful to promote application of Relationship Marketing Orientation in both public and private banks in Sri Lanka. The theory of social exchange provides a theoretical base for this study. Trust, bonding, communication, shared value, empathy and reciprocity were considered as dimensions of the RMO. The data obtained from 1002 customers of Sri Lankan commercial banks were analyzed to test relevant hypotheses. The findings revealed that Relationship Marketing Orientation of private banks is significantly higher than that of public banks. In particular, in terms of individual dimensions of the RMO, Bonding, Shared Value and Empathy of the private banks seemed to be significantly higher than those of the public banks. Nevertheless, public banks were more trustworthy than private banks. Based on these findings, we have provided interesting implications and recommendations to the both private and public banks.

This is a study done to assess the level of Informatization, simple definition of utilization of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), in the rural areas of Sri Lanka. The level of Informatization is measured as an index value. In the Asia Pacific region different types of Informatization Indices are calculated in different countries. In this study authors have defined a mechanism to calculate the Informatization Index for Sri Lanka, by considering the number of indices related to Informatization. This Informatization Index is calculated using 48 measures categorized under 11 sub components of ICT. Also a hypotheses testing based on an identified analysis framework is conducted in this study. According to the results obtained from this study, it was observed that in rural areas high utilization is there for utilization of Radio, Television, and Telephone. Mobile phone and Computer utilization is at a medium level. Level of utilization of ICT also varies with the demographic factors also.

Two new species of Torodorinae-Hyperochtha acanthovalva sp. nov., and Antiochtha pycnotarsasp. nov.-and five new species of Lecithocerinae-Alciphanes clavata sp. nov., Frisilia ceylonica sp. nov., Carodista grypotatos sp. nov., C. tribrachia sp. nov., and C. wilpattuaesp. nov.-are described, with illustrations of their genitalia. Some generic relationships are discussed, Technographa Meyrick, syn. nov. with Timyra Walker and Stelechoris Meyrick, stat. rev. is proposed. Two species previously placed in Thubana Meyrick are transferred to the genus Stelechoris Meyrich, and ten species of Lecithocera are transferred to Carodista Meyrick.

Sri Lanka의 Lecithoceridae과 정리의 제6편으로 Alciphanes Meyrick, Parelliptis Meyrick, Carodista Meyrick, Synesarga Gozmany, Kalocyrma Wu, Technographa Meyrick, Mnesteria Meyrick, Teucrodoxa M Meyrick, Heterodeltis Meyrick, Pseudocrates Meyrick, Oxygnostis Meyrick, Dinochares Meyrick, and Dolchotorna Meyrickt속의 29종을 정리하였다. 그중 3종의 신종, Carodista fabajuxta sp. nov., Kalocyrma epileuca sp. novo and K. oxygonia sp. nov.,을 기재하였으며, 다음 12종의 학명은 그 속을 재구성 (new combination)하였다: Alciphanes tetraclina (Meyrick), A. holocona (Meyrick), A. palathodes (Meyrick), A. isochra (Meyrick), A. latycapna (Meyrick), Carodista paroristis (Meyrick), C. lycopis (Meyrick), C. geraea (Meyrick), C. epigompha (Meyrick), C. nubigena (Meyrick), C. paroristis (Meyrick), and Synesarga paroena (Meyrick).그리고 Catacreagra Gozmany은 Carodista Meyrick의 새로운 synonym으로 정리하며, Pseudocrates soritica Meyrick은 Sri Lanka 미기록종으로 확인되었다.

Sri Lanka의 Lecithoceridae과 정리의 제 4편으로 3속 30종에 대해 정리하였다. 그 중 Homaloxestis속 2종, Lecithocera속 4종, 그리고 Quassitagma속 1종 등 모두 7종의 신종을 기재하였다. 그리고 Lecithocera mazina Meyrick와 Quassitagma duplicata Meyrick 등 2종은 Sri Lanka 미기록종으로 확인되었다. 대상종 중 Homaloxestis ochrosceles와 Lecithocera속의 4종은 금번 연구에서 표본이 확인되지 않았다.

Sri Lanka의 Lecithoceridae과, Torodorina아과중 다음 3속을 정리한 결과 Deltoplastis속 11종, Hygroplasta속 7종, 그리고 Antiochtha속 9종 등 27종이 밝혀졌으며, 그 중 Deltoplastis figurodigita, D. lamellospina, D. cognata, Hygroplasta canitiana, H. promyctra, H. monila, H. onyxijuxta, H. utricula, H merinxa, and Antiochtha longivincula 등 10종을 신종으로 기재, 발표한다. Deltoplasta속의 commodata (Meyrick)는 clerodotis (Meyrick)의 synonym으로 그리고 D. tetradelta (Meyrick)는 cremnaspis (Meyrick)의 synonym으로 정리하며, amicella (Meyrick)는 Deloplastis속으로 소속시켰다. 신종의 기재를 비롯하여 이들 신종 및 기지종 중 아직 알려지지 않았던 암수 생식기를 처음으로 도해하였으며, 상기의 3속 종들 분 류동정을 위한 검색표를 작성하였다.