The ROK government has developed the Nuclear Export and Control System (NEPS) to implement export control activities. Although it was launched in 2008 as a system that can work with classification, licensing, nuclear material approval, government-to-government assurance, complying with nuclear cooperation agreement (NCA) handled through official documents. In order to enhance systematic management for items subject to NCA, KINAC developed a new module for the procedure (hereinafter referred to as “NCA module”) and opened it in 2022. This paper presents the module’s development background, key features, and current operation status. The NCA module prioritizes functional expansion and flexibility, distinct from other tasks for the following reasons. First, the export control duties of classification, export license, and approval for NM are based on domestic law, leading to predetermined target items, application forms, and processes that change only through statutory amendments. In contrast, the implementation of NCA has numerous procedural variables, varying across countries in scope, content, and procedures. Therefore, if the function is over-standardized, there would be many exceptions that the system cannot resolve in practice. Second, the existing NEPS process entails a one-time decision or approval for each application, while the implementation of the agreement encompasses four related procedures for each item: prior notification, written confirmation, shipment notification, and receipt confirmation. Even some steps may be omitted depending on the case. The other difference is the working process. The implementation of NCA must be initiated from the government, so the existing methods, beginning with the licensee filling a form, cannot be adopted as it is. The NCA module has adopted a new reference numbering system to resolve these challenges. It enables the creation of multiple procedures under one reference number on an item to expand the tasks and make it possible to omit some steps or to reflect case-by-case concerns in each stage. It also provides a consolidated view of multiple notifications related to a single item, ensuring to deal with even long-running tasks without missing any obligations until the final procedure. Moreover, some of the data in the NCA module is extensible by allowing users to manage the list themselves. For example, the system can respond to new agreements by allowing users to add and modify codes that distinguish counterparty countries. As a result, the current NCA module accommodates a variety of implementation scenarios, including split shipments, the procedural omissions, and the modification of additional counterparties, offering enhanced flexibility and adaptability.

Over the past decades, particle physics has made significant progress in characterizing neutrinos even if neutrinos have extremely small cross-section (~10-44 cm2), allowing them to penetrate any object. More recently, neutrino detection and analysis have indeed become valuable tools in various aspects of nuclear science and technology. Neutrinos are detected using various methods, including Inverse Beta Decay (IBD), Neutrino-electron scattering, and Coherent Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering (CNNS). For the detection of anti-neutrinos from nuclear reactor, the Inverse Beta Decay (IBD) is commonly considered with scintillators. Notable experiments in Korea, such as RENO and NEOS, have been conducted using the IBD method at the Hanbit Nuclear Power Plant since 2006. Additionally, the NEON experiment, which employs CNNS, which has a significantly larger reaction cross-section than IBD but its low-energy signal detection difficulty, has been ongoing since 2021. Based on the results of NEOS (2015-2020) the signal to noise is ~30 and IBD detection rate is ~2000 counts per day. The IBD event in nuclear power plants provides valuable information about reactor behavior. IBD count rates are in good agreement with the thermal power of the reactor. Furthermore, the neutrino energy spectrum can be used to estimate the fission isotope ratio of the reactor core, showing promise for obtaining reactor core information from antineutrino detection techniques. Neutrino detection in nuclear facilities provides valuable information about reactor behavior. However, as a surveillance technology neutrino detection faces challenges due to the very low cross-section, requiring efforts to overcome limitations related to detector size and signal acquisition time. In 2008, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) included neutrino detection in its Research and Development (R&D) program for reactor safeguards. In January 2023, the IAEA organized a “Technical Meeting on Nuclear Data Needs for Antineutrino Spectra Applications” to discuss the latest developments and research results in this field. In summary, the use of neutrino detection in the nuclear field, particularly for reactor monitoring and safeguarding, has advanced significantly. Ongoing research and collaboration are expected to enhance our understanding of neutrinos and their applications in nuclear science and technology.

This study aims to analyze the variations in online clothing purchasing patterns based on demographic attributes and purchasing behavior. The survey subjects comprised individuals in their 10s to 50s who had prior experience with online shopping. The survey was conducted in Gyungnam from May to June 2022. A total of 397 questionnaires were analyzed using the χ2-test statistical method. The analysis of clothing purchase type based on demographic characteristics revealed differences in terms of gender, marital status, age, monthly income, and occupation. Notably, when analyzed by demographic characteristics and clothing purchase types, monthly online purchase frequency displayed significant differences in marital status, age, and occupation. Similarly, monthly purchase amounts through online platforms exhibited significant variations based on marital status, age, monthly income, and occupation. The online fashion platforms, when examined in relation to demographic characteristics and purchase types, showed significant differences across all variables. Clothing purchases by consumers seeking individuality and differentiation exhibited significant differences in age, occupation, and purchase types. Furthermore, the reasons for choosing online platforms for clothing purchases varied significantly based on age and occupation. These findings indicate diverse purchasing behaviors on online platforms influenced by demographic characteristics. These findings can be valuable for effectively segmenting the online fashion market.

본 연구는 체험교육의 사례로서, 중국 노동교육의 실태와 문제점을 규 명하는 데에 목적을 두었다. 노동은 ‘인간이 삶을 유지하기 위하여 육체 적, 정신적 노력을 들이는 행위’를 의미하며, 중국의 노동교육은 ‘덕지체 미노 등의 다면적인 능력을 키우는 교육활동으로서, 모든 학생이 노동에 대해 올바른 감정, 태도, 지식, 습관, 가치관 등을 육성하는 교육 실천 활동’이라고 할 수 있다. 노동교육의 기원은 토머스 모어(Thomas More), 존 벨러스(John Bellers), 로버트 오웬(Robert Owen), 마르크스(Karl Heinrich Marx)와 엥겔스(Friedrich Engels) 등으로 거슬러 올라가지 만, 중국의 노동교육은 제1대 지도자인 마오쩌둥이 마르크스의 ‘교육과 생산 노동을 결합한다’는 사상을 처음으로 중국에 도입하면서 시작되었 다. 그 이후로 덩샤오핑, 장쩌민, 후진타오 그리고 시진핑을 대표로 한 중국의 지도자들은 노동교육 사상을 중요한 교육 지침으로 계승하고 발 전시켜왔다. 특히 2022년 노동교육은 중국 의무교육 체계에서 독립된 교 과목으로 편입됨으로써, 교육시스템에서 노동교육의 위상이 새롭게 높아 졌다. 한편 중국의 노동교육에는 상당한 문제점도 나타나는데 필자는 그 것을 사회, 학교, 가정이라는 세 가지 측면에서 탐구하였다.

The occurrence status of eggs and adults of Pochazia shantungensis, Lycorma delicatula, and Lymantria dispar was investigated in the Chungcheongbuk-do region. The results showed that the overwintering eggs of P. shantungensis occurred in 24.2% of the region in 2021 and 22.1% in 2022, while adults occurred in 25.2% in 2021 and 24.3% in 2022, indicating the highest occurrence among the pests studies in this research. The occurrence of overwintering eggs of L. delicatula was relatively low, with 2.6% of the region affected in 2021 and 1.9% in 2022. Adults of L.delicatula occurred in 3.2% of the region in 2021 and 3.6% in 2022, while they were not undiscovered in Jeungpyeong, Jincheon, Goesan, and Danyang areas. Their area of occurrence was less than 3% of the region, and the volume of occurrence was not very large. Overwintering eggs of L.dispar occurred in 4.1% of the area in 2021 and 1.7% in 2022, showing a decreasing tendency compared to the previous year, and their occurrence was only low to middle in terms of the degree of occurrence.

Research on alternative fumigants to replace methyl bromide (MB), a harmful ozone-depleting substance and highly toxic pesticide, began in 2007. Initial tests focused on using ethyl formate for fruits and EDN for wood. Subsequently, alternative techniques were developed for a total of 94 plant types using ethyl formate, EDN, and phosphine, demonstrating Korea's superior performance compared to other countries, especially in practical applications. However, when it comes to wood products, the primary users of methyl bromide, EDN is scarcely used due to concerns about worker safety. An emerging alternative to MB is sulfuryl fluoride (SF), widely employed in North America to control wood-damaging pests like termites. SF's advantages include a lower boiling point and higher vapor pressure, making it effective against wood pests. Yet, certain bark beetle eggs require higher doses and longer treatment periods, resulting in established international standards (e.g., 120g/m3 for 48 hours at 20℃), posing challenges for field applications. Recently, the APQA initiated basic research to apply SF to wood. They are assessing SF's effectiveness against various wood-destroying pests, including termites, bark beetles, and long horn beetles, while also evaluating the feasibility of mixed treatments to reduce dosage. Once SF fumigation standards are established, it is expected to significantly reduce methyl bromide use in commonly used wood types, contributing to ozone layer protection and enhancing fumigation work safety.

2015년부터 2022년도까지 6개목(딱정벌레목, 노린재목, 나비목, 벌목, 파리목, 총채벌레목)에 대해서 식물검 역현장 검출실적과 국내 미기록종을 분석 하였다. 총 45,078건이 검역현장에서 검출되었으며, 545종이 새롭게 국내에 보고되었다. 이중 9종은 검역현장에서도 검출된 것으로 확인되었다. 검역현장에서는 딱정벌레목, 총채 벌레목, 노린재목이 높은 검출률을 보였으며, 국내 미기록종 중에서는 벌목이 176종으로 가장 많이 보고되었다. 본 연구는 검출실적과 미기록종과의 관계를 살펴볼 때, 동시간대의 침입압력으로는 설명이 어렵다는 것을 보여 주고 있으며, 이는 지속적인 식물검역시스템 개선이 필요성을 제시한다.

최근 2년동안 한국에서 꿀벌의 소실현상으로 식량난이 벌어질 것이라는 우려가 있다. 2020년 기준 국내 12개 과채류에서 화분매개벌의 의존도는 67.2%로 농업에서 화분매개벌은 중요한 위치를 차지한다. 이번 꿀벌 소실로 인해 딸기, 수박, 참외에서 화분매개용 꿀벌의 수요공급 불균형 문제가 발생하였다. 딸기에서는 12월 중 꿀벌 조기소실 문제, 수박과 참외에서는 벌의 임대가격이 30-50% 상승과 더불어 벌을 구하지 못해 인력수급의 어려움 등 작물재배 농가에 큰 부담이 되었다. 꿀벌의 소실은 전세계적인 문제이며 복합적인 원인에 의해 발생하므로 단기간에 해결되기 어렵다. 따라서 꿀벌에 소실에 대비하여 안정적인 작물 생산을 위한 종합적인 화분매개 관리 가 반드시 필요하다. 첫째 화분매개용 꿀벌의 사양기술의 표준화를 통하여 기존 채밀위주의 사양기술보다 더 안정적으로 벌을 생산할 수 있는 기술이 개발되어야 한다. 둘째 작물에서 더욱 효과적으로 벌을 이용하고 관리할 수 있는 기술이 확립 보급되어야 한다. 셋째는 꿀벌을 대체할 수 있는 곤충자원(뒤영벌, 토종벌)을 이용한 화분매 개 기술을 개발해야 한다. 아울러 기후변화에 대응하여 장기적인 기상변동 데이터 확보와 더불어 야생 화분매개 자원의 보호 보존을 위한 연구가 수행되어야 할 것이다.

The Varroa mite, Varroa destructor is an ectoparasite that parasitizes honey bees. The widespread usage of acaricides, particularly fluvalinate, has resulted in the emergence of resistance in Varroa mite populations all over the world. The goal of this study is to track fluvalinate resistance in Varroa mite field populations in Korea using both bioassay and molecular markers. To accomplish this, a residual contact vial (RCV) bioassay for on-site resistance monitoring was developed. Early mortality evaluation in the RCV bioassay was effective for reliably separating mites with the knockdown resistance (kdr) genotype, but late mortality evaluation was useful for distinguishing mites with additional resistance factors. The RCV bioassay of 14 field mite populations collected in 2021 revealed potential resistance development in four populations. Quantitative sequencing was used as an alternate method to examine the frequency of the L925I/M mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc), which is related with the fluvalinate kdr phenotype. While the mutation was not present in Varroa mite populations in 2020, it appeared in 2021, rose in frequency in 2022, and was practically ubiquitous across the country by 2023. This recent emergence and rapid spread of fluvalinate resistance within a span of three years demonstrate the Varroa mite's significant potential for developing resistance. This situation emphasizes the critical necessity to replace fluvalinate with alternate acaricides, such as fenpyroximate, coumaphos, and amitraz. A few novel vgsc mutations potentially involved in resistance were identified. Potential factors driving the rapid expansion of resistance were further discussed.

Silicon (Si) has the potential to improve plant growth and stress tolerance. The study aimed to explore Si-involving plant responses and molecular characterization of different Si-responsive genes in alfalfa. In this study, the exogenous supplementation of Si enhanced plant growth, and biomass yield. Si-acquisition in alfalfa root and shoot was higher in Si-supplemented compared to silicon deficient (-Si) plants, implying Si-acquisition has beneficial on alfalfa plants. As a consequence, the quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) was significantly increased in silicon-sufficient (+Si) plants. The quantitative gene expression analysis exhibited a significant upregulation of the Lsi1, Lsi2, Lsi3, NIP5;1, and NIP6;1 genes in alfalfa roots, while BOR1, BOR4, NIP2, and NIP3 showed no significant variation in their expression. The MEME results further noticed the association of four motifs related to the major intrinsic protein (MIP). The interaction analysis revealed that NIP5;1 and Lsi1 showed a shared gene network with NIP2, BOR1, and BOR4, and Lsi2, Lsi3 and NIP3-1, respectively. These results suggest that members of the major intrinsic proteins (MIPs) family especially Lsi1, Lsi2, Lsi3, NIP5;1, and NIP6;1 genes helped to pass water and other neutral solutes through the cell membrane and those played significant roles in Si uptake and transport in plants. Together, these insights might be useful for alfalfa breeding and genome editing approaches for alfalfa improvement.

As increasing number of stray cats, it recently has more chance for stray cats to invade people area. Inevitably, the number of cases of inconvenience and damage caused by street cats is also increasing proportionally. Therefore, we investigated and analyzed the current status and implementation of TNR in Korea and suggested the direction in which Korea's policy should go. Domestic TNR has been implemented for about 20 years, but the ratio of stray cats to which TNR is applied insufficient and post-management after TNR is also insufficient. In the case of other countries, a large percentage of TNR is conducted by selecting TNR target cats based on scientific grounds and adoption or additional observation is carried out after TNR. Based on this strategy, the conditions for successful TNR need to expand the decision-making authority of veterinarians involved in TNR and actively invigorate subsequent solutions such as adoption. In addition, the policy should be improved in the way of expanding management and supervision after TNR through food service centers and shelters.

음악 예술경영을 연구하는 것은 음악 전공의 발전에 매우 중 요한 의미가 있다. 음악과 예술은 상호 보완적이면서 불가분한 관계이다. 음악 예술경영의 모델과 방법은 음악 예술의 발전함 에 따라 끊임없이 발전하고 혁신하고 있다. 음악 예술경영은 지속성과 복잡성의 특성을 지닌 통합적이고 체계적인 프로젝트 이다. 현재 학문 간의 합병과 동질화 발전 추세에 따라 대학 음악 경영 인력의 양성 방식도 변화가 시급히 필요하며, 음악 예술을 다양한 문화, 학문 등과 결합시켜야 한다. 그러나 현재 중국 대학 등 고등 교육 기관은 사회 발전 방향 에 발맞춰 교사 인력 및 커리큘럼을 설정하는 데 여전히 문제 가 존재한다. 따라서 대학에서 양성한 음악 예술경영 인재는 현대 관리 및 네트워크 운영 등 측면에서의 종합 능력이 부족 한 것으로 보인다. 대학의 음악 예술경영 전공의 인재 양성은 어려움을 직면하고 있다. 따라서 사회와 음악 시장의 발전을 적용하기 위해 대학은 음악 경영 인재의 양성 목표, 방법 및 교육 전략을 조정해야 하며 학제적인 능력을 갖추면서 시장 수 요에 부합한 인재를 양성해야 한다. 본 연구는 중국 음악 예술 경영 전공의 발전 추세를 분석하고 정리하며 중국 음악 및 예 술경영 인재 양성을 위한 제안을 제공하는 것을 목적으로 한 다.

The aquarium pet trade is a source of potentially invasive crayfish species, which can be subsequently intentionally or unintentionally introduced into new environments. There were 34 species of freshwater crayfish imported into Korea for ornamental purposes. Starting with 1 species in 2008, it shows a trend of continuous increase every year with the maximum of 25 species in 2020. The number of freshwater crayfish imported into Korea for ornamental purposes was 1,172,159, with an annual average of 78,144 being imported. The population also recorded a record high in 2017 with a 38% increase in population imports compared to the previous year. Among the 34 pet crayfish imported into Korea, four species classified as high-risk and managed in the US and Europe were American crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), Cherax quadricarinatus, Cherax cainii, and Cherax destructor. In addition to American crayfish (P. clarkii), 3 types of high-risk invasive crayfish are designated as legally managed species by conducting an ecological risk assessment, raising awareness among importers, retailers and consumers through awareness-raising education on freshwater crayfish, and measures for route management such as species identification and improvement of labeling methods are needed.

본 연구는 조경수목 유지 및 관리의 현실적인 어려움을 분석하고 그 대안을 제고하기 위하여 작성되었다. 이를 위해『조경공사 표준시방서』를 분석하였으며, 이를 각 조사 대상지의『전체공정표』와 『조경식재 공사 하자현황 및 처리방안』보고서를 분석한 내용과 비교하였다. 또한 전문가 인터뷰를 참고하였다. 첫 번째 문제는 수목 식재 적기를 고려하지 않는 시공일정으로 인한 부적기 식재이다. 두 번째는 배수 와 관수의 불량이다. 생육상태가 좋지 않은 수목에 적절하고 충분한 관수는 필수적임에도 불구하고 시공 이전 배수로 관리나 시공 이후 관수가 적절하게 이루어지고 있지 못하다는 문제가 있다. 세 번째 는 경제적, 시간적 문제로 발생하는 수목 식재의 변경과 재이식이다. 네 번째는 공사현장의 구조적 문 제로 발생하는 불충분한 식재기반 조성이다. 현장에서 수목 관리가 제대로 이루어진다면 하자율을 상당히 줄일 수 있다. 정부지침은 식재 수목에 관한 상세한 내용들을 담고 있으나 조경 시공사가 겪는 실질적인 어려움은 충분히 반영하고 있지 못하다. 식재의 반입 기준이나 자재관리, 식재시기, 토양관 리 등의 지침을 수행하기 위해서는 조경시공을 충분히 고려해야 하며, 시공기간을 충분히 제공받아 야 한다. 본 연구는 공사현장 및 공사과정의 현실적 이해를 더 높이고 정부의 지침과 현실적인 문제 사이의 간극을 밝혀내고자 하였다. 추후 정부 지침의 보완하여 조경 현장여건을 적극적으로 반영하 고 근본적인 문제를 해결할 수 있어야 할 것이다.

Around the 1980s, with government’s promotion and dissemination policies for FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics) of the government as a main material of fishing boats, approximately 97% of the entire fishing boats in Korea have utilized FRP until now. Nevertheless, diverse social and environmental issues have emerged due to the susceptibility to fire and the generation of substances detrimental to human health during the construction process of FRP fishing vessels. Especially, the high disposal cost and the limitation of recycling technology in the disposal process of FRP fishing boats have elicited attention to circular economy. This research intended to grasp the management status and problems of disposed FRP fishing boats in Korea, and to assess the level of competitive advantage of FRP fishing boats’ recycling technologies of FRP fishing boats based on VRIO (Value, Rarity, Imitability, Organization) analysis through domestic and foreign management policies and related recycling examples. According to the survey of 161 respondents, including the industry, stakeholders and experts related to the collection, treatment and recycling of fisheries wastes, it was revealed that FRP fishing boats’ recycling technologies of FRP fishing boats are at the level of ‘unused competitive advantage’ that satisfied the level of value, rarity and imitability, but not the level of organization.