This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics, yield and chemical compositions of whole crop barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) according to mixing ratio of chemical fertilizer (CF) and liquid swine manure (LSM) in the paddy field cultivation. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with five treatments and three replications. The manure fertilizer ratio of five treatments were CF 100% (T1), CF 70% + LSM 30% (T2), CF 50% + LSM 50% (T3), CF 30% + LSM 70% (T4), and LSM 100% (T5) of whole crop barley. At this time, the application of liquid swine manure was based solely on the nitrogen. Plant length was higher at T1 as compared to other treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5). Fresh yield, dry matter yield and total digestive nutrients (TDN) yield were the highest in T1, whereas the lowest in T5 treatment (p<0.05). Chemical compositions (crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and TDN) did not show significant difference among treatments. Ca and Na contents were significantly lower at T1 as compared to other treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5). However, Mg and P contents were significantly higher at T1 as compared to other treatments(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in total free sugar content among T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments, but the chemical fertilizer (T1) was significantly lower than the other treatments (p<0.01). Considering the above results, liquid swine manure application showed lower dry matter yield and TDN yield than chemical fertilizer, but higher free sugar content. Therefore, in order to increase the productivity of whole crop barley, it is considered desirable to mix liquid fertilizer with chemical fertilizer, taking into account the decomposition rate and insufficient components (P, K) of the liquid swine manure.

본 실험은 논 토양에서 호밀 재배시 화학비료와 발효 돈분 액 비 혼용 시용이 생육특성 및 영양성분에 미치는 영향을 조사하고 자 실시하였다. 실험설계는 화학비료 100% 처리구(C), 화학비료 70% +돈분액비 30% 처리구(T1), 화학비료 50% +돈분액비 50%처리구(T2), 화학비료 30% +돈분액비 70% 처리구(T3) 그리고 돈분액비 100% 처리구(T4)로 한, 5처리 3반복 난괴법으로 배치 하였다. 이때 돈분 액비 시용은 질소량만을 기준으로 하였다. 초 장은 처리구들 간에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이삭길이, 엽장 및 엽폭은 각각 C, T3 및 T2구에서 각각 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 경의 굵기는 T4 > T3 > T2 > T1 > C구 순으로 돈분 액비 시용량이 높을수록 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 건물수량 및 TDN 수량은 T4구가 가장 높게 나타난 반면 C구가 가장 낮게 나 타났다(p<0.05). 조단백질, NDF, ADF 및 조섬유 함량에서는 처 리구들 간에 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 조지방 및 조회분 함량에 있어서는 각각 T2 및 T3구에서 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 총무기물 함량은 돈분액비 시용 비율이 증가할수록 유 의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.05). 그러나 총 유리당 함량은 돈분액 비 시용 비율이 높았던 T3 및 T4구가 높게 나타난 반면 화학비료 처리구(C) 및 돈분액비 시용 비율이 낮은 구(T1)에서는 낮게 나 타났다(p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 수량성(건물수량, TDN수량)과 사일리지 품질에 영향을 미치는 유리당을 고려한다 면 화학비료와 돈분액비 혼용하거나 돈분액비를 시용하는 것도 효과적이라고 사료된다.

A laboratory-scale experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing commonly used effective microorganisms on the chemical properties of swine liquid manure. Effective microorganisms used in this study were Bacillus subtilis (1.3×109 colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml), Enterococcus faecium (1.9×1010 CFU/ml), Aspergillus oryzae (2.0×109 CFU/ml), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (6.4×109 CFU/ml), Rhodobacter sphaeroides (1.2×108 CFU/ml), and Streptomyces griseus (6.2×108 CFU/ml). Swine liquid manure collected and decanted from a swine farm was used in this study. Treatments included control (distilled water supplementation), Treatment 1 (T1) (mixed microbes, 109 CFU/ml), and Treatment 2 (T2) (mixed microbes, 107 CFU/ml). Microbial mix was supplemented every 3.5 days and aerated six times (15 min each) a day to facilitate compositing. Ten ml of sample was collected at 2-, 4-, 6-, and 7-week intervals for the measurement of pH, ammonia-N, volatile fatty acid (VFA), total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total potassium. At seven weeks, samples were further collected to analyze biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Ammonia-N was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in T1 and T2 by 36% and 30%, respectively, compared with control (23%). VFAs including butyrate, iso-butyrate, valerate, iso-valerate, and caproate were not detected in T1 from the four-week aerated sample. The BOD and COD were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in T1 by 96% and 58%, respectively. In conclusion, ammonia-N, VFA, BOD, and COD, known as odor indicators, were decreased in T1 and T2 compared with control, suggesting that effective microorganisms are useful for compositing swine liquid manure

본 연구는 돈분액비에 화학비료를 첨가한 양분조정 맞춤액비 시용효과를 평가하기 위하여 기존의 3요소 단비 처리 및 돈분 맞춤액비 시용에 따른 고구마 생육과 수량 그리고 품질에 미치는 효과 등을 평가하였다. 돈분액비구의 10a당 괴근수량은 관행 화학비료 재배구(2,966 kg/10a)보다 약 5% 감수되었으나, 양분조정 맞춤액비 처리구 (NBSLM)에서는 3,217 kg/10a로 관행시비구(CF)와 돈분액비 시용구(SLM)에 비하여 각각 8, 14% 높았다. 관행시비구에 비하여 8% 높았다. 고구마 유리당 함량은 양분조정 맞춤액비구 (NBSLM)에서 6,11%로 관행재배구의 3,11% 보다 높았다. 특히 sucrose 함량이 양분조정 맞춤액비 시용구가 대조구보다 높았다. 고구마의 색도(Hunter value)를 조사한 결과 적색도의 정도를 나타내는 a값은 양분조정 맞춤액비(NBSLM)가 화학비료구보다 높았다. 결과적으로 양분조정 맞춤액비 시용 (NBSLM)은 고구마 괴근 수량이 돈분액비 시용구(SLM)에 비하여 14% 높은 수량 증수와 고구마 유리당 함량 증가, 고구 마의 적색도(a값) 증가에 의한 품질 향상 증대 뿐만아니라 화학비료를 대체할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다.

Due to lack of established operating conditions, the swine manure management process circulates bio-liquor between the slurry pit and the bioreactor process cannot be effectively used yet. Therefore, a lab scale study comprising a single bio-reactor and slurry pit was conducted to investigate the optimal operating conditions. The main experiment was performed after conducting a preliminary study on the operating conditions. In the preliminary study, the volume ratio of the bioreactor to the slurry pit was fixed at 1 and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of the bioreactor was set as 5, 10 and 15 d. In the main experiment, the HRT of the bioreactor was fixed at 5 d based on preliminary results and the ratio of bioreactor to slurry pit was set at 1:3, 1:5, 1:7 and 1:10. Since, a decrease in bioreactor performance occurred when NH4-N loading rate reached 60 g/m3/d, the loading rate of NH4-N was required to be maintained below 55 g/m3/d to achieve stable operation. Although manure excretion can definitely increase the loading rate into the bioreactor as well as NH4-N concentration in the slurry pit, the NH4-N in slurry pit can be kept consistent with the circulation rate above 9.5Q (ratio to manure excretion). The optimal volume ratio of the bioreactor to the slurry pit and HRT of the bioreactor to fulfill these operating conditions was 1:3 and 5d, respectively. Notably, studying of the individual farm situation is very important to establish an ideal method to apply the optimal operation conditions suggested in this study.

본 실험은 논 토양에서 사일리지용 수수 × 수수 교잡종 재배시 화학비료와 발효 돈분 액비 혼용 시용이 생육특성 및 영양성분에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 실시하였다. 실 험설계는 화학비료 100% 처리구 (C), 화학비료 70% + 돈분 액비 30% 처리구 (T1), 화학비료 50% + 돈분액비 50% 처 리구 (T2), 화학비료 30% + 돈분액비 70% 처리구 (T3) 그리 고 돈분액비 100% 처리구 (T4)로 한, 5처리 3반복 난괴법 으로 배치하였다. 이때 돈분 액비 시용은 질소량만을 기준 으로 하였다 (150 kg/ha). 초장, 엽장, 엽폭 그리고 경의 굵 기는 T4구가 유의적으로 작게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 경의 경 도는 돈분액비 시용 비율 낮고 화학비료 시용 비율이 높을 수록 유의적으로 증가하였다 (p<0.05). 생초수량은 T2구가 높았던 반면 T3구가 낮게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 그러나 건물 수량 및 TDN 수량은 처리구들 간에 유의적인 차이를 보이 지 않았다. 조단백질 함량은 T1구가 다른 구에 비하여 높 게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 조지방 함량은 T1, T2, T3 그리고 T4 처리구들 간에는 유의적인 차이가 없었지만, C구와는 유의적인 차이를 보였다 (p<0.05). NDF와 조섬유 함량은 각각 T3구와 C구에서 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 그러나 ADF 함량은 처리구들 사이에 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 총무기물 함량은 T1 > T2 > T4 > T3 > C 구 순으로 높게 나 타났다 (p<0.05). 유리당 함량은 T1과 C구가 다른 처리구에 비하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 돈분액비 시용은 화학비료에 비하여 수량성, 영양성분에 크게 떨어지지 않기 때문에 사일지용 수수 × 수수 교잡종 재배시 돈분액비와 화학비료를 혼용 시용 하 거나 돈분액비 만 시용하여도 큰 무리가 없는 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of slurry acidification in reducing ammonia emission from manure storage and application. The non-fermented cattle manure (NFC) and swine slurry (SS) were acidified by sulfuric acid and stored in an acryl chamber for 168 and 96 hours, respectively. Ammonia emitted from the chamber was collected using an acid trap system. The amount of ammonia emission was significantly reduced when the livestock manures were treated with sulfuric acid. The absolute amount of ammonia in NFC increased rapidly starting from 48 h and 72 h in the control (pH 8.6) and acidified NFC (pH 6.5), respectively. The absolute amount of ammonia was the highest at 96 h (3.65 g kg ¯¹ h ¯¹) in the control and at 144 h (2.34 g kg ¯¹ h ¯¹) in pH 6.5 NFC. The cumulative ammonia content in the control continuously increased until 96 h and was maintained until 168 h, whereas the increase rate of emission gas accumulation in acidified NFC was much less throughout the experimental period. Acidification of SS mitigated ammonia emission as proven in NFC. The cumulative amount of ammonia emission was decreased by 49.4% and 92.3% in the acidified SS at pH 6.5 and pH 5.5, respectively, compared to the control at 96 h after treatment. These results indicate that ammonia emission can be significantly reduced by sulfuric acid treatment of livestock manure during processing and the subsequent land application.

악취저감과 분뇨의 액비화 및 돈사 환경개선을 위한 액비순환시스템을 적용한 양돈장의 악취저감 효과를 평가하기 위하여 액비순환시스템 적용 양돈장과 일반 양돈장에서 슬러리와 액비의 성상과 공기 중 및 액상시료 중 악취물질 농도를 조사하여 비교하였다. 일반농장에 비하여 액비순환시스템 적용 농장의 슬러리 성상이 현저하게 발효가 진행되고 있는 것으로 나타났으며 순환적용 농장 간에는 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 돈사내부와 배출구 및 부지경계선에서의 직접관능법에 의한 악취강도 평가에서는 액비순환시스템 적용으로 분명한 악취저감 효과가 인정되었으며, 돈사내부 환경개선 효과 또한 분명하게 나타났다. 돈사내부와 배출구 및 부지경계선에서의 공기 중 암모니아와 황화수소 농도는 액비순환시스템 적용으로 50% 이상의 저감 효과가 나타났으며, 메틸머캅탄과 트리메틸아민 역시 비교적 낮은 수준으로 조사되었다. 순환단계별 액상시료 중 악취물질 차이는 분명하게 나타나지 않았다.

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of the mixed application of chemical fertilizer (CF) and liquid swine manure (LSM) on the agronomic characteristics, dry matter yield, amino acids, minerals, and free sugars in cultivating Sorghum × Sudangrass hybrid (SSH) on paddy soil. The field experiment was designed in a randomized block design with three replications and consisted of CF 100% (C), CF 70% + LSM 30% (T1), CF 50% + LSM 50% (T2), CF 30% + LSM 70% (T3), and LSM 100% treatment (T4). The application of LSM was based solely on the nitrogen. Plant length, leaf length, leaf width and number of leaf were significantly higher in T4 (p<0.05), but stem diameter did not show significant differences among treatments. Stem hardness increased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate decreased, but sugar degree decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate decreased. Fresh yield, dry matter yield and TDN yield were the highest in T4, whereas the lowest in T2 (p<0.05). Crude protein, crude fat and crude ash were the highest in C, T4 and T2, respectively (p<0.05). However, NDF and ADF did not show significant difference among treatments. Crude fiber decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate increased. The total mineral content was decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate increased. Total amino acid content was higher in the order of T1> C> T3> T4> T2 (p<0.05). Free sugar content increased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate increased. The analysis of all the above results suggests that the application of liquid swine manure is very effective, considering the yield performance and the content of sugar degree and free sugar. In addition, liquid swine manure may be possible to grow Sorghum × Sudangrass hybrid without chemical fertilizer.

This study was performed to measure the concentration of odorous compounds and dilution ratio values at each part of the anaerobic digester process with composting facilities using swine manure and food waste. Complex odors, ammonia, volatile fatty acids and sulfur compounds were measured at each part of the process. Complex odors measured during swine manure storage, food waste storage and in the digested liquid tank, were 35,312 Odor Unit(OU), 39,086 OU and 17,733 OU, respectively. The odor contribution index was calculated by the concentration of odorous compounds during each process divided by the threshold limit. As a result, the major odorous compound that appeared during swine manure storage, food waste storage and in the digested liquid tank was hydrogen sulfide. On the other hand, the major odorous compound in the other processes was ammonia. The overall average concentrations of ammonia were highest in the digested liquid tank(337 ppm) and the separated liquid tank(131 ppm). Wastewater treatment process(10.9 ppm) and deodorization process(11.6 ppm) revealed the lowest concentration of ammonia. The overall average concentration of total volatile fatty acids(TVFAs) was 102.8 ppb during food waste storage and among the TVFAs, the main element was propionic acid(66.1 ppb). Sulfur compounds were only detected during swine manure storage, food waste storage and in the digested liquid tank. The dominant sulfur compound was hydrogen sulfide during swine manure storage(96.3 ppm) and methyl mercaptan during food waste storage(17.7 ppm) and dimethyl sulfide during food waste storage(34.5 ppm).

This study was performed out to investigate the influence of the mixed application of chemical fertilizer (CF) and liquid swine manure (LSM) on the growth characteristics, dry matter yield, amino acids, minerals, and free sugars in cultivating silage corn on paddy soils. The field experiment was designed in a randomized block design of 3 repetitions with CF 100% treatment (C), CF 70% + LSM 30% treatment (T1), CF 50% + LSM 50% treatment (T2), CF 30% + LSM 70% treatment (T3), and LSM 100% treatment (T4). At this time, the application of LSM was based solely on the nitrogen. Ear length, ear circle, stem diameter, and stem hardness of the silage corn did not show significant differences between treatments. Fresh yield, dry matter yield and TDN yield were highest in T3, whereas the lowest in C treatment (p<0.05). Crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash content were significantly higher in T1, C, and T4 treatment, respectively (p<0.05). However, NDF, ADF and crude fiber content did not show significant difference between treatments. The total mineral content decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate increased. Total composition amino acid content was higher in the order of T1 > T2 > C > T4 > T3 treatment (p<0.05). Free sugar content was higher in the order of T1 > T3 > T4 > T2 > C treatment (p<0.05). Based on the above results, suggests that the mixed application of chemical fertilizer 30 50% and LSM 50~70% (T2 and T3) is the most effective, considering the yield performance and the content of sugar degree and free sugar affecting silage.

본 연구는 돈분의 발효 형태에 따른 추가적인 화학비료가 옥수수의 생산성과 이에 의한 환경오염에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구로서 lysimeter에서 옥수수에 대한 톱밥발효돈분, 팽연왕겨발효돈분 및 액상발효돈분 단독시용 및 추가적인 요소의 시용수준에 따라 -N -N 및 -P 용탈에 의한 환경오염에 미치는 영향을 정확히 규명하여 가축분뇨의 자원화는 물론 가축분뇨에 의한 환경오염 방지대책 수립을 하고자 수행하였다. 톱밥발효돈분, 팽연왕겨발효돈분 및 액상발효돈분에

본 연구는 돈분의 발효 형태에 따론 추가적인 화학비료가 옥수수의 생산성과 이에 의한 환경오염에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구로서 lysimeter에서 옥수수에 대한 톱밥발효돈분, 팽연왕겨발효돈분 및 액상발효돈분 단독시용 및 추가적인 요소의 시용수준에 따라 N0₃-N NH₄-N 및 PO₄-P 용탈에 의한 환경오염에 미치는 영향을 정확히 규명하여 가축분뇨의 자원화는 물론 가축분뇨에 의한 환경오염 방지대책 수립을 하고자 수행하였다. 톱밥발효돈분, 팽연왕겨발효 돈분 및 액상발효돈분에 각각 추가적인 요소의 첨가에 따른 옥수수의 건물수량은 톱밥발효돈분, 팽연왕겨발효돈분 및 액상발효돈분 단독시용구보다 유의적으로 증가하였으며 추가적언 요소시용수준의 증가에 따라 증가하는 경향이었다. 톱밥발효돈분 및 액상발효돈분에 요소 100 kgN/ha 시용했을때의 건물수량은 화학비료 시용구와 비슷한 경향을 보였으며 50kgN/ha 시용했을때 보다는 현저하게 높았다. 톱밥발효 돈분 및 액상발효돈분 단독시용했을때의 건물 수량은 팽연왕겨발효돈분 단독시용구보다 현저 하게 증가하였다. 톱밥발효돈분, 팽연왕겨발효돈분 및 액상발효돈분에 각각 추가적인 요소의 첨가에 따른 옥수수내 전질소 함량은 돈분뇨의 단독시용구보다 현저하게 증가하였다. 톱밥 발효돈분, 팽연왕겨발효돈분 몇 액상발효돈분에 각각 추가적인 요소의 첨가에 따른 전질소 함량은 화학비료처리구 보다 낮았으나 액상발효돈분에 각각 추가적인 요소의 100kgN/ha 첨가구는 화학비료 처리구와 비슷한 경향을 나타냈다. 톱밥발효돈분, 팽연왕겨발효돈분 및 액상 발효돈분에 각각 추가적연 요소의 첨가에 따른 용탈수에서 NO₃-N 농도는 톱밥발효돈분, 팽연 왕겨발효돈분 및 액상발효돈분 단독처라구와 화학비료 처리구의 보다 유의적으로 증가하였다. 톱밥발효돈분 및 액상발효돈분에 각각 추가적인 요소의 100kgN/ha 첨가에 따른 용탈수에서 NH₄-N 농도는 화학비료처리구와 비슷한경향을 보였으나 추가적인 요소의 50kgN/ ha 처리구보다 증가하였다. 톱밥발효돈분, 팽연왕겨발효돈분 및 액상발효돈분에 각각 추가적인 요소의 첨가에 따른 용탈수에서 PO₄-P 농도는 돈분뇨 단독처리구보다 증가하였다 그리고 화학비료 처리구와 액상발효돈분에 추가적인 요소 100 kgN/ha 처리구는 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 그리고 NO₃-N NH₄-N 및 PO₄-P 농도는 추가적인 요소시용수준이 증가함에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 시험기간동안 최고 NO₃-N NH₄-N 및 PO₄-P 농도 각각 3.46 mg/L, 1.11 mg/L and 0.14 mg/L를 나타냈다.

본 연구에서는 돈분뇨의 처리형태가 초지의 생산성, 토양의 지력증진 효과 및 양분의 용탈량을 조사하여 친환경적 조사료를 생산하기 위하여 전라북도 축산 진흥연구소내의 초지시험포의 영년초지에서 2002년 10월부터 2005년 10월까지 3개년에 걸쳐 수행하였다. 시험구는 돈분뇨의 처리형태별로 화학비료 표준구, 돈분액비 100%+N 50%구 및 돈분퇴비 100%+N 50%구로 배치하여 수행하였다. 돈분액비 및 돈분퇴비의 시용에 따른 건물수량은 화학비료 시용구와