본 논문은 중국 사찰 채화의 시대별 전개 양상, 독자성과 보편성 등을 파악 하며 한국과 중국의 단청과 채화를 비교・분석한 것이다. 중국 채화는 송대에 편찬된 『영조법식(營造法式)』에 의해 정형화되었고, 명・청대는 채화의 전성기 를 이루었다. 고려시대 단청은 중국과 차별화된 이른바 한국적인 특색을 나타 내었고, 조선시대에는 명・청과 정치, 경제, 문화 등 여러 방면으로 교류하면서 사찰 단청의 형식과 문양 등에서 보편성과 특수성을 띠게 되었다. 명・청 사찰 채화와 조선시대 사찰 단청의 머리초[조두], 금문(錦紋), 별지화[잡화], 단독문 등을 통해 공통점과 독자적인 특징을 살펴보았다. 머리초・금문・단독문은 한 부재에 반복적으로 사용되는 도안화된 장식문이고, 별지화는 부재별로 다양한 도상이 사용된 회화적 장식화이다. 한국 단청과 중국 채화의 유사한 문양 가운 데 네 종류를 선별해 조선시대 단청과 명・청대 채화를 비교하였다. 이를 통해 양국 단청[채화]의 차이점과 공통점 그리고 국가별 독자성을 파악할 수 있었다.

In the study of Buddhist architecture before the Goryeo Dynasty, the analysis of sectarian viewpoints is one of the effective means. In the study of Buddhist architecture before the Goryeo Dynasty, analyzing from the point of view of a Buddhism sect is one of the effective means. Until now, compared to the importance of the Beopsang school before the Goryeo period in the field of research on the history of Buddhist architecture, research on its temples was the least compared to those of other denominations. In this study, as one of the studies on Beopsang school temples, Geumsansa(金山寺), Beopjusa(法住寺), and Donghwasa(桐華寺), which were built as the Jinpyo’s Beopsang school temple in the late 8th century and maintained until the Goryeo Dynasty, were targeted. And I tried a rudimentary analysis on the building composition of those temples from the viewpoint of the beliefs and teachings of Beopsang school. This study is meaningful in that it is the first attempted study in the field of architectural history on the Buddhist temple of the Beopsang school, which led non-Zen sects of Buddhism along with the Hwaeom school until the Goryeo Dynasty.

The subjects of this study were limited to Silla buddhist temple remains in the 6～8th century, where the excavation survey report was published and the details of the remains of the corridor are revealed. Since the corridor completes the structure of temple and is involved in formation of the space, the building plan for corridors is thought to have an intention linked to the entire temple. Thus, more closer study is required for this construction plan to identify the role of corridors. The corridor is a building that has a low architectural hierarchy and completes the layout and composition of the temple. In the unit planning of the corridor, unit were designed to be of a certain size in the temple layout. Then, the overall scale was made by adding the fixed size of unit. The combination of corridors are the combined points of paths and were used as visual points. The structure of the corridor was constructed to be adjusted according to the size of the main compartment of the building to which it was connected and inserted under the roof of the building. The adjustment of the unit changed in the range of 0.5 to 2 of Silla’s system of measurement. The usage of embedded pillar in the corridor presents a new perspective on Silla architecture.

In this study, I would like to inquire about the composition of oegi(外機) on the hip and gable roof. Oegi purlin compose the basic member of framework of a hip and gable roof in both sides roof, supporting the inside end of the side rafter. However, the oegi purlin is not simply used to form hip and gable roof. The effects of using oegi purlin have the advantages of spatial. The spatial advantages are the width of the toekan(退間) increases as the oegi purlin escapes from column row and to increase the ceiling height by becoming a point of staying the ceiling. That reflect the desire to expand indoor space due to changes in worship behavior. Oegi purlin was used not only for structural needs, but also for altering in indoor space due to the changing times.

The purpose of this study is to find the traditional landscape of the Korean tea cultivation area, which has become a tourist attraction as a result of heightened interest in tea culture increased. The subjects of this study were wild tea cultivation area in the vicinity of Bulhoe temple and Unheung temple in Naju, Jeollanam-do. The research method was conducted through field survey and literature analysis. Research results are as follows. Through literature and related research, tea cultivation in the past was performed around temples in Korea, and existed in a wild form in a place where proper shade is secured. In the analysis of spatial composition and landscape characteristics, it was confirmed that the wild tea plantation is located on the north side of the temple and on the slope of the northwest side of the temple. A wild green tea was grown along the valley to a higher position than the temple. There were two types of cultivation environment and landscape. One is a place with proper shade. In other words, a wild tea grows in the lower part where some shade is provided by a tree. The other is the case where a wild tea is located in the inner space surrounded by the trees, and it has topographical characteristics such as slopes in the south and southeast directions.

본고에서는 일본 관서지역과 고야산 일대 사찰에서 행하는 오봉(お盆)에 대한 현지조사 연구를 계기로 우란분경과 목련경이 성립된 배경과 한 국의 우란분 신행을 함께 조명하였다. 오늘날 중국과 대만에서 농력(農曆: 음력)7월 ‘귀신의 달’을 맞아 행하는 민간 신앙과 미신적 행위들을 불교 신 행으로 극복해 가는 모습에서 이들 경전이 쓰여진 당시의 사회ㆍ문화적 실 상을 짐작할 수 있었다. 일본에는 유교가 죽음에 관련된 의례를 담당했던 적이 없었던데 비해 한 국에는 유교적 제의가 사대사상과 맞물려 확산된 데다, 효(孝)를 통치기반 으로 한 조선시대에는 유교적 제사에 그 자리를 내어주었고, 불교적 조상숭 배는 ‘천도’라는 한정된 신행으로 축소되었다. 16세기말 일본에 기독교의 침투가 있었으나 이와 맞선 사청제도(寺請制度)로써 민중의 삶이 사찰과 더욱 밀착하게 되었고, 명치유신(明治維新) 이후 오봉이 양력 8월로 전환 됨으로써 오늘날 대중적 축제로 안착하였다. 이에 비해 한국의 조상숭배문화는 일제의 한국문화말살정책, 기독교문화 의 팽배가 겹치면서 왜곡과 단절의 위기를 맞았다. 농경생활에 의한 ‘백중’ 은 ‘우란분’으로, ‘천도’의 개념은 ‘공양과 시식’의 추선배례로, 음력은 양력 으로, 명절 증후군을 불러오는 단독 제의의 중압감은 합동재의로써 탈피할 수 있다. 우란분을 통한 조상합동재의 축제는 불교의 대중화에 기여하는 바 가 클 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to classify three-Kan hipped and gable-roofed Buddhist temples with the construction of their eave curve of part chunyeo and examine the characteristics and causes. The conclusions have been drawn as follows: First, there are largely three ways to secure symmetry in eave curve of part chunyeo. One is to obtain symmetry in eave curve of part chunyeo by making the size of eaves curves on well sides the same and forming symmetric curves in the front section along with the side roof and then forming the straight line in the central part (hereinafter referred to as the long straight line section method). The second is a method to enlarge eaves curves in the front and form eaves curves on the roof section to be symmetric (hereinafter referred to as the front is larger than side eaves curves method). The third is the method to make eaves curves in the roof section to be symmetric by adjusting the roof length and making difference between the front and side roof’s length minimum(hereinafter referred to as the roof length-controlling method). Second, there are 16 cases applying two or more methods, and they are the mainstream. Third, there are 12 cases applying the front is larger than side eaves curve method and roof length-controlling method both, which seems to be the most universal. To sum up, they secured symmetry in roof edges considering the construction of seonjayeon and pyeongyeon according to the size of the structure, recognition on the directions of entrance into the area of the building, forms of planes, harmony with structures around, recognition on roof curves in accordance with the size, and also structural faults in the chunyeo part.

It is difficult to build a hipped and gable roof in slender rectangular type due to restraint in variation of lateral length caused by gongpo arranged on the side, purlin space and the form of gable part and aesthetical effect of chunyeo maru. Against this backdrop and with the assumption that this phenomenon is more apparent in roofs of three-bay-kan Buddhist temples with the hipped and gable roof among national treasure Buddhist temples, this study has aimed to prove that a roof can be built in a less slender rectangular type than that of flat form and to present the building methodology and found the following findings. First, The ratio of lateral to longitudinal length of the roof has been adjusted by protruding the chunyeo and the method of adjusting the ratio of lateral to longitudinal length of the roof is considered to be determined depending on the availability of woods to be used in chunyeo. Second, in order to symmetrically arrange the edge of the roof, which is critical from the perspective of construction morphology, the chunyeo angle has been intentionally adjusted to reduce the gap of length between the front roof and the lateral roof. To sum up, the characteristic of the hipped and gable roof, which is difficult to be built in slender rectangular type, is more clearly shown in the roof and it is identified that the length of the front roof and the lateral roof has been intentionally adjusted to achieve the symmetrical arrangement of roofline of the roof edge.

A very unique case is found in the architectural remains related to the north and south square-platform at the lecture hall site of Hwangnyongsa, that of Anyangsa, and the estimated lecture hall site of Beopsusa as they are not observed in the other lecture halls. The platform has been discovered at only those three Buddhist temples from Goryeo, and its case has not been found in ancient Buddhist temples of China and Japan. This study thus set out to investigate the north and south square-platform at lecture hall sites by examining in details its architectural remains at the three Buddhist temples and reviewing the Buddhist literature about the lecture halls of ancient Buddhist temples. Based on the findings, it was estimated that the architectural remains of north and south square-platform at the lecture hall sites of Buddhist temples were those of platform for Buddhist sermons or those of high chair platform. While the north square-platform involved the remains of north high chair for the Lecturer that gave lectures on the Buddhist scriptures, the south one did those of south high chair for the Reader who recited the Buddhist scriptures.