목적 : 본 연구는 국민건강영양조사 제8기(2019-2021) 원시자료를 이용하여, 생체지표를 통한 휘발성 실내환 경요인(휘발성 유기 화합물, VOCs)과 백내장의 연관성을 파악하고자 하였다. 방법 : 백내장 의사진단 여부 및 가정 실내공기질 측정에 참여한 만 40세 이상의 성인 총 1,150명을 대상으로 하였다. 일반적 특성에 따른 휘발성 실내환경요인의 농도와 백내장의 유 ‧무에 따른 휘발성 실내환경요인의 농도를 비교하기 위해 복합표본 기술통계 분석과 로지스틱회귀분석을 하였다. p<0.050인 경우 유의한 것으로 판단하였다. 결과 : 대부분의 실내 휘발성 환경오염물질의 생체지표는 백내장을 진단받은 대상자에서 높게 나타났다. 특히 Benzene, Xylene, Acrolein, 1-Bromopropane, 1,3-Butadiene의 생체지표 평균농도(GM)가 백내장 진단받은 대상자들이 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 연령, 성별, 결혼, 알콜, 흡연, 소득을 보정한 복합표본 로지스틱회귀분석에 서, 1,3-Butadiene의 생체지표는 약 2배(OR 1.905(95% CI: 1.001, 3.625))의 위험도로 백내장에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 본 연구는 기존에 밝혀지지 않은 휘발성 실내환경요인과 백내장의 연관성을 파악함으로써, 일부 휘발성 실내환경물질은 백내장의 원인물질로 작용할 수 있는 가능성을 보여주었다.

Considering the characteristics of aldehydes among volatile organic compounds, a combined process was established by linking an absorbent and a photocatalytic reactor. Experiments to find the optimal operating conditions of the combined process showed that as the amount of photocatalyst coating increases, the wavelength of the ultraviolet lamp used becomes shorter, the photodegradation rate becomes faster, and the removal efficiency increases. It was also demonstrated that by controlling the relative humidity during the connection process of the combined process, the re-evaporation phenomenon at the front end (absorption area) of the hybrid process can be improved and the removal efficiency at the back end (photocatalytic reaction area) can be significantly enhanced. This confirmed the need for a combined process that complements the advantages and disadvantages of each process.

Mushrooms have a unique taste and aroma, so in the processing of mushroom products with other ingredients, a separate pre-processing step is often taken to eliminate the mushroom aroma. In this study, we analyzed the changes in the concentration of volatile compounds according to drying conditions to promote the activation of processing using the fruiting bodies of yellow oyster mushrooms(Pleurotus citrinopileatus) and pink oyster mushrooms(P. djamor). The caps and stipes of yellow oyster and pink oyster mushrooms were separated and freeze-dried at -70oC for 120 hours. Subsequently, they were hot air-dried at temperatures of 40, 50, 60, and 70oC for 24, 24, 16, and 12 hours, respectively. The dried samples were pulverized and quantitatively analyzed by SPME-GC-MS. In the case of yellow oyster mushrooms, the concentration of t-2-nonenal in caps and stipes during freeze-drying was 164.43 g/g d.w. and 174.80 g/g d.w., respectively, whereas during hot air-drying, it significantly decreased to 0.35~3.41 g/g d.w. and 0.98~59.88 g/g d.w. In a similar manner, for pink oyster mushrooms, the concentration of 1-octen-3-ol during freeze-drying in caps and stipes was 31.05 g/g d.w. and 176.17 g/g d.w., respectively, whereas during hot air-drying, it significantly decreased to 1.59~9.66 g/g d.w. and 1.96~15.77 g/g d.w. Furthermore, most volatile compounds showed a tendency to decrease in concentration as the temperature during hot air-drying increased.

Within the air purification system of a nuclear power plant, specific radioactive isotopes are extracted from gases through adsorption onto activated carbon. To properly dispose of used activated carbon, it is essential to determine the concentration of radioactive nuclides within it. This study discusses the application of the pyrolysis method for analyzing the concentrations of 3H and 14C in spent activated carbon. The pyrolysis was conducted using Raddec’s Pyrolyser, with adjustments made to parameters such as temperature profiles, airflow rates, sample quantities, and trapping solution volumes. The evaluation method for the pyrolysis of activated carbon to analyze 3H and 14C involved adding 3H and 14C sources to the activated carbon before use and subsequently assessing the recovery rates of the added sources in comparison to the analysis results.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a paramount factor in air pollution of the environment. VOCs are vastly present in the wastewater discharged by the pharmaceutical industries. As it is evaporative in nature, it enters the environment spontaneously and causes air pollution, global warming, acid rain and climate change. VOCs must be treated before discharging or any other aerobic methods using an efficient catalyst. As the catalytic oxidation in the liquid phase is facile compared to the gas phase, this study investigated on catalytic liquid-phase oxidation of VOCs in model and real pharmaceutical wastewater. The model compounds of toluene-, ethylbenzene- and chlorobenzene-contaminated waters were treated separately along with the VOCs present in real pharmaceutical wastewater using a tungsten-based carbon catalyst. The tungsten was impregnated on the low-cost activated carbon matrix as it has good selectivity and catalytic property toward VOCs for facile catalytic operations. The metal catalysts were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction studies, and scanning electron microscopy with elemental and mapping analysis. The treatability was monitored by total organic carbon, ultra-violet spectroscopy and high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis. The tungsten-impregnated activated carbon matrix (WACM) has a catalytic efficiency toward toluene by 85.45 ± 1.78%, ethylbenzene by 93.9 ± 1.16%, chlorobenzene by 85.9 ± 2.26% and pharmaceutical VOCs by 85.05 ± 1.73% in 20 treatment cycles. The results showed that WACM worked efficiently in VOCs treatment, preventing the environment from air pollution. Furthermore, liquid-phase oxidation could easily be implementable on an industrial scale.

The emission of off-gas streams from used fuel recycling is a concern in nuclear energy usage as they contain radioactive compounds, such as, 3H, 14C, 85Kr, 131I, and 129I that can be harmful to human health and environment. Radioactive iodine, 129I, is particularly troublesome as it has a half-life of more than 15 million years and is prone to accumulate in human thyroid glands. Organic iodides are hazardous even at very low concentrations, and hence the capture of 129I is extremely important. Dynamic adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the efficiency of sodium mordenite, partially exchanged silver mordenite, and fully exchanged silver mordenite for the removal of methyl iodide present at parts per billion concentrations in a simulated off-gas stream. Kinetic analysis of the system was conducted incorporating the effects of diffusion and mass transfer. The possible reaction mechanism is postulated and the order of the reaction and the values of the rate constants were determined from the experimental data. Adsorbent characterization is performed to investigate the nature of the adsorbent before and after iodine loading. This paper will offer a comprehensive understanding of the methyl iodide behavior when in contact with the mordenites.

We used the measurement data derived from a proton transfer reaction time-offlight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) to ascertain the source profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from 4 major industrial classifications which showed the highest emissions from a total of 26 industrial classifications of A industrial complex. Methanol (MOH) was indicated as the highest VOC in the industrial classification of fabricated metal manufacture, and it was followed by dichloromethane (DM), ethanol (EN) and acetaldehyde (AAE). In the industrial classification of printing and recording media, the emission of ethylacetate (EA) and toluene (TOL) were the highest, and were followed by acetone (ACT), ethanol (EN) and acetic acid (AA). TOL, MOH, 2-butanol (MEK) and AAE were measured at high concentrations in the classification of rubber and plastic manufacture. In the classification of sewage, wastewater and manure treatment, TOL was the highest, and it was followed by MOH, H2S, and ethylbenzene (EBZ). In future studies, the source profiles for various industrial classifications which can provide scientific evidence must be completed, and then specified mitigation plans of VOCs for each industrial classification should be established.

본 연구는 소맥 위주 사료에 xylanase 효소제의 첨가가 육성돈의 사양성적, 영양소 소화율, 혈액성상, 분 중 휘발 성 지방산 및 암모니아성 질소 농도에 미치는 영향을 알 아보기 위하여 실시하였다. 총 192두(4처리, 8반복, 반복당 6두)의 육성돈(25.14±0.11 kg)을 공시하여 xylanase 첨가수 준(0, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.0375%)으로 6주간 사양시험을 실시 하였다. xylanase의 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 전체 사양 구간에서의 일당증체량(ADG), 일일사료섭취량(ADFI) 및 사료요구율(FCR)이 유의적으로 개선되는 효과를 나타냈 다(p<005). 영양소 소화율에 있어서, xylanase 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 phase Ⅰ에서는 건물 및 에너지, phase Ⅱ 에서는 조단백질 소화율이 유의적으로 개선되었으며, 또 한 육성돈의 혈중 GLU 농도는 사료 내 xylanase의 첨가 수준이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하는 효과를 보였 다(p<0.05). 반면에, 휘발성 지방산 및 암모니아성 질소 농 도에서 xylanase의 유의적인 첨가효과는 나타나지 않았다 (p>0.05). 결론적으로, 소맥 위주의 사료 내 xylanase의 첨 가는 육성돈의 사양성적, 영양소 소화율 및 혈중 GLU 농 도를 증가시키는데 긍정적인 효과를 보였으며, 육성돈 사 료내 소맥을 주원료로 사용할 경우 xylanse의 적정 첨가 수준은 0.0375%으로 사료된다.

Radioactive waste must be stored for at least 300 years and must bear astronomical costs. In addition, unexpected potential risk factors are also a considerable burden. In the case of low-level radioactive waste, combustible and liquid low-contamination radioactive waste can be treated relatively easily through high-temperature plasma which the volume can be reduced by 1/250 and the weight by 1/30. It is possible to permanently dispose of the ash leached after plasma treatment in a more stable manner compared to the conventional methods. Types of low-level combustible radioactive waste, including paper, vinyl, clothing, filters, and resins, account for more than 30% of the total waste volume. Furthermore, high-temperature plasma treatment of low-level radioactive waste from petrochemical plants and medical institutions have many advantages, namely astronomical cost savings, securing free space in existing storage facilities, and improving the image of nuclear energy. Korea is preparing to decommission the Kori No. 1 nuclear power plant, and small and mediumsized enterprises and related organizations are conducting various studies to incinerate radioactive waste. In foreign countries, Britain began incineration technology in the 1970s, and Plasma Energy Group, LLC, headquartered in Florida, USA, physically changed the molecular structure of the material by combining plasma chambers and plasma arcs and obtained a patent application in 1992. Germany was approved for operation in 2002, and Switzerland completed a trial run of a plasma technologybased facility in 2004. Important radionuclides in terms of radioactive gas waste treatment include inert gases, radioiodine, and radioactive suspended particles. Gas waste is compressed in a compressor through a surge tank in the gas waste treatment system and filters at each stage. after that, the shortlife nuclide is naturally collapsed for 30 to 60 days in the storage or activated carbon adsorbent in the attenuation tank and released through HEPA filters. The radioactive concentration at discharge is monitored and managed using continuous monitoring equipment, and the oxygen concentration is managed in the gas waste treatment system to prevent explosion risk. The problem of radioactive waste disposal is not only a problem for people living in the present era, but also a big social issue that brings a burden to future generations While interest in plasma treatment is increasing from the decommissioning of the Kori Unit 1. in Korea, it is showed that there is a lack of systematic management and research especially in the radioactive volatile gases fields, that’s why I propose some ideas as follows. First, the government and related institutions should invest to the continuous radioactive monitoring system to produce and distribute continuous radioactive monitoring facilities with an affordable price. Second, it is recommended that radioactive waste incineration would be connected to the GRS system of the plant’s gas radwaste treatment system, and radioactive volatile materials should be monitored through continuous monitoring system. Third, radioactive volatile materials generated according to the temperatures and times during plasma incineration treatment are different. Therefore, prior classification of each expected radioactive volatile substance must be performed before incineration.

In case of damaged spent fuels, it would require additional treatment for their transportation and storage to capture the radioactive fission products in a defined space. The canning container for the damaged spent fuels is one way to seal the radioactive fission products inside the container. In the Post Irradiation Examination Facility (PIEF) of KAERI, the Quiver container has been introduced for canning damaged spent fuels from Westinghouse Sweden. The main container body has been manufactured for particle-tightness of spent fuel. In addition, drying equipment is being prepared for gas-tightness of spent fuel. The drying equipment can remove water and fill the inert gas inside the container. Before drying inside the container, we evaluated the volatile fission products inventory because volatile fission products could be released during the drying process. Despite assuming highly conservative hypotheses for the inventory remaining in damaged fuel rods, the amount that could be released during the drying process was less and dose rate levels around the evacuation piping system were low.

식중독 세균에 의한 biofilm 형성을 억제하는 효과를 시 험하기 위하여 cinnamon, clove 및 lemongrass 정유의 휘 발성 성분을 분석하였다. 또한 정유의 주요 항균활성 성 분이 polyethylene과 stainless steel 표면에서 식중독 세균 에 의한 biofilm 형성을 억제하는 효과에 대하여 조사하였 다. Cinnamon 정유의 주요 휘발성 성분은 cinnamaldehyde (38.30%), linalool (9.61%), β–caryophyllene (8.90%) 및 1,3,4-eugenol (8.19%)로 동정되었다. Clove 정유의 주요 휘발성 성분은 1,3,4-eugenol (61.84%)로 분석되었다. Lemongrass의 주요 휘발성 성분은 citral의 이성질체인 geranial (19.11%)과 neral (19.23%)로 검출되었으며, citral 은 isomeric acyclic monoterpene aldehydes로서 geranial (trans-citral, 19.11%)과 neral (cis-citral, 19.23%)의 혼합물 로 분석되었다. Cinnamon, clove 및 lemongrass의 주요 성 분 중 cinnamaldehyde, linalool, eugenol 및 citral이 disc diffusion assay에 의해 시험한 6종의 식중독 세균에 대하 여 강한 항균활성을 나타냈다. Eugenol (0.1%)과 citral은 polyethylene 및 stainless steel coupon 표면에서 식중독 세 균에 의해 형성된 biofilm에 대하여 강한 억제 작용을 나 타났다. Cinnamaldehyde (0.1%)는 Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19112와 Staphylococcus aureus KCCM 11812에 의 해 형성된 biofilm에 대해 장한 억제 작용을 나타냈다. 연 구 결과 cinnamaldehyde, eugenol 및 citral 처리에 의해 식 중독 세균에 의한 biofilm 형성을 억제가 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

This study investigated the volatile flavor components of the essential oil from Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum Bailey. The essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of the plant by the hydrodistillation extraction method was analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. One hundred and one (99.11%) volatile flavor components were identified in the essential oil from the Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum Bailey. The major compounds were hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester (12.45%), 6.10.14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (7.94%), 1-(phenylethynyl)-1-cyclohexanol (6.34%), α-farnesene (5.55%), phytol (4.99%), and α-caryophyllene (4.39%). When the volatile flavor components of Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum Bailey were classified by functional group, the content was high in the order of hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ketones, aldehydes, and phthalides. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were the most common hydrocarbons, mainly due to α-farnesene and α-caryophyllene. Among the alcohols, the content of aliphatic alcohols was significantly higher, mainly due to 1-(phenylethnyl)-1-cyclohexanol (6.34%) and phytol (4.99%). The analysis of the volatile flavor components of Chrysanthemum coronarium var. spatiosum Bailey in this study will provide useful information to consumers when purchasing food and to industries using fragrance ingredients.

According to Article 4 and 5 of the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (NSSC) Notice No. 2020-6, radioactive waste packages should be classified by radioactive levels, and finally permanently shipped to underground or surface disposal facilities. The level of the radioactive waste package is determined based on the concentrations of the radionuclides suggested in Article 8 of NSSC Notice No. 2021-26. Since most of the radionuclides in radioactive wastes are beta nuclides, chemical separation and quantification of the target nuclides are essential. Conventional methods to classify chemically non-volatile radionuclides such as Tc-99, Sr-90, Nb- 94, Fe-55 take a lot of time (about 5 days) and have low efficiency. An automated non-volatile nuclide analysis system based on the continuous chemical separation method of radionuclides has been developed to compensate for this disadvantages of the conventional method in this study. The features of the automated non-volatile nuclide separation system are as follows. First, the amount of secondary waste generated during the chemical separation process is very small. That is, by adopting an open-bed resin column method instead of a closed-bed resin column method, additional fittings and connector are unnecessary during the chemical separation. In addition, because the peristaltic pump is supplied for the sample and solution respectively, it is great effective to prevent cross-contamination between radioactive samples and the acid stock solution for analysis. Second, the factors that may affect results, such as solution amount, operating time and flow rate, are almost constant. By mechanically controlling the flow rate precisely, the operating time and additional factors required during the separation process can be adjusted and predicted in advance, and the uncertainty of the chemical separation process can be significantly reduced. Finally, it is highly usable not only in the continuous separation process but also in the individual separation process. It can be applied to the individual separation process because the user can set the individual sequence using the program. As a result of the performance evaluation of the automation system, recovery rates of about 80–90% and reproducibility within 5% were secured for all of the radionuclides. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the actual work time was reduced by more than 50% compared to the previous manual method. (It was confirmed that the operation time required during the separation process was reduced from 6 days to 3 days.) Based on these results, the automation system is expected to improve the safety of workers in radiation exposure, reduce human error, and improve data reliability.

Meat affects color and quality by metabolite concentrations. Meat produces metabolites, and metabolites are caused by a variety of causes. Meat also produces metabolites by oxidation, which is an inevitable chemical process that meat undergoes which is resulting information of various chemical compounds. Thus, the aim of this study was to profiling the change of metabolites of M. longissimus lumborum during the storage at 4°C. Instrumental color measurements were showed decreasing chroma value, redness and yellowness (P<0.05) during storage, while non-significance (P>0.05) changes found in lightness value. Above all, hue angle was highest at 21 d of storage (P<0.05). The lipid and protein oxidation of muscles was measured by TBARS value significantly increased (P<0.05), thiol and carbonyl groups were also increased significantly (P<0.05) during the display. Total 19 of 60 identified compounds appeared to have a significant difference by storage time (P<0.05). Hue angle had a significant correlation with specific metabolites such as carbon disulfide, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, lactic acid and palmitic acid (P<0.05). Results of the current study provide the conversion of volatile and non-volatile metabolites and their correlation with oxidative indicators for changes in meat quality during aerobic storage.

Chrysanthemum boreal, C. indicum, and C. indicum var. albescens are well-known wild Chrysanthemum species used for traditional medicine in Korea. In this study, volatile compounds from three wild Chrysanthemums were identified according to four different flowering stages and analyzed using HS-SPME-GC-MS to determine the temporal variation of the volatiles. As a result, 132, 151, and 142 peaks were identified from C. boreale, C. indicum, and C. indicum var. albescens, respectively. Furthermore, 70 out of 132 peaks were identified in C. boreale with a matching ratio of >90% from library search. In addition, 85/151 and 76/142 peaks were identified from C. indicum and C. indicum var. albescens. Forty-nine volatile compounds were found commonly in all three wild Chrysanthemums through all four different flowering stages. However, six, seven, and five unique compounds were detected only in C. boreale, C. indicum, and C. indicum var. albescens, respectively. One hundred volatile compounds were selected for multivariate analysis considering volatile compounds overlapped with each other. The one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) detected significant differences from 77 out of 100 volatile compounds. In addition, PLS-DA showed the different profiles of volatile compounds according to four different flowering stages in each wild Chrysanthemum. PC1 of each Chrysanthemum accounted for 45.8 56.9, and 11.9% in C. boreale, C. indicum, and C. indicum var. albescens, respectively. PC1 of C. boreale and C. indicum clearly separated the BF stage and the other three stages. Conversely, PC1 of C . indicum var. albescens showed a difference in the composition of volatile compounds between the BF/BO and HO/FO stages. In addition, the different profiles of volatile compounds could be visualized using a heatmap from three wild Chrysanthemums according to four different flowering stages. This study will help improve particular volatile compounds in three wild Chrysanthemums both in quality and quantity.