The increase in the global sugar-free trend and interest in sugar-free products has resulted in most consumers becoming more interested in products with low or no sugar content. This study explored consumer perceptions of sugar-free products through text network analysis using big data. After collecting the texts, 50 key words were extracted through frequency analysis and TF-IDF analysis. Subsequently, they were categorized into four clusters using degree centrality analysis, social network analysis, and CONCOR analysis, to arrive at the implications. The limitations of the study were then listed.

본 연구의 목적은 미국의 소년범에 대한 무관용주의 형사정책의 딜레마와 시사점을 살펴보는 것이다. 미국의 소년범 무관용주의 형사정책의 딜레마는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 연방대법원과 주법원 간 청소년 범죄자에 대한 사형, 가석방 없는 종신형, 성인법원 기소 등 무관용주의적 처벌에 대한 갈등이 반복되고 있다. 둘째, 무관용주의 형사정책 은 청소년의 발달과 개별환경을 고려하지 못하며, 소년범에 대한 가혹한 보복적 제재 라는 비판을 받는다. 셋째, 소년범의 성인교도소 구금은 부적절한 형사사법처우이며, 넷째, 연방대법원의 정치적 성향이 소년범 판결에 지나치게 영향을 미치며, 다섯째, 소년범 무관용주의 형사정책의 근거법인 학교총기금지법이 공립학교에만 적용되어 특 정 인종 및 빈곤계층이 차별적으로 대우를 받는다는 비판이다. 미국의 소년범 무관용 주의 형사정책의 딜레마는 우리에게 다음과 같은 시사점을 준다. 첫째, 소년범에 대한 획일적인 무관용주의 형사정책은 청소년을 범죄인화로 이끄는 파이프라인이 될 수 있다. 둘째, 가족과의 분리를 전제로 하는 구금처우는 소년범의 사회적 자본을 단절시켜 재사회화를 어렵게 한다. 셋째, 소년범에 대한 검사의 선의주 의는 검사의 재량을 지나치게 확대하여 인권침해 소지가 있다. 넷째, 소년형사법원의 도입이 필요하다. 다섯째, 비행 청소년에 대한 개별평가가 제대로 이루어져야 한다. 여섯째, 소년범에 대한 엄격한 무관용주의 정책은 막대한 사회적 비용을 초래하며, 일 곱째, 소년범 처벌에 대한 사법기관의 일관성 있는 판결과 사법정책이 필요하다.

The conventional multi-scale modelling approach that predicts carbon nanotube (CNT) growth region in heterogeneous flame environment is computationally exhaustive. Thus, the present study is the first attempt to develop a zero-dimensional model based on existing multi-scale model where mixture fraction z and the stoichiometric mixture fraction zst are employed to correlate burner operating conditions and CNT growth region for diffusion flames. Baseline flame models for inverse and normal diffusion flames are first established with satisfactory validation of the flame temperature and growth region prediction at various operating conditions. Prior to developing the correlation, investigation on the effects of zst on CNT growth region is carried out for 17 flame conditions with zst of 0.05 to 0.31. The developed correlation indicates linear ( zlb=1.54zst +0.11) and quadratic ( zhb=zst(7-13zst )) models for the zlb and zhb corresponding to the low and high boundaries of mixture fraction, respectively, where both parameters dictate the range of CNT growth rate (GR) in the mixture fraction space. Based on the developed correlations, the CNT growth in mixture fraction space is optimum in the flame with medium-range zst conditions between 0.15 and 0.25. The stronger relationship between growth-region mixture-fraction (GRMF) and zst at the near field region close to the flame sheet compared to that of the far field region away from the flame sheet is due to the higher temperature gradient at the former region compared to that of the latter region. The developed models also reveal three distinct regions that are early expansion, optimum, and reduction of GRMF at varying zst.

Organic wastewater causes serious environmental pollution, and catalytic oxidation is promising technique for wastewater treatment. Developing green and effective catalysts is currently challenging. In this work, green synthesis of nano zerovalent iron loaded onto porous biochar derived from popcorn is conducted, and catalytic oxidation of Rhodamine B (RhB) is evaluated in the presence of H2O2. Effect of process factors is examined on catalytic performance for RhB removal. The mechanism of RhB removal is discussed by characterizations (Fourier transform infrared spectra and Raman) and UV–vis spectra. RhB removal is improved with high catalyst dosage, low initial RhB concentration, and high reaction temperature, while it is slightly influenced by carbonization temperature of biochar, H2O2 dosage and pH value. Under conditions of BC-250 1.0 g/L, H2O2 0.01 mol/L, pH 6.1, and temperature 30 °C, the removal rate of RhB is 92.27% at 50 min. Pseudo first-order kinetics is used to fitting experimental data, and the activation energy for RhB removal in BC-250/H2O2 system is 39 kJ/mol. RhB removal in BC-250/H2O2 system can be attributed to adsorption effect and catalytic oxidation with the dominant role of hydroxyl radical. This work gives insights into catalytic oxidation of organic wastewater using green catalyst.

The primary objective of this study is to evaluate a systematic design’s effectivity in remediating actual uranium-contaminated soil. The emphasis was placed on practical and engineering aspects, particularly in assessing the capabilities of a zero liquid discharge system in treating wastewater derived from soil washing. The research method involved a purification procedure for both the uranium-contaminated soil and its accompanying wastewater. Notably, the experimental outcomes demonstrated successful uranium separation from the contaminated soil. The treated soil could be self-disposed of, as its uranium concentration fell below 1.0 Bq·g−1, a level endorsed by the International Atomic Energy Agency for radionuclide clearance. The zero liquid discharge system’s significance lay in its distillation process, which not only facilitated the reuse of water from the separated filtrate but also allowed for the self-disposal of high-purity Na2SO4 within the residues of the distilled filtrate. Through a comparative economic analysis involving direct disposal and the application of a remediation process for uranium-contaminated soil, the comprehensive zero liquid discharge system emerged as a practical and viable choice. The successful demonstration of the design and practicality of the proposed zero liquid discharge system for treating wastewater originating from real uranium-contaminated soil is poised to have a lasting impact.

본 총설은 탄소중립 및 에너지순환을 실현하기 위한 재생에너지로부터 그린수소 생산 전략 중 하나인 바이오수소 생산 및 정제법에 관해 소개하고자 한다. 바이오수소는 생물질과 미생물과 같은 재생에너지원을 이용하며, 상온 및 상압 등의 마일드한 실험조건에서 작동하여 에너지소비 및 공정비용이 적게 드는 친환경 공정으로 알려져 있다. 하지만, 이러한 바이오 수소를 상업적으로 이용하기 위해서는 해결해야 할 중요한 도전적인 과제가 존재한다. 특히, 바이오수소는 생물반응기내의 복합한 화학반응으로 합성되어, 낮은 수소생산 속도 및 반응기내 다양한 혼합물이 존재하여, 바이오수소 고순도화를 위해서 연속공정 형태의 분리 및 정제 기술이 반드시 필요하다. 이를 위해, 저온 증류법, 압력 흡착법, 분리막법 등을 비롯한 다양한 분리 및 정제 기술이 고순도 바이오수소를 얻기 위해 제안되었다. 본 총설에서는 바이오수소 생산 및 정제 연계화를 위한 비 다공성 고분자 분리막의 가능성에 대해 소개하고자 한다.

Zero-waste pattern cutting is a groundbreaking sustainable fashion practice. However, few brands and designers have pursued this method because it requires creative pattern design that diverges from the existing process of using pattern slopers. Therefore, application within the fashion industry is not sufficient. Therefore, in an attempt to highlight the key characteristics of zero-waste pattern design, this study classifies and analyzes cases in which similar designs employ zero-waste pattern-cutting techniques. We hope to make zero-waste pattern design more accessible by presenting realistic pattern-cutting guidelines. To this end, theoretical research on relevant literature, previous research, and online resources and an empirical analysis of cases involving zero-waste pattern cutting were conducted in parallel. As a result of the study, we were able to classify the factors of zero-waste pattern design in terms of fabric use, design, and composition. Regarding materials, our research revealed the importance of appropriate fabric width, understanding the difference between waste minimization and minimal fabric use, and easy reuse and recycling. In terms of design, the simultaneous progress of pattern and design work, adjustable loose silhouettes, and the use of surplus fabric for functional and decorative details emerged as key characteristics. For composition, we found that size adjustment limits, arrangement irregularity, and pattern shapes were crucial elements and that various arrangements revealed unlimited design potential.

The crisis of climate change aroused international needs to reduce the greenhouse gas emission in energy sector. Government of South Korea formulated an agenda of carbon neutrality through announcing 2050 Net-Zero Carbon Scenario A and B in October 2021. As the power supply from renewable energy increases, it becomes a core element to take into account the daily intermittency of renewable energy in analyzing the upcoming energy plans. However, the existing yearly Load Duration Curve is insufficient for applying day and night power change in daily scale into energy mix analysis, since it derives the energy mix for whole year on the basis of classifying annual base load and peak load. Therefore, a new energy mix simulation model based on the daily power load and supply simulation is needed for the future energy analysis. In this study we developed a new model which simulates the average power supply and demand daily (over a 24 hour period) for each season. The model calculates the excess and shortage power during day and night by integrating each energy’s daily power pattern. The 2050 Net-Zero Carbon Scenario A was used for the model verification, during which the same amounts of power production from each energy source were applied: nuclear, renewable, carbon-free gas turbine, fuel cell and byproduct gas. Total power demand pattern and renewable energy production pattern were drawn from the data of 2017 power production, and Pumped-storage Hydroelectricity and Energy Storage System were used as day-to-night conversion. Detailed assumptions for each energy were based on the Basis of Calculation for Net-Zero Carbon Scenario from Government. The model was verified with three cases which were divided depending on the method of hydrogen production and whether the Curtailment and Conversion Loss (CCL) of renewable energy were considered or not. Case 1 assumed production of hydrogen occurred for 24 hours while not considering CCL, had 0% relative error in comparison of total annual power production, and case 2, considering CCL, had a 1.741% relative error. Case 3 assumed production of hydrogen occurred only during daytime with excess power and CCL consideration, yielded 0.493% relative error in total amount of hydrogen production, confirming that the model sufficiently describes the Government’s Scenario A with the input of total power production. This model is expected to be used for analyzing further energy mix with different ratios of each energy source, with special focus on nuclear and renewable energy sources.

The purpose of this study is to understand the concept of zero-waste design and to apply Sophia Vyzoviti’s folding techniques to develop a zero-waste fashion design method that contributes to sustainable fashion design. In this study, we explore the method and characteristics of zero-waste fashion design based on the concept of folding described in Sophia Vyzoviti’s book on folding techniques. Using the autonomy of Sophia Vyzoviti’s folding technique, four changeable folding fashion designs were developed and produced, demonstrating zero-waste fashion design. The results were as follows. First, the development of fashion designs using Sophia Vyzoviti’s folding techniques enabled the development and production of free and creative zero-waste fashion designs that were three-dimensional, continuous, fluid, and full of potential. Second, the production of zero-waste patterns was further developed into a transformable fashion design that can be used with geometric patterns. These folding techniques produced a fashion design method that could transform one piece of clothing, demonstration the potential for maintenance of creativity using a zero-waste design based on these folding techniques. Third, the double-faced fabric, Neoprene, was chosen as an appropriate material as it emphasizes the depth of folding with application of two colors and its cotton/polyester blend that is suitable for folding.

Most of the drinking water dams managed by the local governments in Korea are earthfill dams, and these dams have almost no geotechnical property information necessary for seismic performance evaluation. Nevertheless, in the rough planning stage for improving seismic safety for these dams, it is necessary to classify their relative seismic hazard against earthquakes and conduct an additional ground investigation. The zero seismic failure probability curve is a curve suggested in this study in which the probability of failure due to an earthquake becomes ‘0’ regardless of the geotechnical properties of the earthfill dam. By examining the method and procedure for calculating failure probability due to an earthquake suggested in previous researches, the zero seismic failure probability curves for an earthquake in 1,000-year and 2,400-year return periods in Korea were presented in the form of a hyperbola on the plane of the dam height versus freeboard ratio (ratio of freeboard to dam height), respectively. The distribution characteristics of the dam height and the freeboard ratio of 81 Korean earthfill dams were presented. The two proposed zero seismic failure probability curves are shown on the plane of the dam height versus freeboard ratio, and the relative seismic hazard of 81 dams can be classified into three groups using these curves as boundaries. This study presented the method of classifying the relative seismic hazard and the classification result.

PURPOSES : Accidents involving autonomous vehicle continue to occur. However, research on autonomous vehicle monitoring has been insufficient. The purpose of this study is to develop monitoring indicators from the perspective of vehicles and road infrastructure for the safe driving of autonomous vehicles. In addition, the purpose is to monitor autonomous vehicles and road environments using the monitoring indicators developed, as well as to analyze the characteristics of road sections where autonomous vehicles exhibit abnormalities. METHODS : Data from Pangyo Zero Shuttle, an autonomous vehicle, were used in this study. Infrastructure data installed in Pangyo Zero City were used. The data were collected from June 2019 to July 2019, during the normal driving period of the zero shuttle. The five monitoring indicators were developed by combining the vehicle operation information table collected from the V2X device of the zero shuttle and the road environment monitoring detail table collected from the infrastructure data with the road section table. In addition, an analysis of road characteristics with frequent errors is performed for each monitoring indicator. RESULTS : The three monitoring indicators from the perspective of the vehicle allowed monitoring of the sensor error, sensor communication error, and yaw rate error of the autonomous vehicle's timing and road section. In addition, the two monitoring indicators from the infrastructure perspective enabled the monitoring of events and road surface conditions on roads where autonomous vehicles drive. As a result of analyzing the road characteristics that frequently caused errors by monitoring indicators, sensor errors frequently occurred in the section waiting to enter the left-turn lane. Sensor communication errors are left-turn standby and have occurred frequently on road sections where U-turns are allowed. Finally, yaw rate error occurred frequently in sections of roads where there were no induction lines or where changes to lanes occurred frequently. CONCLUSIONS : The five monitoring indicators developed in this study allowed the monitoring of autonomous vehicles and roads. The results of this study are expected to help the safe driving of autonomous vehicles and contribute to the detection of autonomous driving abnormalities and the provision of real-time road condition information through further analysis.

This paper describes a novel zero-stress member selecting method for sizing optimization of truss structures. When a sizing optimization method with static constraints is implemented, the member stresses are affected sensitively with changing the variables. However, because some truss members are unaffected by specific loading cases, zero-stress states are experienced by the elements. The zero-stress members could affect the computational cost and time of sizing optimization processes. Feature selection approaches can be then used to eliminate the zero-stress member from the whole variables prior to the process of optimization. Several numerical truss examples are tested using the proposed methods.