충북 청주지역에서 채집된 작은소피참진드기(Haemaphysalis longicornis)에 대하여 다양한 식물체 메탄올 조추출물과 천궁유래 물질들을 이용하여 살비활성과 기피활성을 조사하였다. 총 24종의 식물추출물을 이용한 작은소피참진드기에 대한 살비활성을 조사한 결과, 천궁(Cnidium officinale)에서 93.3%의 살비율로 가장 높은 활성을 보였으며, 기피 효과의 경우 도라지, 미국자리공, 백목련, 어성초, 천궁, 칡잎 등에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 기피 및 살비활성이 가장 높은 천궁의 메탄올추출물을 용매 분획한 물질들과 천궁 유래물질인 butylidenephthalide 의 활성을 비교한 결과, 헥산(hexane)층 처리 3일 후에 90%의 높은 살비효과를 보였으며 기피반응도 통계적으로 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 천궁 유래물질인 butylidenephthalide은 처리 7일 후에 90%의 살비활성을 보였고 T-tube olfactometer 실험에서 모든 작은소피참진드기가 무처리 구로 이동하여 기피활성이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구결과는 천궁 조추출물과 천궁유래물질인 butylidenephthalide를 이용하여 작은 소피참진드기의 방제 개발에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

Acaricidal activities of 63 commecial pesticides against the longhorned tick, H. logicornis were investigated. Twenty-two pesticides (4 cabamates, 5 organophophates, 9 pyrethroids, 1 octopamine receptor agonists, 1 diamides, and 1 unknown) against adults H. logicornis showed >80% mortalities after 72 h of treatment. The residual effect of 22 pesticides was investigated at 1, 2, 3, 7, and 10 day intervals on grass for H. logicornis adults and nymphs. Eight and twenty pesticides in H. logicornis adults and nymphs showed >80% acaricidal activity at 3 days after the treatment, respectively. 7 days after the treatment, H. logicornis adults showed <60% acaricidal activity in all pesticides, but 7 pesticides (benfuracarb, gamma cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, lammda cyhalothrin, fenvalerate, cyantraniliprole, fluxametamide) showed >80% acaricidal activity in nymphs. all pesticides exhibited <60% acaricidal activity after 10 days of treatment both adults and mymphs, except benfuracarb showed 96.7% mortality in H. logicornis nymph.

The acaricidal activity of a methanolic extract and fractions from the rhizome of Cnidium officinale against Dermanyssus gallinae adults was investigated. The C. officinale methanolic extract exhibited 100% acaricidal activity after 48 h of treatment at a dose of 4,000 ppm. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed (Z)-ligustilide as a constituent of C. officinale. Acaricidal activity was examined in three experimental tests (spray, fumigation and contact), with the spraying method being the most effective. The methanolic extract of C. officinale showed both contact and fumigant activities, though only fumigant activity was observed with (Z)-ligustilide. These results suggest that C. officinale derived material can be used for the development of a control agent for D. gallinae.

The activities of three class, five acaricides (Permethrin, Deltamethrin, Fenitrothion, Chlorpyrifos, Imidacloprid) againstHaemaphysalis longicornis nymph, a major vector for Severe Fever with Thrombo cytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) and Lymedisease. The ticks distribute at vast open fields and various kind of habitats. Five acaricides were applied to ticks collectedform four areas(Gapyeong, Paju, Chuncheon, Wonju) to confirm the effect of acaricide. This areas was the area whereSFTS disease occurred and a large nember of ticks were collected. As a result, All areas is the most acaricidal effectto Deltamethrin. And two areas(Gapyeong, Paju) has the lowest acaricidal effect to Imidacloprid and two area(Chuncheon,Wonju) has the lowest acaricidal effect to Permethrin. Futher study will need to compare the acaricidal efficacy of theremaining seven province.

Dermanyssus gallinae is parasitic to chicken, and they cause many damages such as disturbing sleep reducing for body weight and egg production by blood-sucking. To develop acaricide against D. gallinae, The acaricidal activity of 40 species plant extract were examined. Cnidium officinale extracted by Me-OH showed 82.0% acaricidal activity after treated 48 hrs at 4,000 ppm. The hexane fraction showed 92.4% mortality against D. gallinae at 48 hrs at 2,000 ppm. Purification of the biologically active constituents from the hexane extraction with acaricidal activity was done using silica gel open column chromatography and HPLC. H1122 fraction gave 80.9% mortality to D. gallinae at 400 ppm after treated 48 hrs. H1122 fraction was analyzed by GC-MS and NMR.

The American house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes, 1961 (Acari: Pyroglyphidae), is recognized as an important source of allergens in the domestic environment. An assessment was made of the toxicity of constituents from essential oil of cade, Juniperus oxycedrus L. (Cupressaceae), and related compounds as well as four experimental spray formulations containing the oil (10–40 g/liter sprays) to adult D. farinae. In a contact + fumigant mortality bioassay, methyleugenol (24-h LC50,5.82 μg/cm2) and guaiacol (8.24 μg/cm2) were the most toxic constituents to the mites and the toxicity of these constituents and benzyl benzoate did not differ significantly.

The acaricidal activity of Asarum heterotropoides root-derived principles, methyleugenol, safrole, 3-carene, α-asarone, pentadecane and A. heterotropoides root steam distillate constituents was tested against poultry red mites Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer). All active principles were identified by spectroscopic analysis. Results were compared with those of two conventional acaricides, benzyl benzoate and N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET). Methyleugenol (24 h LC50 = 0.57 μg/cm2) and safrole (24 h LC50 = 8.54 μg/cm2) were the most toxic compounds toward D. gallinae, followed by 3,4,5-trimethoxytoluene, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene, estragole, α-terpineol, verbenone, eucarvone, linalool, and terpinen-4-ol (LC50 = 15.65–27.88 μg/cm2). Methyleugenol was 16.7× and 11.0× more toxic than benzyl benzoate (LC50 = 9.52 μg/cm2) and DEET (LC50 = 6.28 μg/cm2), respectively; safrole was 1.1× and 0.73× more toxic. Asarum heterotropoides root-derived materials, particularly methyleugenol and safrole, merit further study as potential acaricides. Global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic acaricides in indoor environments justify further studies on A. heterotropoides root extract and steam distillate preparations containing the active constituents described as potential contact-action fumigants for the control of mites.

The toxicity of cade oil (Juniperus oxycedrus), its constituents and structurally related compounds toward adult house dust mite Dermatophagoides farina was examined. Results were compared with two commercially available acaricides, benzyl benzoate and deet. The cade oil constituents were identified by GC-MS analysis. Citral (LC50, 1.13 μg cm–2) and methyleugenol (LC50, 5.78 μg cm–2) were the most toxic compounds, followed by eugenol (LC50,12.52 μg cm–2), nerol (LC50, 21.4 μg cm–2) and terpinen-4-ol (LC50, 29.55 μg cm–2) were shown significant mortality against adult of D. farina. Toxicity of citral, methyleugenol were higher than that of benzyl benzoate, and above listed compounds was all more toxic than deet. Given the result of vapour-phase mortality tests that these compounds were more toxic in closed containers than in open ones, we concluded that vapour action plays a great role in their mode of delivery. Cade applied as 3 and 4% experimental sprays provided 96 and 100% mortality against the mites respectively, whereas permethrin (cis:trans, 25:75) 2.5 g/l spray treatment resulted in 17% mortality. Cade oil, and its constituents shown their potentials as effective alternatives for harmful synthetic acaricides for the control of Dermatophagoides populations as fumigants in contact and therefore illustrated the need for further study of this essential oil.

The toxicity of bay leaf (Pimenta racemosa) and palmorasa (Cymbopogon martini) essential oils, and its constituents, and structurally related compounds to adult American house dust mites, Dermatophagoides farinae was examined. Both bay leaf (24 h LC50, 131.95 μg/cm2) and palmorosa (24 h LC50, 116.10 μg/cm2) essential oils were toxic to mites. The most active principles were determined to be citral, methyleugenol, eugenol, and geranyl acetate from both bay leaf and palmorosa oils. Citral (24 h LC50, 1.13 μg/cm2), methyl eugenol (5.78 μg/cm2), eugenol (24 h LC50, 12.52 μg/cm2) and geranyl acetate (24 h LC50, 18.79 μg/cm2) were the most toxic. The toxicity of these compounds was more toxic than that of commercially available acaricides such as, benzylbenzoate (LC50,8.41μg/cm2) and deet (37.67 μg/cm2). Potent toxicity was also observed with nerol, linalool and geraniol (LC50, 21.44–54.61 μg/cm2). These compounds were consistently more toxic in closed versus open containers, indicating that their mode of delivery was largely a result of vapour action. Both bay leaf and palmorosa oil, and their constituents shown their potentials as effective alternatives for harmful synthetic acaricides for the control of Dermatophagoides populations as fumigants in contact and therefore illustrated the need for further study of these essential oils.

In this study, we evaluated the acaricidal activities of AP and its derivatives for their potentials as natural acaricides using the vapor phase and contact toxicity bioassays against Dermatophagoides spp. and Tyrophagus putrescentiae, and then compared with that of commercial acaricide such as benzyl benzoate. The acaricidal constituent of A. koreana was isolated by various chromatographic techniques and identified as 2’-H-4’-MAP. In the vapor phase toxicity bioassay, based on the LD50 values of 2’-H-4’-MAPand its derivatives against D. farinae, 2’-MAP (1.25 ㎍/㎠) was 8.0 times more effective than benzyl benzoate (10.00 ㎍/㎠), followed by 3’-MAP (1.26 ㎍/㎠), 4’-MAP (1.29 ㎍/㎠), 2’-H-4’-MAP (1.75 ㎍/㎠), and 2’-H-5’-MAP (1.96 ㎍/㎠). In the contact toxicity bioassay, 3’-MAP (0.58 ㎍/㎠) was 12.97 times more toxic than benzyl benzoate (7.52 ㎍/㎠), followed by 2’-MAP (0.64 ㎍/㎠), 2’-H-4’-MAP (0.76 ㎍/㎠), 4’-MAP (0.77 ㎍/㎠), and 2’-H-5’-MAP (1.16 ㎍/㎠). The acaricidal activities of 2’-H-4’-MAP derivatives against D. pteronyssinus and T. putrescentiae were similar to those against D. farinae. These results indicated that acaricidal activities of 2’-H-4’-MAP derivatives against the three mite species were changed with the introduction of hydroxyl (-OH) and methyl (-CH3) groups onto the acetophenone skeleton.

The object of this study was the acaricidal activities of acetophenone (AP) and its derivatives for their potentials as natural acaricides using fumigant and contact toxicity bioassays against Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, and Tyrophagus putrescentiae. Based on the LD50 values of AP derivatives against D. farinae, 3’-methoxyAP (0.41 ㎍/㎠) was 89.9 times more toxic than DEET (36.87 ㎍/㎠), followed by 4’-methoxyAP (0.52 ㎍/㎠), 2’-methoxyAP (0.75 ㎍/㎠), 2’-hydroxy-5’-methoxyAP (1.03 ㎍/㎠), 2’-hydroxy -4’-methoxyAP (1.29 ㎍/㎠), AP (1.48 ㎍/㎠), 2’-hydroxyAP (1.74 ㎍/㎠), 2’,5’-dimethoxyAP (1.87 ㎍/㎠), 2’,4’-dimethoxyAP (2.10 ㎍/㎠), and benzyl benzoate (9.92 ㎍/㎠). With regard to structure-activity relationships between acaricidal activity and functional groups (hydroxyl and methoxy groups) on the AP skeleton, a mono-methoxy group (2’-, 3’-, and 4’-methoxyAP) on the AP skeleton was more toxic than the other groups (2’,4’- and 2’,5’-dimethoxyAP, 2’- and 4’-hydroxyAP, 2’-hydroxy-4’-methoxyAP, 2’-hydroxy-5’-methoxyAP, and 4’-hydroxy-3’-methoxyAP). These results indicated that acaricidal activity against three mite species was changed with the introduction of functional radicals (hydroxyl and methoxy groups) onto the AP skeleton.

점박이응애(Tetranychus urticae)에 대한 살비활성을 가지는 물질을 알아보기 위하여 약용식물 25과 35 종의 메탄올 또는 헥산 추출물을 이용하여 잎 침지법과 살포법으로 실내와 pot, 야외에서 실험을 수행하였 다. 살비활성은 약용식물 종류별로 차이를 보였다. 강남콩(Phaseolus vulgaris var. humilis) 잎을 1,000 ppm 농도의 추출물에 1분간 침지한 후 점박이응애에 대한 치사율을 조사한 결과, 비자나무(Torreya nucifera) 열매 추출물과 팥꽃나무(Daphne genkwa)와 도꼬마리(Xanthium strumarium), 나팔꽃 (Pharbitis nil) 씨앗 추출물이 각각 56.8%와 47.8, 47.7, 47.7%의 살비활성을 나타내었다. 잎 침지시간을 30초로 단축시켜 점박이응애에 대한 살비효과검정 시는 1분 침지에 비하여 효과가 감소하였고, 나팔꽃과 도꼬마리의 살비 활성이 가장 높았다. 도꼬마리와 나팔꽃 씨앗 헥산 추출물의 반수치사농도는 각각 1,824 ppm과 1,899 ppm이었다. 두 식물의 1,000 ppm 온수 및 냉수 추출물은 점박이응애에 대한 살비효과가 20% 이하로 낮았다. Pot의 강낭콩에 점박이응애를 접종한 후 분무법으로 추출물을 1,000 ppm 농도로 살포한 결과 도꼬마리와 나팔꽃 씨앗 헥산추출물은 각각 76.3과 71.3%의 높은 살비활성을 나타내었다. 그리고 온실에서 국화의 점박이응애를 대상으로 나팔꽃 씨앗 헥산 추출물을 2,000 ppm과 1,000 ppm으로 처리 시에 는 50.8%와 35.1%의 방제가를 보였다.

This study was conducted to examine the potential of surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF MS) to screen Tetranychus urticae resistance to pyridaben and dicofol. T. urticae is one of the most important pests in greenhouse and orchard, and huge expense is needed to control because of its strong resistance to acaricides. Consequently speedy and accurate monitoring of acaricidal resistance is the key factor of IPM for T. urticae. SELDI-TOF MS is a novel approach to biomarker discovery that combines two powerful techniques: chromatography and mass spectrometry. It can provide a rapid protein expression profile of acaricidal sensitive and resistant T. urticae. In this study we had different protein and peptide patterns between sensitive and resistant strains to pyridaben and dicofol. In the future this results could be a useful data to develop a good monitoring tool of site and host specific mite resistance to various acaricides.