To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of submerged culture using Cordyceps militaris mycelium, culture-including mycelia was extracted and lyophilized into postbiotics (hot-water extract; CM-HW). HW was fractionated into crude polysaccharide (CM-CP) by ethanol precipitation, and CM-CP was further dialyzed into CM-DCP by dialysis with running water using 12~14 kDa dialysis tube. When the cytotoxicity of subfractions against cells was assessed, no subfraction had a cytotoxic impact that was substantially different from the control groups. In an inflammatory model using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, CM-DCP significantly decreased IL-6 and MCP-1 production levels compared to the LPS-control group. CM-DCP also inhibited IL-6 and IL-8 secretion in HaCaT keratinocytes stimulated with TNF-α and IFN-γ. In the meanwhile, the neutral sugar content and mannose ratio of anti-inflammatory CM-DCP were higher than the other fractions, and CM-DCP contained β-1,3/1,6-glucan of 216.1 mg/g. High pressure size exclusion chromatography revealed that CM-DCP contained molecules with a molecular weight range of 5.6 to 144.0 kDa. In conclusion, postbiotics of C. militaris mycelium significantly promoted anti-inflammatory activity, suggesting that neutral polysaccharides including Glc and Man contribute to the anti-inflammation in RAW 264.7 or HaCaT cells.

The advanced oxidation treatment using persulfate and zero-valent iron (ZVI) has been evaluated as a very effective technology for remediation of soil and groundwater contamination. However, the high rate of the initial reaction of persulfate with ZVI causes over-consumption of an injected persulfate, and the excessively generated active species show a low transfer rate to the target pollutant. In this study, ZVI was modified using selenium with very low reactivity in the water environment with the aim of controlling the persulfate activation rate by controlling the reactivity of ZVI. Selenium-modified ZVI (Se/ZVI) was confirmed to have a selenium coating on the surface through SEM/EDS analysis, and low reductive reactivity to trichlroethylene (TCE) was observed. As a result of inducing the persulfate activation using the synthesized Se/ZVI, the persulfated consumption rate was greatly reduced, and the decomposition rate of the model contaminant, anisole, was also reduced in proportion. However, the final decomposition efficiency was rather increased, which seems to be the result of preventing persulfate over-consumption. This is because the transfer efficiency of the active species (SO4-∙) of persulfate to the target contaminant has been improved. Selenium on the surface of Se/ZVI was not significantly dissolved even under oxidation conditions by persulfate, and most of it was present in the form of Se/ZVI. It was confirmed that the persulfate activation rate could be controlled by controlling the reactivity of ZVI, which could greatly contribute to the improvement of the persulfate oxidation efficiency.

Doping graphene to epoxy resins can improve the protective ability of the coating, but the lack of active anticorrosion function greatly limits its application in the field of anticorrosion. Herein, N/S-rich few-layer-graphene (N/S-FLG) was prepared and adopted to endow epoxy coating with dual passive/active corrosion protection. The obtained amphiphilic N/S-FLG is highly dispersed in the epoxy coating, giving rise to the enhanced hosting effect for graphene defects, avoiding the interface corrosion and blocking the penetration of corrosive species. Furthermore, the doping of N and S endows graphene sheets favourable catalytic ability for corrosive oxygen, actively eliminating its contribution to metal corrosion. Under this dual effect, the passive and active anticorrosion properties of epoxy coating are simultaneously enhanced. The coating with 1 wt% N/S-FLG reduces the corrosion rate of metal to 6.5 × 10– 5 mm/a, exhibiting almost no corrosion. The proposed concept of introducing nanocatalytic N/S-FLG is facile and eco-friendly, and will undoubtedly promote the practical application of anticorrosion coatings.

Background: Trunk movements are an important factor in activities of daily living; however, these movements can be impaired by stroke. It is difficult to quantify and measure the active range of motion (AROM) of the trunk in patients with stroke. Objects: To determine the reliability and validity of measurements using a digital goniometer (DG) and smart phone (SP) applications for trunk rotation and lateral flexion in stroke patients. Methods: This is an observational study, in which twenty participants were clinically diagnosed with stroke. Trunk rotation and lateral flexion AROM were assessed using the DG and SP applications (Compass and Clinometer). Intrarater reliability was determined using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) with 95% confidence intervals. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to determine the validity of the DG and SP in AROM measurement. The level of agreement between the two instruments was shown by Bland–Altman plot and 95% limit of agreement (LoA) was calculated. Results: The intrarater reliability (rotation with DG: 0.96–0.98, SP: 0.98; lateral flexion with DG: 0.97–0.98, SP: 0.96) was excellent. A strong and significant correlation was found between DG and SP (rotation hemiplegic side: r = 0.95; non-hemiplegic side: r = 0.90; lateral flexion hemiplegic side: r = 0.88; non-hemiplegic side: r = 0.78). The level of agreement between the two instruments was rotation (hemiplegic side: 23.02° [LoA 17.41°, –5.61°]; non-hemiplegic side: 31.68° [LoA 23.87°, –7.81°]) and lateral flexion (hemiplegic side: 20.94° [LoA 17.48°, –3.46°]; non-hemiplegic side: 27.12° [LoA 18.44°, –8.68°]). Conclusion: Both DG and SP applications can be used as reliable methods for measuring trunk rotation and lateral flexion in patients with stroke. Although, considering the level of clinical agreement, DG and SP could not be used interchangeably for measurements.

Magneto-Rheological Fluid (MRF) is a functional fluid in which flow characteristics change into magnetic force due to its magnetic particles. When the semi-active control device does not use MRF for a long time, precipitation of magnetic particles and abnormal control force occur. Thus, Electro Magneto-Rheological Fluid (EMRF), which improves the precipitation of magnetic particles for MRF and exhibits existing control performance, was developed in this study. First, the optimal mix proportion ratio was selected by conducting a precipitation experiment and a controlled force test by varying the content of grease based on the existing MRF components. Also, EMRF was applied to the shear-type damper to evaluate the control performance when applied to the control device. The cylinder-type damper was developed to apply to the structure, and control performance evaluation was conducted. The result confirmed that the precipitation of the magnetic particles was improved, while the damper using EMRF exhibited excellent control performance.

A field study was conducted to reduce airborne bacteria by supplying active ions to indoor spaces used by vulnerable human groups spending substantial amounts of time in places such as schools and hospitals. In an experiment conducted during school hours (8:00-15:00), the average number of airborne bacteria in classrooms was 345.53 CFU/m3 or more without active ions. However, ion supply reduced the airborne bacteria to an average of 113.23 CFU/m3, indicating an efficiency of 61.61%. As a result of tests in 33 rooms used for surgery in small and middle sized hospitals, ion supply for 2 to 4 hours reduced the average airborne bacteria concentration from 243.88 CFU/m3 to 104.34 CFU/m3, representing a 41.53% reduction. A laboratory test to confirm the ion activity has shown that the mortality rate of E. coli used as a test bacterium increased with exposure time to ions. The initial colony number of E. coli was 251 CFU, but decreased to 4 CFU after 60 minutes of exposure to active ions. Therefore, it was confirmed that the supply of active ions can contribute to the control of airborne bacteria in the indoor environment of schools, hospitals and other public facilities.

Plant-derived compounds have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory abilities contained inhibited β-hexosaminidase, ROS and NO release. Essential oils are natural volatile complex compounds that are characterized by a strong scent and produced by aromatic plants as various plant-derived compounds. The essential oil extracted from Zanthoxylum coreanum Nakai (Z. coreanum) has various functional properties; however, little information is available regarding its anti-allergic inflammatory. A total of 17 compounds were detected in Z. coreanum oil, and the main component was estragole (50.86%). The tested Z. coreanum oil and estragole statistically inhibited the release of β-hexosaminidase induced by antigen stimulation in RBL-2H3 cells. This Z. coreanum oil and estragole may stimulate the secretion of active oxygen (ROS) or nitric oxide (NO) which are considered to involved in anti-inflammatory events. Moreover, it is suggested that Z. coreanum oil and estragole may negatively control the production of SNARE proteins (VAMP7) at the tran-scriptional and translational levels in common. These results demonstrate that Z. coreanum oil and its major component, estragole, possess potent anti-inflammatory abilities that are coupled with antioxidant properties.

Inaccurate amounts of active ingredients in disinfectants can result in inefficiency or in potential toxicity to the environment and living organisms. This may lead to disinfection failure, and consequently, biosecurity failure. To ensure the efficiency of disinfectants and their ongoing compliance with safety and quality requirements, continuous and systematic post-market surveillance studies are needed. Herein, the content of ten commercial disinfectants purchased in 2021 was analyzed. Selective analytical techniques, such as automated titration, colorimetry, and high-performance liquid chromatography, were used to evaluate the content of several active ingredients present in disinfectants, such as potassium peroxymonosulfate, benzalkonium chloride, glutaraldehyde, phosphoric acid, citric acid, and malic acid. The obtained values were then compared with the label claims; the active ingredient contents of all disinfectants were within the acceptable range of 90–120% of the label claim.

이 연구는 열역학적으로 불안정한 활성성분을 안정하게 봉입하기위해 초임계 상태에서 다중층 의 리포좀을 생성하고 유효성분을 봉입하는 것에 관한 것이다. 초임계 상태에서 원활하게 리포좀을 형성시 키기 위하여 식물성유래의 하이드로제네이티드 포스파티딜콜린과 그 유도체, 하이드로제네이티드 수크로 오스다이스테아레이트를 포함하는 혼합 계면활성제를 고순도로 합성하였다. 이것을 반응조에 이산화탄소 를 주입하여 초임계상태를 만들고 교반함으로써 거대 리포좀을 생성시키고, 여기에 제니스테인(genistein) 과 쿼세틴(quercetin)을 첨가하여 봉입하는 제조방법에 대하여 기술하였다. 혼합지질계면활성제(SC-Lipid Complex)의 HLB는 12.50이었으며, 아주 낮은 농도에서도 다중층의 리포좀 소포체가 형성되었다. 이 계면 활성제의 외관은 엷은 황색의 페이스트로 특이취가 있었으며, 비중은 0.972이었고, 산가는 0.12로 고순도 로 합성이 되었음을 알 수 있었다. SC-Lipid Complex를 사용하여 20 wt%의 카플릭/카프릭 트리글리세라 이드와 트리에칠헥사노인을 사용한 유화력 실험결과 96.2 %의 유화력을 가지고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 제 니스테인을 봉입한 초임계 리포좀에 대하여 투과전자현미경(Cryo-TEM)을 통해 다중층의 리포좀 소포체 가 형성되었다는 것을 확인하였다. 제니스테인이 봉입된 1차 리포좀화한 입자 크기는 253.9 nm이었고, 2 차 캡슐의 크기는 18.2 ㎛ 이었다. 제니스테인을 표준물질로 하여 초임계 상태 리포좀의 봉입효율은 99.5 %이었고, 일반적인 리포좀은 93.6 %의 효율을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 쿼세틴을 봉입한 항산화력 실험은 DPPH법으로 확인한 결과 초임계리포좀에서 유의성 있게 우수한 항산화력을 유지하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 효과는 우수하나 열역학적으로 불안정한 원료를 유기용매를 사용하지 않고 초임계 상태에서 리포좀에 봉입하고, 고기능성의 스킨케어 화장품, 메이크업 화장품, 두피보호용 화장 품 등 다양한 제형에 응용이 가능할 것으로 기대한다.

본 연구는 액티브 시니어 골프참여자를 대상으로 지각된 환경적요인과 주관적 건강 및 활동적 노화에는 어떠한 관계가 있는지 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 SPSS(Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) 18.0과 AMOS(Analysis of Moment Structures) 18.0을 이용하여 빈도분석, 확인적 요인분석, 신뢰도분석과 상관관계분석을 실시하였고 모형을 설정한 뒤 구조방 적식모형(Structural Equation Modeling)을 통하여 변인 간의 인과적 관계를 규명하였다. 이상과 같은 연 구방법과 연구모형 검증을 기초로 하여 본 연구에서 도출된 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 지각된 환경적요인 은 활동적 노화에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 활동적 노화는 주관적 건강에 정적인 영향 을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 지각된 환경적요인은 주관적 건강에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타 났다. 넷째, 지각된 환경적요인과 주관적 건강의 관계에서 활동적 노화는 매개하는 것으로 나타났다.