1개월과 3개월 장기 예보를 지원하기 위해 기상청에서 현업운용 중인 GloSea6 기후예측시스템에는 대기 중 대 기화학-에어로졸 물리과정(UKCA)이 연동되어 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 저해상도의 GloSea6와 여기에 대기화학-에어로 졸 과정을 연동시킨 GloSea6-UKCA를 CentOS 기반 리눅스 클러스터에 설치하여 2000년 봄철에 대한 예비적인 예측 결과를 살펴보았다. 현업 고해상도 GloSea6 모델이 방대한 전산자원을 필요로 한다는 점을 고려할 때, 저해상도 GloSea6와 GloSea6-UKCA 모델은 대기화학-에어로졸 과정의 연동에 따른 효과를 살펴보기에 적합하다. 저해상도 GloSea6와 GloSea6-UKCA는 2000년 3월 1일 00Z부터 75일 간 구동되었으며, 두 모델이 예측한 2000년 4월 지상 기온과 일평균 강수량의 공간 분포를 ERA5 재분석자료와 비교하였다. GloSea6-UKCA가 예측한 기온과 강수 분포는 기존 GloSea6에 비해 ERA5 재분석자료에 보다 더 유사해졌다. 특히 우리나라를 포함한 동아시아 지역에 대해 과대 모의 경 향이 있던 봄철 지상 기온과 일평균 강수량의 예측 결과의 개선이 주목할 만하다. 또한 적분 시간에 따른 예측된 기온 과 강수량의 시계열에서도 GloSea6-UKCA가 GloSea6보다 재분석자료에 더 가까워진 시간 변화 경향을 살펴볼 수 있었 다. 이는 대기화학-에어로졸 과정이 GloSea6에 연동되었을 때 동아시아지역 봄철 예측 성능이 개선될 수 있음을 보여준다.

Laser cutting has been recognized as one of key techniques in dismantling nuclear power plants as it has several advantages such as a remote operation and a reduced secondary waste. However, it generates a significant amount of aerosols that can pose a health risk to workers and further induce environmental pollution during the cutting operation. Thus, understanding the aerosol characteristics generated by the laser cutting is crucial for implementing an effective cutting operation and reducing the exposure to these hazardous particles. In this work, we established a methodology to collect the aerosols and investigate their properties in the laser cutting operation. We built an integrated laser cutting system for aerosol analyses, consisting of a high-power laser cutting module, a metal sample holder, an aerosol collector, and a closed chamber. We expect that this system will offer an opportunity for in-depth understanding of the aerosol properties, by connecting it with desired type of aerosol analysis platforms, and further safe dismantling operation of the nuclear power plants.

During the decommissioning of a nuclear power plant, the structures must be dismantled to a disposal size. Thermal cutting methods are used to reduce metal structures to a disposal size. When metal is cut using thermal cutting methods, aerosols of 1 μm or less are generated. To protect workers from aerosols in the work environment during cutting, it is necessary to understand the characteristics of the aerosols generated during the cutting process. In this study, changes in aerosol characteristics in the working environment were observed during metal thermal cutting. The cutting was done using the plasma arc cutting method. To simulate the aerosols generated during metal cutting in the decommissioning of a nuclear power plant, a non-radioactive stainless steel plate with a thickness of 20 mm was cut. The cutting condition was set to plasma current: 80 A cutting speed: 100 mm/min. The aerosols generated during cutting were measured using a highresolution aerosol measurement device called HR-ELPI+ (Dekati®). The HR-ELPI+ is an instrument that can measure the range of aerodynamic diameter from 0.006 μm to 10 μm divided into 500 channels. Using the HR-ELPI+, the number concentration of aerosols generated during the cutting process was measured in real-time. We measured the aerosols generated during cutting at regular intervals from the beginning of cutting. The analyzed aerosol concentration increased almost 10 times, from 5.22×106 [1/cm3] at the start of cutting to 6.03×107 [1/cm3] at the end. To investigate the characteristics of the distribution, we calculated the Count Median Aerodynamic Diameter (CMAD), which showed that the overall diameter of the aerosol increased from 0.0848 μm at the start of cutting to 0.1247 μm at the end of the cutting. The calculation results were compared with the concentration by diameter over time. During the cutting process, particles with a diameter of 0.06 μm or smaller were continuously measured. In comparison, particles with a diameter of 0.2 μm or larger were found to increase in concentration after a certain time following the start of cutting. In addition, when the aerosol was measured after the cutting process had ended, particles with a diameter of 0.06 μm or less, which were measured during cutting, were hardly detected. These results show that the nucleation-sized aerosols are generated during the cutting process, which can explain the measurement of small particles at the beginning of cutting. In addition, it can be speculated that the generated aerosols undergo a process of growth by contact with the atmosphere. This study presents the results of real-time aerosol analysis during the plasma arc cutting of stainless steel. This study shows the generation of nucleation-sized particles at the beginning of the cutting process and the subsequent increase in the aerosol particle size over time at the worksite. The analysis results can characterize the size of aerosol particles that workers may inhale during the dismantling of nuclear power plants.

The function of coolant in machining is to reduce the frictional force in the contact area in between the tool and the material, and to increase the precision by cooling the work-piece and the tool, to make the machining surface uniform, and to extend the tool life. However, cutting oil is harmful to the human body because it uses chlorine-based extreme pressure additives to cause environmental pollutants. In this study, the effect of cutting temperature and surface roughness of titanium alloy for medical purpose (Ti-6Al-7Nb) in eco-friendly ADL slot shape machining was investigated using the response surface analysis method. As the design of the experiment, three levels of cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut were designed and the experiment was conducted using the central composite planning method. The regression expressions of cutting temperature and surface roughness were respectively obtained as quadratic functions to obtain the minimum value and optimal cutting conditions. The values from this formula and the experimental values were compared. As a result, this study makes and establishes the basis to prevent environmental pollution caused by the use of coolant and to replace it with ADL (Aerosol Dry Lubricant) machining that uses a very small amount of vegetable oil with high pressure.

Cement is widely used as representative industrial material. In Korea, about 50 million tons of cement are consumed every year. In the manufacture of cement, raw materials containing NORM such as fly ash and bauxite are used. Therefore, the workers can be subjected to radiation exposure. The major exposure pathway in NORM industries is internal exposure due to inhalation of aerosol. Internal radiation dose due to aerosol inhalation varies depending on physicochemical properties of the aerosol. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate aerosol properties influencing inhalation dose in cement industries. In this study, aerosol properties were measured for two cement manufacturers. A particulate size distribution and concentration at various processing areas in cement manufacturing industries in Korea were analyzed using a cascade impactor. The mass density of raw materials and byproducts were measured using pycnometer. Shape of particulates was analyzed using SEM. The radioactivity concentration of Ra-226, Ra-228 for U/Th decay series was measured using HPGe. Particulate concentration by size was distributed log-normally with maximum at particle size about 7.2 μm in manufacturer A and 5.2 μm in manufacturer B. The mass density of fly ash and cement were 2.3±0.06, 3.2±0.02 g/cm3 respectively in manufacturer A. In manufacturer B, the mass density of bauxite and cement were 3.4±0.02, 2.9±0.01 g/cm3 respectively. The shape of particulates appeared as spherical shape in manufacturer A and B regardless of sampling area. Thus, a shape factor of unity could be assumed. The radioactivity concentrations of Ra-226, Ra-228 were 82±9, 82±8 Bq/kg for fly ash, and 25±4, 23±3 Bq/kg for cement in manufacturer A. In manufacturer B, the radioactivity concentrations of Ra-226, Ra-228 were 344±34, 391±32 Bq/kg for bauxite, and 122±13, 145±12 Bq/kg for cement. The radioactivity concentrations of Ra-226, Ra-228 in cement were less than raw materials such as fly ash and bauxite. It is because the dilution of the radioactivity concentration occurred during mixing with other raw materials in cement production process. This study results will be used as database for accurate dose assessment due to airborne particulate inhalation by workers in cement industries.

As the decommissioning and decontamination (D&D) of nuclear power plants (NPPs) has actively proceeded worldwide, the management of radiation exposure of workers has become more critical. Radioactive aerosol is one of the main causes of worker exposure, contributing to internal exposure by inhalation. It occurs in the process of cutting radioactive metal structures or melting radioactive wastes during D&D, and its distribution varies according to decommissioning strategies and cutting methods. Among the dominant radionuclides in radioactive aerosols, Fe-55 is known to be the most abundant. Fe-55, which decays by electron capture, is classified as a difficult-to-measure (DTM) radionuclide because its emitted X-rays have too low energy to measure directly from outside of the container. Generally, for measuring DTM nuclides, the liquid scintillation counting (LSC) method and the scaling factor (SF) method are used. However, these methods are not suitable for continuous monitoring of the D&D workplace due to the necessity of sampling and additional analysis. The radiation measurement system that can directly measure the radionuclides collected at the aerosol filter could be more useful. In this study, as preliminary research on developing the radioactive aerosol monitoring system, we fabricated a gamma-ray spectrometer based on a NaI (Tl) scintillator and measured the energy spectrum of Fe-55. A beryllium window was applied to the scintillator for X-ray transmission, and the Fe-55 check source was directly attached to the scintillator assuming that the aerosol filter was equipped. 5.9 keV photopeak was clearly observed and the energy resolution was estimated as 44.10%. Also, the simultaneous measurement with Cs-137 was carried out and all the peaks were measured.

In this study, an aerosol process was introduced to produce CaCO3. The possibility of producing CaCO3 by the aerosol process was evaluated. The characteristics of CaCO3 prepared by the aerosol process were also evaluated. In the CaCO3 prepared in this study, as the heat treatment proceeded, the calcite phase disappeared. The portlandite phase and the lime phase were formed by the heat treatment. Even if the CO2 component is removed from the calcite phase, there is a possibility that the converted CO2 component could be adsorbed into the Ca component to form a calcite phase again. Therefore, in order to remove the calcite phase, carbon components should be removed first. The lime phase was formed when CO2 was removed from the calcite phase, while the portlandite phase was formed by the introducing of H2O to the lime phase. Therefore, the order in which each phase formed could be in the order of calcite, lime, and portlandite. The reason for the simultaneous presence of the portlandite phase and the lime phase is that the hydroxyl group (OH−) introduced by H2O was not removed completely due to low temperature and/or insufficient heating time. When the sufficient temperature (900°C) and heating time (60 min) were applied, the hydroxyl group (OH−) was removed to transform into lime phase. Since the precursor contained the hydrogen component, it could be possible that the moisture (H2O) and/or the hydroxyl group (OH−) were introduced during the heat treatment process.

Solid state grain growth (SSCG) is a method of growing large single crystals from seed single crystals by abnormal grain growth in a small-grained matrix. During grain growth, pores are often trapped in the matrix and remain in single crystals. Aerosol deposition (AD) is a method of manufacturing films with almost full density from nano grains by causing high energy collision between substrates and ceramic powders. AD and SSCG are used to grow single crystals with few pores. BaTiO3 films are coated on (100) SrTiO3 seeds by AD. To generate grain growth, BaTiO3 films are heated to 1,300 oC and held for 10 h, and entire films are grown as single crystals. The condition of grain growth driving force is ΔGmax < ΔGc ≤ ΔGseed. On the other hand, the condition of grain growth driving force in BaTiO3 AD films heat-treated at 1,100 and 1,200 oC is ΔGc < ΔGmax, and single crystals are not grown.

원전 해체 공정 중 다량의 콘크리트 방사성 폐기물의 절단 과정에서 불가피하게 방사성 에어로졸이 생성된다. 방사성 에어 로졸은 인체 호흡기 흡착에 의한 내부피폭을 유발하기 때문에 작업자의 방사선 방호를 위한 내부피폭평가가 필수적으로 시행되어야 한다. 그러나 실제 작업환경의 에어로졸 특성값을 사용하기에는 선행 연구가 미비하며 콘크리트에 포함된 방사성 핵종의 수가 많기 때문에 정확한 작업자 내부피폭평가를 위해서는 상당한 시간과 인력이 필요하다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 사전 연구된 콘크리트 에어로졸 특성값을 활용하여 원전 해체 전 절단 작업자의 내부 피폭량을 빠르게 예측할 수 있는 새로운 방법론을 제시하고자 한다. 본 연구팀은 콘크리트 절단 시 발생하는 사전 연구에서 발표된 에어로졸의 수농도 크기 분포데이터를 뉴턴-랩슨법을 이용하여 피폭평가 계산에 필요한 방사능중앙 공기중역학직경(Activity Median Aerodynamic Diameter)값으로 변환하였다. 또한 원전 정지 10년 후 비방사능 값을 ORIGEN code로 계산하였으며, 최종적으로 핵종별 예 탁유효선량을 IMBA 프로그램을 이용하여 계산하였다. 핵종별 예탁유효선량값을 비교한 결과 152Eu에 의한 최대 예탁유효선량은 전체 선량값의 83.09%를 차지하고, 152Eu를 포함한 상위 5개 원소(152Eu, 154Eu, 60Co, 239Pu, 55Fe)의 경우 최대 99.63%를 차지함을 확인하였다. 따라서 원전 해체 전 콘크리트의 구성 원소 중 상위 5개 주요 원소 측정을 먼저 시행한다면 더 빠르고 원활한 방사능 피폭관리 및 해체 작업 안전성 평가가 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

Single crystals, which have complexed composition, are fabricated by solid state grain growth. However, it is hard to achieve stable properties in a single crystal due to trapped pores. Aerosol deposition (AD) is suitable for fabrication of single crystals with stable properties because this process can make a high density coating layer. Because of their unique features (nano sized grains, stress inner site), it is hard to fabricate single crystals, and so studies of grain growth behavior of AD film are essential. In this study, a BaTiO3 coating layer with ~ 9 μm thickness is fabricated using an aerosol deposition method on (100) and (110) cut SrTiO3 single crystal substrates, which are adopted as seeds for grain growth. Each specimen is heat-treated at various conditions (900, 1,100, and 1,300℃ for 5 h). BaTiO3 layer shows different growth behavior and X-ray diffraction depending on cutting direction of SrTiO3 seed. Rectangular pillars at SrTiO3 (100) and laminating thin plates at SrTiO3 (110), respectively, are observed.

Aerosol-type insecticides are one of the most widely used household insecticides to control mosquitoes. Not only the structural difference such as the size and shape of orifice, but also the difference in formulation including solvent system and proportion of propellent can affect the efficacy of those aerosol products. Orifice structure can be represented by nozzle diameter while solvent systems are divided into water-based and oil-based types in wide view. In the present study using Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus, we found that the orifice nozzle size made a significant difference in shoot-out range, followed by heterogeneous mortality by distance. Additionally, oil-based spray affected farther space than water-based one. Oil-based solvent system was also responsible for lowering the LT50 and KT50(knock-down time 50) values. Therefore, they are one of the definitive parts in insecticides formulation that determine the way of insecticide delivery. In terms of insecticide resistance management, we define efficiency of insecticide as the proportion of insecticide treated to environment that is solely acted as toxin to target pest. The higher efficiency of insecticide, the less overused chemicals we face, which may imply lower risk of resistance development. Thus, we argue that formulations, the specific route of insecticide discharge to environment, should be deliberately considered not only for consumer satisfaction, but also for insecticide resistance management.

This study examines paraelectric Bi1.5Zn1.0Nb1.5O7 (BZN), which has no hysteresis and high dielectric strength, for energy density capacitor applications. To increase the breakdown dielectric strength of the BZN film further, poly(vinylidene fluoride) BZN-PVDF composite film is fabricated by aerosol deposition. The volume ratio of each composition is calculated using dielectric constant of each composition, and we find that it was 12:88 vol% (BZN:PVDF). To modulate the structure and dielectric properties of the ferroelectric polymer PVDF, the composite film is heat-treated at 200 oC for 5 and 30 minutes following quenching. The amount of α-phase in the PVDF increases with an increasing annealing time, which in turn decreases the dielectric constant and dielectric loss. The breakdown dielectric strength of the BZN film increases by mixing PVDF. However, the breakdown field decreases with an increasing annealing time. The BZN-PVDF composite film has the energy density of 4.9 J/cm3, which is larger than that of the pure BZN film of 3.6 J/cm3.