One of the harmful substances produced by livestock manure is ammonia (NH3), which is emitted at a high rate. Additionally, NH3 reacts with sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the atmosphere to produce fine particulate matter (PM2.5). However, the management and countermeasures for NH3 in livestock facilities were found to be inadequate. To establish effective measures, an NH3 emission factor that complies with certified methodologies is required. This study calculates the emission factor by monitoring NH3 concentration and ventilation between September 2022 and May 2023 in a mechanically-ventilated enclosed facility. The data measurement was performed in accordance with the VERA test protocol from Europe, and NH3 concentrations were monitored in real-time using photoacoustic spectroscopy measurement equipment. The average NH3 concentrations for Rooms 1, 2, and 3 during the entire period were measured at 0.96 ± 0.39 ppm, 1.20 ± 0.57 ppm, and 1.34 ± 0.71 ppm, respectively, with an overall average of approximately 1.17 ± 0.49 ppm. The average ventilation was recorded at 2,782.0 ± 1,510.4 m³/h, with an average internal temperature of 26.0 ± 1.5 °C and a relative humidity of 63.9 ± 5.2%. The average emission factor per room was calculated as 0.14 ± 0.03 g/day/pig for Room 1, 0.19 ± 0.07 g/day/pig for Room 2, and 0.15 ± 0.05 g/day/pig for Room 3. Ultimately, this study determined the average NH3 emission factor for the weaned pig facility to be 0.16 g/day/ pig.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of combining acidification with adsorbents (zeolite and biochar) to mitigate the environmental impacts of pig slurry, focusing on ammonia (NH3) emission and nitrate (NO3 -) leaching. The four treatments were applied: 1) pig slurry (PS) alone as a control, 2) acidified PS (AP), 3) acidified pig slurry with zeolite (APZ), and 4) acidified pig slurry with biochar (APB). The AP mitigates NH3 emission and NO3 - leaching compared to PS alone. Acidification reduced the cumulative NH3 emission and its emission factor by 35.9% and 12.5%, respectively. The APZ and APB increased NH4 +-N concentration, with the highest level in APB, compared to AP. The NH4 + adsorption capacity of APB (0.90 mg g-1) was higher than that of APZ (0.63 mg g-1). The APB and APZ treatments induced less NH3 emission compared to AP. The cumulative NH3 emission was reduced by 12.2% and 27.6% in APZ and APB, respectively, compared to AP treatment. NO3 - leaching began to appear on days 12 and 13, and its peak reached on days 16 and 17, which were later than AP. The cumulative NO3 - leaching decreased by 17.7% and 25.0% in APZ and APB, respectively, compared to AP treatment. These results suggest that combining biochar or zeolite with acidified pig slurry is an effective method to mitigate NH3 emission and NO3 - leaching, with biochar being particularly effective.

Public complaints arising from centralized animal manure treatment plants are increasing due to the odors produced during animal manure treatment. Various physico chemical and biological methods are used to mitigate such odors. Still, many problems exist, such as a lack of fundamental data on odor generation characteristics and design standards for odor mitigation facilities. Therefore, this study evaluated the characteristics of NH3 and H2S gas produced from a centralized animal manure treatment plant. The centralized animal manure treatment plant selected in this study has a treatment capacity of 150 tons (animal manure and food waste) per day. The composting matrix was mechanically turned from 9:00 am to 6:00 pm on weekdays and not turned all day on weekends. The NH3 concentrations measured during the day on weekdays (96.4 ± 7.8 ppmv) were about 14% higher than on weekends (84.9 ± 15.9 ppmv). During the week, the ammonia concentration during the day was about 15% higher than at night, but there was no difference between day and night on weekends. The hydrogen sulfide concentration during the day (4,729 ± 3,687 ppbv) on a weekday was about 4.7 times higher than at night (1,007 ± 466 ppbv). The results of this study provide valuable information that is necessary for the operation of odor mitigation facilities. It is expected that the results will contribute to establishing an operational strategy that can reduce the energy required to collect exhaust gas.

The objective of this study was to verify the effect of pig slurry application with acidification and biochar on feed value, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of maize forage, and ammonia (NH3) emission. The four treatments were applied: 1) non-pig slurry (only water as a control, C), 2) only pig slurry application (P), 3) acidified pig slurry application (AP), 4) acidified pig slurry application with biochar (APB). The pig slurry and biochar were applied at a rate of 150 kg N ha-1 and 300 kg ha-1, respectively. The AP and APB treatments enhanced all feed values compared to C and P treatments. The NUE for plant N was significantly increased 92.1% by AP and APB treatment, respectively, compared to the P treatment. On the other hand, feed values were not significantly different between AP and APB treatments. The acidification treatment with/without biochar significantly mitigated NH3 emission compared to the P treatment. The cumulative NH3 emission throughout the period of measurement decreased by 71.4% and 74.8% in the AP and APB treatments. Also, APB treatment reduced ammonia emission by 11.9% compared to AP treatment. The present study clearly showed that acidification and biochar can reduce ammonia emission from pig slurry application, and pig slurry application with acidification and biochar exhibited potential effects in feed value, NUE, and reducing N losses from pig slurry application through reduction of NH3 emission.

Ammonia (NH3) is a basic gas in the atmosphere and is known to play an important role in producing adverse health and environmental effects. Atmospheric NH3 causes stunted livestock growth, decreased visibility, and induces lung diseases when high concentrations occur. In addition, atmospheric NH3 reacts with acidic species (sulfuric acid, nitric acid, etc.) and produces secondary inorganic aerosol. In this study, the NH3 concentration and ventilation of Rooms 1 to 3 inside a sow facility were measured during the period from March 25 to May 31, 2021. It was difficult to conduct long-term field experiments at housing where pigs are raised. However, in order to improve the accuracy and reliability of the data, repeated experiments were conducted in three pig rooms in the same environment. The average concentration of NH3 in Rooms 1 to 3 was measured to be 7.6 ± 2.7 ppm, 8.2 ± 2.8 ppm, and 8.2 ± 2.7 ppm, respectively. The average internal temperatures were 21.0 oC, 21.2 °C, and 21.8 °C, and the internal humidity was 49.3%, 49.2%, and 49.2%, respectively. The ventilation per pig in Rooms 1 to 3 was measured as 60.4m3/hour∙pig, 62.5m3/hour∙pig, and 64.9m3/hour∙pig, respectively. At this time, NH3 emissions from Rooms 1 to 3 were found to be 6.9 ± 0.8 g/day∙pig, 7.9 ± 1.5 g/day∙pig, and 8.2 ± 1.3 g/day∙pig, respectively. As a result of the correlation analysis, the NH3 concentration was analyzed as producing a negative correlation between the ventilation (r=-0.73) and the internal temperature (r=-0.60) increase. Finally, as a result of calculating the national NH3 emission factor, the NH3 emission of one sow room in spring was 7.7 ± 1.4 g/day∙pig, and the NH3 emission of one year was 2.8 kg/ year∙pig.

The objective of this study was to prove the effect of pig slurry application with charcoal on nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), feed value and ammonia (NH3) emission from maize forage. The four treatments were applied: 1) non-pig slurry (only water as a control), 2) only pig slurry application (PS), 3) pig slurry application with large particle charcoal (LC), 4) pig slurry application with small particle charcoal (SC). The pig slurry was applied at a rate of 150 kg N ha-1, and the charcoal was applied at a rate of 300 kg ha-1 regardless of the size. To determine the feed value of maize, crude protein, dry matter intake, digestible dry matter, total digestible nutrient, and relative feed value were investigated. All feed value was increased by charcoal treatment compared to water and PS treatment. Also, the NUE for plant N was significantly higher in charcoal treatments (LC and SC) compared to PS treatment. On the other hand, there is no significant difference for feed value and NUE between LC and SC. The NH3 emission was significantly reduced 15.2% and 27.9% by LC and SC, respectively, compared to PS. Especially, SC significantly decreased NH3 emission by 15% compared to LC. The present study clearly showed that charcoal application exhibited positive potential in nitrogen use efficiency, feed value and reducing N losses through NH3 emission.

This study was conducted to assess the effect of acidification of pig slurry on nitrogen (N) mineralization and its environmental impacts during pig slurry fermentation. Different inorganic and organic acids were used to acidify pig slurry. Four treatments including non-acidified pig slurry (control), pig slurry acidified with sulfuric acid, lactic acid, and citric acid were allocated with three replications. The total N content in the acidified pig slurry was higher than non-acidified pig slurry after fermentation. Acidification tended to increase total N content in pig slurry. Ammonium N (NH4 +-N) released from pig slurry was obviously increased at 7 days after incubation, representing 61.4%, 36.8%, and 37.4% increase in the acidified pig slurry with sulfuric acid, lactic acid, and citric acid, respectively. Nitrate N (NO3 --N) in the acidified pig slurry with sulfuric acid was the highest throughout the experiment period, but non-significant effect of organic acid. A large portion of ammonia (NH3) emission occurred within 10 days, corresponding to more than 55% of total NH3 emission. Total cumulative NH3 emission during the experimental period was lower 91% (2.9 mg N kg-1), 78% (7.3 mg N kg-1), and 81% (6.2 mg N kg-1) in the acidified pig slurry with sulfuric acid, lactic acid, and citric acid, respectively, than non-acidified pig slurry (32.7 mg N kg-1). These results suggest that acidification of pig slurry (particularly with sulfuric acid) can be faced as a good strategy to reduce NH3 emission without depressing the mineralization process.

Pig slurry (PS) is the most applicable recycling option as an alternative organic fertilizer. The application of pig slurry has the risk of air pollution via atmospheric ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. The zeolite has a porous structure that can accommodate a wide variety of cations, thus utilizing for the potential additive of deodorization and gas adsorption. This study aimed to investigate the possible roles of zeolite in mitigating NH3 and N2O emission from the pig slurry applied to the maize cropping. The experiment was composed of three treatments: 1) non-N fertilized control, 2) pig slurry (PS) and 3) pig slurry mixed with natural zeolite (PZ). Both of NH3 and N2O emission from applied pig slurry highly increased by more than 3-fold compared to non-N fertilized control. The NH3 emission from the pig slurry was dominant during early 14 days after application and 20.1% of reduction by zeolite application was estimated in this period. Total NH3 emission through whole period of measurement was 0.31, 1.33, and 1.14 kg ha-1. Nitrous oxide emission in the plot applied with pig slurry was also reduced by zeolite treatment by 16.3%. Significant increases in forage and ear yield, as well as nutrient values were obtained by pig slurry application, while no significant effects of zeolite were observed. These results indicate that the application of zeolite and pig slurry efficiently reduces the emission of ammonia and nitrous oxide without negative effects on maize crop production.

구조와 사육환경이 동일한 3개의 돈방(room A~C)에서 48일 동안 비육돈의 암모니아 농도 및 환기량을 모니터링하여 배출계수를 산정하였다. 실험 결과, 온도 22.5℃, 습도 53.9% 환경에서 평균 암모니아 순발생 농도 5.93 ppm, 환기량 23.7 m3/h·pig로 나타났다. 일별 상관관계 분석결과, 암모니아 농도는 온도와 음의 상관관계(R2: -0.65 ~ -0.53)를 가지는 것으로 나타났으며, 환기량은 암모니아 농도에 거의 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 암모니아 농도는 이른 오전을 기점으로 서서히 증가 경향을 보이다가 12~13시경 최댓값에 도달하였고, 상호 상관도가 높은 온도, 습도, 환기량의 경우 14~15시에 최댓값을 갖는 것으로 분석되었다. 시간별 데이터 상관관계 분석결과, 암모니아 배출량에 영향을 미치는 요소는 암모니아 농도(R2=0.71)와 환기량(R2=0.61)으로 이 중, 암모니아 농도가 더 상관성이 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 암모니아 배출계수는 2.28 g/d·pig로 분석되었다.

국내 발생 암모니아 중 가축분뇨의 기여율이 높은 것은 자명한 사실이다. 암모니아 배출량 산정 과정의 정확도와 신뢰도 향상을 위해서는, 가축분뇨 발생량의 정확한 집계, 가축분뇨의 퇴비화 및 액비화 과정에서 단계별 암모니아 전환량과 발생량 산출, 퇴액비의 저장 및 운송과정에서의 암모니아 발생량 산정 그리고 토양 살포 과정과 방법에 따른 암모니아 발생량 비교 연구가 반드시 수행되어야 할 것이다. 미국과 유럽과 비교해 볼 때, 특히 국내 배출계수가 상대적으로 매우 획일적이고 시공간적으로 세분화되지 못해 국내 실정을 충분히 반영하지 못하고 있다. 암모니아 배출계수 산정의 정확도와 전문성을 향상 시킬 수 있는 방안으로, 퇴액비의 특성, 토양의 특성 그리고 기후 특성의 복합적인 고려가 가능한 챔버시스템을 활용할 수 있을 것이다. 국내외 암모니아 배출과 관련한 자료의 검토와 비교를 통해 현재 국내 시스템의 부족한 점과 나아가야할 방향을 확인할 수 있었으며, 암모니아 배출유량 산정이 가능한 챔버 시스템을 제언하였다. 향후 누락배출원의 신규 배출계수 산정과 같은 실질적인 정책과의 연계를 위해서는 실내의 챔버 시스템에서 더 나아가 현장에서의 mesocosom 시스템의 방법론 구축 또한 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

The characteristics of ammonia during the growing period of pigs in a facility with a mechanical ventilation system were analyzed, and the emission factor was calculated. Real-time ammonia concentration was measured using photoacoustic spectroscopy equipment, and a ventilation measuring device was fabricated to measure the amount of air vented from an exhaust fan according to the operation rate. All data were collected as one-hour averages. The mean ammonia concentration, indoor temperature, and ventilation rate was 1.44~2.08 ppm, 25.5~26.4oC, and 24~32 m3/h per pig, respectively. Both concentration and ventilation rate are important factors in terms of emission management, but correlation analysis shows that the impact of concentration is higher than that of ventilation. Using ammonia concentration and ventilation data, the ammonia emissions per pig were calculated by considering the number of pigs (0.25~1.74 g/day·pig). The final ammonia emission factor yielded a value of 0.81 g/day·pig.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of injection application of pig slurry on ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from timothy (Phleum pretense L.) sward. The three treatments were applied: 1) only water as a control, 2) pig slurry application by broadcasting, 3) pig slurry application by injection. The pig slurry was applied at a rate of 200 kg N ha-1. Total NH3 and N2O emission, expressed as a cumulative amount throughout the measurement time (40 days), was 2.68 kg NH3-N ha-1 and 6.58 g N2O-N ha-1, respectively, in the control. The injection application of pig slurry decreased total NH3 and N2O emission by 39.8% and 33.3%, respectively, compared to broadcasting application of pig slurry. The present study clearly showed that injection application exhibited positive roles in reducing N losses through NH3 and N2O emission.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and urease inhibitor hydroquinone (HQ) on ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from pig slurry applied to Timothy (Phleum pretense L.) sward. The daily emission of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) was monitored for 9 days in three different treatments; 1) control (only pig slurry application), 2) DCD treatment (pig slurry + DCD), and 3) HQ treatment (pig slurry + HQ). Most NH3 emission occurred after 4~5 days in three treatments. Total NH3 emission, expressed as a cumulative amount throughout the measurement time, was 1.33 kg N ha 1 in the control. The DCD and HQ treatment decreased total NH3 emission by 16.3% and 25.1%, respectively, compared to the control. Total N2O emission in the control was 47.1 g N ha 1. The DCD and HQ treatment resulted in a reduction of 67.9% and 41.8% in total N2O emission, respectively, compared to the control. The present study clearly indicated that nitrification and urease inhibitor exhibited positive roles in reducing N losses through NH3 and N2O emission.

This study was conducted to assess the efficacy of slurry acidification in reducing ammonia emission from manure storage and application. The non-fermented cattle manure (NFC) and swine slurry (SS) were acidified by sulfuric acid and stored in an acryl chamber for 168 and 96 hours, respectively. Ammonia emitted from the chamber was collected using an acid trap system. The amount of ammonia emission was significantly reduced when the livestock manures were treated with sulfuric acid. The absolute amount of ammonia in NFC increased rapidly starting from 48 h and 72 h in the control (pH 8.6) and acidified NFC (pH 6.5), respectively. The absolute amount of ammonia was the highest at 96 h (3.65 g kg ¯¹ h ¯¹) in the control and at 144 h (2.34 g kg ¯¹ h ¯¹) in pH 6.5 NFC. The cumulative ammonia content in the control continuously increased until 96 h and was maintained until 168 h, whereas the increase rate of emission gas accumulation in acidified NFC was much less throughout the experimental period. Acidification of SS mitigated ammonia emission as proven in NFC. The cumulative amount of ammonia emission was decreased by 49.4% and 92.3% in the acidified SS at pH 6.5 and pH 5.5, respectively, compared to the control at 96 h after treatment. These results indicate that ammonia emission can be significantly reduced by sulfuric acid treatment of livestock manure during processing and the subsequent land application.