소나무재선충의 매개충인 솔수염하늘소(Monochamus alternatus Hope)와 북방수염하늘소(Monochamus saltuarius Gebler) 암수 성충의 더듬이 감각기를 주사전자현미경로 관찰하여 형태적 특성과 분포를 조사하였다. 두 매개충의 암수 성충 더듬이는 자루마디(scape), 팔굽마디(pedicel)와 9개의 채찍마디(flagellum)으로 이루어져 있었다. 더듬이 표면에 있는 감각기의 종류에는 종 간, 암수 간에 차이가 나지 않았으며 Chaetica 3 종류, Trichodea 2 종류, Basiconica 3 종류, Coeloconica 1 종류로 구분되었다. 이 중 Basiconica 3 종류는 모두 후각 수용체, Trichodea는 미각 수용체, 나머지는 기계적 감각기로 추정되었다. 감각기의 더듬이 내 분포를 보면 전체적으로 Chaetica 감각기가 가장 많았다. Basiconica 감각기는 채찍마디에만 존재하였으며 끝으로 갈수록 수가 많아졌다. Trichodea 감각기와 Coeloconica 감각기는 각 마디별로 밀도가 일정하였다.

Morphology of antennal sensilla and their distribution were investigated in male and female adults of Gymnosoma rotundatum, a parasitic fly to hemipteran species, using scanning electron microscopy. The overall length of antenna was not different between male and female. Antenna of G. rotundatum was composed of scape, pedicel and funiculus in both sexes. Three types of sensilla (sensillum basiconica, s. chaetica and s. coeloconica) were identified from both sexes, in varying numbers and distribution along the antennae. The two sensillum types were further divided into different subtypes; s. basiconica into three subtypes and s. chaetica into two subtypes. Among sensilla, s. basiconica subtype 1, 2 and 3 were multiporous, indicating that the ir primary function is olfactory, and others were not. The s. basiconica was most numerous on the antennae in both sexes. The number of subtype 1 of s. basiconica was different between male and female. The morphological information obtained in our study provides a basis for electrophysiological and behavioral studies of the olfactory sensory function of each morphological type of sensilla. (Supported by PJ011756022018, RDA)

Morphology of antennal sensilla and their distribution were investigated in male and female adults of Plautia stali,a major pest of tree fruits, using scanning electron microscopy. Antennae of P. stali was composed of a scape, a pediceland three flagella in both sexes. Four types of sensilla (s. trichodea, s. basiconica, s. chaetica, s. coeloconica) were identifiedfrom both sexes. Among them, s. trichodea and s. basiconica were multiporous, others are not. They distributed in varyingnumbers. Sexual dimorphism was not shown in the distribution of the four sensilla types. But their distribution was characterizedalong antennal segments in both sexes. This study will be useful in electrophysiological and behavioral studies on theolfactory sensory function of each morphological type of sensilla.

Morphology of antennal sensilla and their distribution were investigated in male and female adults of Ooencyrtus nezarae, an egg parasitoid of Riptortus pedestris, using scanning electron microscopy. Antennae of O. nezarae was composed of scape, pedicel and seven flagella in both sexes. Six types of sensilla (s. trichodea, s. basiconica, s. chaetica, s. campaniformia, s. sickle-shaped and unknown s.) were identified from both sexes. Among them, s. trichodea and s. sickle-shaped were multiporous, others are not. They distributed in varying numbers. Sexual dimorphism was clearly observed in the distribution of s. trichodea (only on male antennae) and unknown sensilla (only on female antennae). These findings would be helpful for further studies on detailed sex specific-receptive functions of each antennal sensilla.

Insect antennae play important roles in finding mates and in locating food source and oviposition sites. Riptortus pedestris is an important pest of soybean and sweet persimmon in Korea. The male R. pedestris adult produce the aggregation pheromone attracting the conspecific nymphs and both sexes of adults. The pheromone was known as a cue for food finding, but the 1st instar nymph can develop to the 2nd instar without food. This phenomenon may suggest that the 1st instar nymph may have different sensilla system from other instars. Thus, we investigated the morphology and distribution of antennal sensilla and antennal response to the aggregation pheromone (AG) of each nymphal stage using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Electroantennography (EAG). As expected, first instar nymph did not have sensilla trichodea 3 (T3) and chaetica 3 (Ch3) which existed in other instar nymphs. The antennae of the 1st instar nymph did not responded to AG, with no difference from control. For further elucidation of the functions of sensilla T3 and CH3, single sensillum recording to AG will be done.

Sensory system of insect is important for their fitness in the environment. Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae) is a major pest of bean plants and some fruit trees in Korea, Japan, China, and South Asian countries. This study was conducted to investigate morphology and distribution of antennal sensilla of R. pedestris, using scanning electron microscopy. Antennae of R. pedestris was 11 and 9.84 mm in length in male and female, respectively, and consists of four segments; scape, pedicel, flagellum 1 and 2 (F1 and F2). Five types of sensilla (s.) trichodea, four types of s. basiconica, two types of s. chaetica, and one type of s. coeloconica were preliminary identified in both sexes of adult R. pedestris, based on their size, shape, presence of socket and surface structure. Three types of trichoid sensilla, four types of basiconic sensilla, one type of chaetic sensilla and coeloconic sensilla had numerous pores along the surface of the sensilla, suggesting their olfactory function. Eight types of sensilla (3 trichoid, 2 basiconic, a chaetic and a coeloconic) showed a distinct socket structure at the base of each sensillum. Different types of sensilla showed different distribution along the antennal segments. Two types of trichoid sensilla and two types of basiconic sensilla were distributed on scape, pedicel and F1 flagella subsegment. However, the distribution of eight other types of sensilla was limited to one of two flagella subsegments.

Several species of the genus Aphidius are used in biological control programs against aphid pests throughout the world and their behavior and physiology are well studied. While the importance of sensory organs in their behavior is understood, their antennal structure remains largely unknown. In this study, the external morphology and distribution of the antennal sensilla on the antennal of both female and male adults of A. colemani were described using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Generally, the filiform antennae of males (1,515.2±116.5 ㎛) are longer than females (1,275.1±103.4 ㎛). Antennae of this species are made up of radicle, scape, pedicel and flagellomeres. Male and female antennae differed in the total number of flagellomeres as 15 in males and 13 in females. The result of SEM observation was characterization and grouping of seven types of receptors into morphological classes: Bohm bristles, Sensilla placodea, 2 types of S. coeloconica and S. trichodea, and S. basiconica as with a tip pore and with wall pores. In addition, the possible functions of the above sensilla types are discussed in light of previously published literature, mechanoreception (Bohm bristles, S. coeloconica Ⅰ & Ⅱ and S. trichodea) and chemoreception (S. placodea, S. basiconica type Ⅰ & Ⅱ).

Several species of the genus Aphidius are used in biological control programs against aphid pests throughout the world and their behavior and physiology are well studied. But despite knowing the importance of sensory organs in their behavior, their antennal structure is largely unknown. In this study, the external morphology and distribution of the antennal sensilla on the antennal of both female and male adults of A. colemani were described using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Generally, the filaform antennae of males (1,515.20±116.48 ㎛) are longer than females (1,275.06±116.42㎛). Antennae of this species is made up of scape, pedicel and flagellomeres. Male and female antennae differed in the total number of flagellomeres as 15 in males and 13 in females. Female and male antennae of A. colemani has samely seven types of sensilla. We classified sensilla placodea, Bohm bristles, 2 types of sensilla coeloconica, , 2 types of sensilla basiconica as with a tip pore and with wall pores, sensilla trichodea. In addition, the possible functions of the above sensilla types are discussed in light of previously published literature; mechanoreception(Bohm bristles, sensilla coeloconicaⅡ and sensilla trichodea) and chemoreception(sensilla coeloconicaⅠ, sensilla basiconicaⅠ,Ⅱ and sensilla placodea). Future studies on the functional morphology of the antennal sensilla of A. colemani using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with electrophysiological recordings will likely confirm the functions of the different sensilla identified in this study.

Several species of the genus Aphidius are used in biological control programs against aphid pests throughout the world and their behavior and physiology are well studied. But despite knowing the importance of sensory organs in their behavior, their antennal structure is largely unknown. In this study, the external morphology and distribution of the antennal sensilla on the antennal of both female and male adults of A. colemani were described using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Generally, the filaform antennae of males (1,565.60± 194.64㎛) are longer than females (1,303.83±156.41㎛). Antennae of this species is made up of scape, pedicel and flagellomeres. Male and female antennae differed in the total number of flagellomeres as 15 in males and 13 in females. Female and male antennae of A. colemani has samely ten types of sensilla. We classified 3 types of sensilla trichodea as without pores, with a tip pore and with wall pores, 3 types of sensilla coeloconica, 1 sensilla placodea and 1 Bohm bristles. In addition, the possible functions of the above sensilla types are discussed in light of previously published literature; mechanoreception (Bohm bristles and sensilla coeloconica) and olfaction (sensilla trichodea and sensilla placodea). Future studies on the functional morphology of the antennal sensilla of A. colemani using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) coupled with electrophysiological recordings will likely confirm the functions of the different sensilla identified in this study.

The external ultrastructural morphology and distribution of antennal sensilla and hair-pencils of Palpita indica (Saunder) were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The antennal flagellum of male and female has six types of sensilla: long trichodea, short trichodea, chaetica, coeloconicum around spines, camaniformia and styloconica. There are sexual differences in antennae of P. indica. The female antenna has a coeloconicum sensillum without spines nearby the long trichodea sensilla on ninth flagellomere. Otherwise, auricillica sensilla are distribute on the basal segment of male antenna. These structures are not showed in the female antenna. There are a lot of pores on the hair tufts of the male hair-pencils.

A solitary endoparasitoid, Cotesia plutellae, parasitizes diamondback moth, Plutellae xylostella. It bas been suggested that its antennae are a major sensory organ to search host and recognize host developmental and other physiological condition during parasitization. This research was performed to understand the parasitic behavior of C. plutellae by analyzing sensory types and their numbers on the antennae using scanning electron microscope. There was no significant difference in antennal length in both male and female C. plutellae, in which both sexes had 16 flagellomeres. Three different types of sensilla (trichoid, seta, and placodea sensilla) were located mostly on flagella and analyzed in their density on the different antennomeres. Trichoid sensillum was the major sensory type and showed about 87% density among all sensilla. Both trichoid and placodea types of sensilla exhibited even numbers on all flagellomeres with some decrease at terminal segments. In contrast, seta form of sensilla showed drastic increase in its density at distal part after 9th flagellomere. When distal half of flagellomeres were cut off, the C. plutellae could not parasitize host larvae. Even when only four distal flagellorneres were removed, the parasitism showed only 30%. These results indicate that C. plutellae antennae are required for parasitism and suggest that seta form of sensilla may play significant roles in recognizing host for parasitization.

The antennal receptors of the adult male and female of the American leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae) was studied using the scanning electron microscopy. This antennal receptors were developed to accept the chemical or mechanical signal in the environment. The antennae of L. trifolii is 317.52 ㎛ long and composed of the scape, pedicel, funicle, arista. Antennae located between compounds eye on the middle in the head. The result of SEM observation, four types of receptors were characterized and grouped into morphological classes: Trichoid, Basiconic, Coeloconic, Chetiform sensilla. Trichoid sensilla are located on the all segment. As a rule, female is more than male. This sensilla are long and slender hair with straight or slightly curved, and taper to a sharp point apically. Basiconic sensilla are observed only on the funicle. The number of basiconic sensilla in male and female are almost same in both sexes. This sensilla are long and thick hair with stright or slightly curved, and taper to a blunt point apically. Coeloconic sensilla are observed only on the funicle. This sensilla were showed a finger-like projections the peg apex. The number of basiconic sensilla in male and female are almost same in both sexes. Chetiform sensilla are located on the all segment. This sensilla are needle-like, tapering sharply. Pedicel are more than scape. The number of Chetiform sensilla in male and female are almost same in both sexes.