Considering meat consumption's massive impact on climate change, environmental NGOs are increasingly campaigning to encourage consumers to reduce unsustainable meat consumption, i.e., to eat less and/or better meat. They usually use messages based on environmental appeals to do so. Yet, the effectiveness of such appeals in international campaigns may depend on countries as cultural beliefs influence food consumption behaviors. Therefore, in this research, we explore the effectiveness of such campaigns across 5 European countries, controlling for individual cultural orientations. Considering an environmental degradation appeal, we first show that countries have no influence on the campaign’s effectiveness, unlike specific individual cultural orientations, including masculinity and uncertainty avoidance. We replicate these results in the same 5 countries considering an alternative appeal, i.e., animal welfare. Recommendations to international NGOs managers result from these results.

Following a series of major breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) technology, it is believed that the use of AI technology can fundamentally subvert many industries and business fields, one of which is marketing. For instance, AI is likely to become a key driver of how advertising and marketing activities are conducted (Qin and Jiang, 2019) and thus dramatically change marketing strategies and customer behaviors (Davenport et al., 2020).

This study constructs a model to predict ad attitude when AI influencers act as ad endorsers. In the results, search products and rational ad appeal have more positive ad attitude, perceived empathy and perceived expertise as mediator. These three variables can be reinforced by the consistency of ad appeals and product categories.

수십 년간의 세계화에도 불구하고, 기업들은 여전히 국내와 해외 시장에서의 마케팅 환경의 불일 치로 어려움을 겪고 있다. 기업들은 이러한 환경의 차이를 극복하기 위해 각 시장의 특성을 고려한 광고 어필(advertising appeal)을 이용하여 특정 메시지를 전달한다. 이에 따라 기업의 국내와 해외 시장에서의 광고 어필 사용의 차이가 존재하는데, 그 차이를 찾기 위해 본 연구는 한국과 말 레이시아에서 한국브랜드가 어떤 광고 어필을 활용하는지 살펴보려고 한다. 이번 연구는 유튜브 동 영상의 콘텐츠 분석을 통해 한국과 말레이시아 시장 간 광고 어필 사용의 차이를 도출하였다. 본 논문은 말레이시아 시장에서의 마케팅 커뮤니케이션 전략을 계획할 때 국내 마케팅 매니저들이 고 려할 수 있는 실질적인 시사점을 제시한다.

Employing national consumer panels in the US and Korea (N = 767), this research examined how consumer evaluations of graphic sexual ads on social media differ from those of non-sexual ads, and to what extent such evaluations are influenced by different cultural backgrounds (Individualism vs. Confucianism) and sexual self-schema (SSS) levels.

In this study, we present results of two experiments on hedonic and functional products designed to (1) explore consumers’ third-person perceptions of sex appeals in advertising (2) determine which constructs are effective on third-person perception across the product types (3) and, examine whether conceptual models are moderated by public exposure to sexual stimuli or not. The findings suggest that public exposure to the sexual stimuli is a factor that causes some differences on the antecedents of the third-person perception, and behavioural outcomes of the third-person perception across the respondents’ cultural background and product types.

We study liberals and conservatives in the United States and Korea to see how they respond to charity advertising that appeals to either equality or proportionality. The findings robustly demonstrate that in both countries, liberals respond more favorably to equality appeals, but conservatives respond more favorably to proportionality appeals. Study 1, conducted in the United States, finds that liberals find equality appeals more effective, but conservatives find proportionality appeals more effective. Study 2, conducted in Korea, shows that liberals (conservatives) estimate that they are more (less) likely to receive rewards for donating when charity advertising uses equality rather than proportionality appeals.

This study demonstrates how consumers’ implicit self-theory orientations (Entity vs. Incremental) relate to their perceptions of luxury brand appeals (Functional vs. Non-functional). Specifically, our experiments show that the entity theorists are likely to value the hedonic appeal of luxury brands, whereas incremental theorists value their functional appeal. The study provides useful insights for managers for designing advertising messages and their positioning strategies for luxury brands.

Scientific evidence indicates that a significant human contribution towards the world’s climate change. Human lifestyles and behavior need changing to reach the goal of environmental sustainability. Previous studies indicate that fear or threat appeals in advertising campaigns can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, behavioral changes. The main aim of this study is to examine the impact of viewing different degrees of fear appeals of climate change on an individual’s intention to engage in pro-environmental behavior. In addition, the possible factors influencing an individual’s intention to engage in pro-environmental behavior may vary after viewing narratives of different degrees of fear-inspiring climate change are also examined. A total of 217 undergraduate students were assigned to one of the experimental conditions: no fear appeal, low-fear appeal, and high-fear appeal. The fear manipulation check results are consistent with the prominent hypothesis of the drive theory model, an inverted-U-shaped response pattern to increasing levels of fear. The results of ANOVA tests indicate that the participants who view the no-fear appeal text will have more intention of engaging in pro-environmental behavior than their counterparts, those who view the high-fear appeal text. The results of multiple regression equation analysis reveal that an individual’s moral obligations play an important determinant of his/her intention to engage in pro-environmental behavior across both conditions. But in the high-fear appeal condition, an individual’s perception of collective efficacy also plays an important determinant. Practical implications for pro-environmental behaviors are also provided.

Many authors and practitioners have suggested that scarcity increases a product’s perceived value, because scarcity affects availability of a product and people assume that what is less common is more valuable (Cialdini, 1987). Communicating such restrictions on product availability is a common advertising tactic intended to motivate consumer purchasing behavior by arousing product scarcity perceptions. To further our knowledge on scarcity effects researchers indicate the need to examine contextual or individual factors which are related to demand-caused scarcity and/or supply-caused scarcity. Corresponding to the call for further research this study empirically examines seller credibility, product type, and consumer orientation as moderators on the relationship between scarcity and purchase intention. Extant research have found that both excess demand and limited supply lead to increased product choice, but engender distinct inference processes (Hsuan, Chien & Tzu, 2012). Scarcity can be based on changes in demand or supply. Demand scarcity arises when supply cannot meet market demand. Advertisers may emphasize this limited availability in positive terms by claiming “only while stocks last”. Demand scarcity messages, either “in popular demand” or “over sold” indicates consumers that a product’s popularity is creating demand that exceeds the product’s available supply (Herpen, Pieters, & Zeelenberg 2009; Verhallen, 1982). Supply scarcity suggests that the product is exclusive, and affects consumer preferences through perceptions of the symbolic benefits the product can provide, including uniqueness (Snyder, 1992) and social status (Lynn, 1992). Advertisements convey supply scarcity when marketers produce quantities of a new product less than enough to meet initial demand and distribute a competitive number of units to individual retail store. Researchers have indicated the need to examine contextual or individual influences on the distinct type of scarcity to gain further insight into these two scarcity effects. This research examines the moderating effect of seller credibility, product type, and consumer orientation on the relationship between scarcity and purchase intention. The first research objective is to examine if scarcity effect is stronger when a seller is more credible than not. The second research objective is to examine if demand scarcity produces a stronger purchase intention for utilitarian products as opposed to symbolic products. In contrast, supply scarcity will be valued more highly for symbolic products, because the product’s limited availability can deliver consumers symbolic benefits such as uniqueness (Snyder, 1992) and social status (Lynn, 1992). The third research objective is to examine if demand scarcity produces a stronger purchase intention for consumers with prevention-focus than those with promotion-focus. Similarly, the research also examines if supply scarcity produces a stronger purchase intention for consumers with promotion-focus than those with prevention-focus. This research employs a laboratory experiment to empirically test the research hypotheses. The experiment manipulates scarcity, seller credibility, and product type and it measures consumer orientation as either promotion-focus or prevention-focus. Thus it employs a 3 (scarcity: demand scarcity, supply scarcity, no scarcity) x 2 (high credibility, low credibility) x 2 (utilitarian product, symbolic product) between-subjects design. Results of hypothesis tests and implications will be discussed.

The tendency of regional civil appeals and characteristics were investigated in Incheon area and the consciousness of citizen related with effective odor was analyzed from questions in this study. The tendency of regional civil appeals were different and the consciousness of citizen with the conception and kind of odors were diverse with each regions. The improvement methods of odor management were suggested from those results.

인간의 공포를 자극함으로써 커뮤니케이션의 설득력을 높이는 공포소구는 건강이나 재산 등의 손실로부터 소비자를 보호하기 위해 만들어진 제품이나 공익광고에서 등에 많이 이용되고 있다. 특히 공익광고의 시각 이미지를 구성하는 요인 중에서도 색조는 텍스트보다 더 강하게 수용자에게 소구하여 공익광고의 목적을 더욱 구체화한다. 그리고 공익광고에서 색조는 인간의 감성에 큰 영향을 미치고 강력한 메시지를 주는 역할을 해왔다. 본 논문에서는 계몽적인 의사전달의 수단인 공익광고의 효과적인 수용자 인식변화를 유도하기 위해 활용되고 있는 공포소구의 공익광고의 색조에 관해 고찰하였다. 그 결과, 공포소구의 이론적 배경에서 거론되었던 의식변화를 크게 유도하는 강한 공포소구는 인간의 고통과 위험을 상징하는 고채도의 빨강색 보다는 빛의 차단을 통해 외부와의 폐쇄감을 유도하고 위험상황에 대한 예측 방어를 차단하는 무채색 계열의 컬러가 효과적으로 강한 공포감을 전달하는 것을 확인하였다.

이 논문은 2009년 2월 20일 미국의 제9 연방순회항소법원에서 내려진 Video Software Dealers Association v. Arnold Schwarzenegger 사건에 대한 판결의 의미와 한국게임법제도에의 시사점을 검토한 것이다. 이 사건에서 제9 연방순회항소법원은 폭력성 비디오게임을 18세 미만의 미성년자에게 판매하거나 대여하는 것을 금지하는 캘리포니아 주법(州法)이 미국 연방헌법에 명시된 미성년자 (minor)의 권리를 침해한다는 판결을 내렸다. 이에 비해서 한국의 헌법재판소는 청소년보호를 위한 청소년유해매체물 제도와 사전등급분류 제도에 대해서는 합헌이라는 결정을 하였다. 헌법재판소는 미국의 제9 연방항소법원의 판결과 같이 음란과 폭력성을 구분하여 접근하고 있고, 폭력성 개념이 대해서 간접적으로 위헌적이라는 결정을 한 바 있다. 미국법원의 덜 제한적인 수단의 선택이라는 법리와 헌법재판소의 최소침해성 원칙에서 본다면 청소년유해매체물 제도와 사전등급분류 제도의 중첩 적용은 문제될 수 있으며, 이 중에서 더 강한 규제가 위헌이 될 소지가 있다.