Introduction Despite the rise of digital media, TV remains the number one place children spend their media time (Moses, 2014). Past research has shown that less healthy food and beverages such as those containing high fat, sugar, and salt (HFSS) are prominent in TV commercials (e.g., Carter, Patterson, Donovan, Ewing, & Roberts, 2011). In these commercials, various persuasive techniques (e.g., taste/smell, convenience), which promote the purchase of the products, have been used (Hebden, King, & Kelly, 2011). Extensive studies have found that exposure to advertising for HFSS products, including confectionery, soft drinks, crisps or savory snacks, fast food, pre-sugared breakfast cereals, is associated with children‟s cognition, food consumption, and obesity (e.g., Harris, Bargh, & Brownell, 2009; Macklin, 1994; see also Moore, Wilkie, & Desrochers, 2017). Since younger children, especially those in the “perceptual stage” of development, may not understand the persuasive or selling intent of commercials (e.g., John, 1999), they may be vulnerable to this advertising. As a result, several countries such as UK and Ireland (Hawkes, Lobstein, & For the Polmark Consortium, 2011) have introduced restrictions or regulations for broadcasting food and beverage commercials for children. The commercials of HFSS food and beverage have sometimes introduced these products with healthier images and words / phrases like health and nutrition claims. Health claims refer to any representation that states, suggests, or implies that a relationship exists between a food (/beverage) or a constituent of that food (/beverage) and health. Nutrition claims mean any representation which states, suggests or implies that a food (/beverage) has particular nutritional properties including but not limited to the energy value and to the content of protein, fat and carbohydrates, as well as the content of vitamins and minerals (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States & World Health Organization, 2013). Using health messages for HFSS food presents the risk of a biased image of the products (i.e., they are „healthy‟), which may result in unhealthy life styles and conditions. In recent years, there has been regulatory pressure on food advertisers to market their products responsibly (e.g., WHO regulations; Kraak et al., 2016). At the same time, the Children‟s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative (CFBAI) emerged, in which several leading companies pledged to market their products to children responsibly (see editorial by Boyland & Harris, 2017). Therefore, we were interested in seeing if food and beverage advertising had changed in 2017. Specifically, the purpose of this study was to examine the relative frequency of food and beverage commercials targeting children with a focus on healthy aspects of the products, their health and nutrition claims, as well as other persuasive techniques. Method A total of twenty hours of programming targeting children was recorded on Nickelodeon and Cartoon Networks in the United States during the hours of 5 p.m. to 10 p.m. on two weekdays in September 2017. The advertisements were coded for product type (“food”, “beverage”, fast-food restaurant (“Restaurant: Quick-service/fast food restaurant”), and sit-down restaurant (“Restaurant: Sit-down restaurant”), food type (e.g., “confectionary”, “savory snacks”, “pre-prepared convenience foods”, “bread”, “fruits”, and “vegetables”) (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations & World Health Organization, 2016; Suzuki, 2018), and persuasive techniques (e.g., “health claims”, “nutrition claims”, “taste/smell/flavor”, “convenience”, “scientific information”, “celebrities/a well-known person”, and “eating /drinking behavior”) (e.g., Hebden et. al., 2011; Jenkin, Madhvani, Signal & Bowers, 2014; Kraak & Story, 2015; Warren, Wicks, Wicks, Fosu, & Chung, 2008). Food type can be classified into two categories; Less healthy (“confectionary”, “savory snacks”, “sweet bakery wares”, “other sweets/desserts”, “Sugared breakfast cereals”, “pre-prepared convenience foods”) or healthier categories related to other food categories (Ofcom, 2004; Nutrition Australia, 2013; Suzuki, 2018). Seven coders independently evaluated the advertisements, with two coders assigned to every programming block. They were trained for about three weeks to read the coding manual, practice coding and discuss the coding scheme, and revise their coding after receiving feedback of the trial coding. To check coding reliability, two independent coders evaluated the same programs. 94.3% agreement was achieved for product type. Results and discussion A total of 856 commercials appeared. Food and beverage advertisements represented 29.0% (N=248). On average, children were exposed to 12.4 food and beverage advertisements per hour. Of all the food, beverage and restaurant advertisements, “food” and fast-food commercials were frequently broadcasted; 40.7% (N=101) were for “food” commercials, and fast-food restaurant commercials accounted for 43.5% (N=108). 12.1% (N=30) “beverage” commercials and 3.6% (N=9) sit-down restaurant commercials were included. Food, beverage and restaurant commercials were more likely to appear on Nickelodeon (36.2%, N=129) than on the Cartoon network (28.4%, N=419) (χ2=5.43, df=1, p<.05). As for the appearances of product type, “food” advertisements frequently appeared on Nickelodeon (54.6%, N=65), whereas the programs of Cartoon network included a lot of fast food commercials (61.2%, N=79). In examining the appearances of “beverage”, “food”, “fast food”, and “others (except food, beverage, and restaurant)” between the channels, the results showed that the programs of Cartoon network were more likely to broadcast “fast food” commercials than those of Nickelodeon, whereas the programs of Nickelodeon were more likely to broadcast “food” commercials (χ2=38.23, df=3, p<.01)1. The majority of food types were “confectionary” (25.7%, N=26), “savory snacks” (16.8%, N=17), “breakfast cereals” (14.9%, N=15), and “pre-prepared convenience foods” (13.9%, N=14). In classifying various kinds of foods into two big categories related to health (healthier or less healthy) as above-mentioned, less healthy food accounted for 88.1% (N=89). No commercials were categorized into three of the healthier categories (bread, fruits, and vegetables). As persuasive techniques for consumers, “health claims”, and “nutrition claims” were low (8.9%). For example, grape juice produced by Welch‟s used the appeal “sugar free”. In the commercials with nutrition claims, there was no significant difference in the appearance between the “beverage” and “food” commercials (χ2=1.70, df=1, n.s.). The other persuasive techniques like “convenience” (75.8%, N=188), “taste/smell/flavor” (51.2%, N=127), and “eating/drinking behavior” (49.2%, N=122) were frequently used. In contrast, the rates of some techniques (e.g., “celebrities/a well-known person”, “scientific information”) were very low. As for the persuasive technique of “celebrities/a well-known person”, the category of product type was classified in only the “beverage” category. Thus, this study indicated that there were not many less-healthy food commercials that appealed to health and nutrition aspects of the products by using health and nutrition claims, or scientific information. In previous studies, the rate of health and nutrition claims varied between less than 10% to more than 30% (Jenkin et al., 2014). This may be due to the differences in the definitions of health and nutrition claims. Our study referred to the international standard definitions. Therefore, the findings regarding the rate of health and nutrition claims in this study can contribute to overall knowledge about the current spread of health and nutrition claims in “less healthy” food commercials of children‟s television programs. It may also be the case that food companies are acting more responsibly by limiting their persuasion techniques to those that relate to taste or convenience and not by misrepresenting the products as healthy. However, overall, the proportion of less healthy food commercials was high, and various persuasive techniques were used. At the same time, there were no commercials for fruits or vegetables presented during this time frame despite governmental regulations for eating these healthier foods. These findings suggest that more attention should be paid to the ways that certain foods are promoted (or are not promoted) among parents and policy-makers. As the sample used in this study was recorded only on weekdays and through the two kids' channels. It would be expected that the future study develop the analysis for the recorded commercials on weekends and on the other local channels. The sample used in this study was analyzed only on weekdays and through two children‟s channels. Future research might examine food and beverage advertising across different time frames and channels.

This study aimed to analyze the beverage usage behavior according to the food-related lifestyle in Seoul, Gyeonggi province area. Group 1, named ‘health & safety seeking’ group, consists of high percentage of women in their 40s, as well as a high percentage of high income and highly educated. Group 2, was group of ‘high interest in dietary life’, consists of a high percentage of women in their 30s, highly educated, earned 3~5 million won. Group 3, named ‘convenience seeking’ group, had a high percentage of men and of those in their 20s who earned less than 2 million won. In verifying the difference between food-related lifestyle groups in terms of their behaviors and attitudes towards the usage of beverage specialty shop, group 1 showed significantly high score in the number of visit beverage specialty shops, the intention to spend higher average expenditure per visit per person, importance of selection attributes of beverage specialty sho

본 연구에서는 특급 호텔 식음료 부서 종사원의 몰입을 정 서적몰입, 규범적몰입, 유지적몰입으로 구분하고, 이러한 몰 입이 직무만족도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 고찰하였으며, 이러한 인과관계에서 리더-부하교환관계의 조절효과를 규명 하고자 하였다. 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 측정항목에 대한 탐색적요인분석 결과, 조직몰입의 정서적, 규범적, 유지적몰입, 직무만족도, 리더-부하교환관계 등을 포함하여 총 5개 요인이 도출되었으며, 누적설명력은 71.270%로 나타났다. 탐색적요인분석 결과를 바탕으로 구성개념의 타당성을 확인하기 위해 확인적요인분석을 실시하였 으며, 모든 항목에서 비교적 적합한 수준을 보였고, 신뢰도 분석 결과 모든 측정항목의 내적일관성도 매우 우수한 것으 로 나타났다. 둘째, 특급 호텔 식음료 부서 종사원의 조직몰입은 정서적 몰입(β= .428), 유지적몰입(β= .342), 규범적몰입(β= .293)의 순으로 직무만족도에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 가설 1은 모두 채택되었다. 이는 식음료 종사원이 조 직에 몰입하게 되는 감정적인 애착의 정도로써 정서적몰입 이 직무만족을 결정하는 가장 큰 요인이며, 조직에 머무를 수밖에 없는 상황적인 측면에서의 유지적몰입과, 조직에 대 한 신념의 정도로써 규범적몰입도 종사원의 직무만족도에 유 의미한 영향력을 가지고 있음을 의미한다. 결과적으로 조직 에 대한 몰입이 높아질수록 개인적인 측면에서의 직무만족 도 높아지기 때문이며, 조직은 구성원 간 강한 결속력을 만 들고 유지할 수 있는 환경을 조직 내외적으로 구축할 필요 가 있을 것으로 판단된다. 셋째, 특급 호텔 식음료 부서 종사원의 정서적몰입, 규범 적몰입, 유지적몰입이 직무만족도에 미치는 영향에 있어서 리더-부하교환관계에 따른 조절효과는 유의미하지 않은 것으 로 나타나 가설 2는 기각되었다. 분석 결과 리더-부하 간 밀 접한 교환관계를 가질수록 조직몰입 하위 3개 요인 모두 직 무만족도에 미치는 상대적인 영향력이 컸지만, 유의미한 수 준은 아니었으며, 이러한 결과는 조직몰입이 직무만족에 미 치는 영향력이 리더-부하교환관계에 따라 달라지지 않음을 시사해준다고 하겠다. 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 다음과 같은 시사점을 도출할 수 있었다. 학문적인 시사점으로써, 본 연구는 특급 호텔 식음 료 부서 종사원이 지각하는 조직몰입을 정서적몰입, 규범적 몰입, 유지적몰입으로 구분하고 직무만족도와의 인과관계에 대해 실증함으로써 이론적인 토대를 구축하였다. 현재까지 특급 호텔 식음료 부서 종사원의 조직몰입과 직무만족도를 고찰한 연구는 다수 존재하지만, 조직몰입을 세부적으로 구 분하여 어떠한 측면의 몰입이 식음료 부서 종사원의 만족도 를 유발하는지 검증한 연구는 여전히 미흡한 상황이었다. 특 히 특급 호텔의 경우 인적서비스로 이뤄지는 기업의 특성 상 종사원의 몰입과 만족이 조직의 성과에 매우 중요하며, 이러 한 시점에서 이뤄진 본 연구는 특급 호텔 식음료 부서 종사 원의 조직몰입을 거시적인 측면에서 고찰하고, 직무만족도와 연계하여 상호관계를 규명하였다는 점에서 이론적 의의를 찾 을 수 있을 것이다. 또한 본 연구는 특급 호텔 식음료 부서 종사원의 몰입과 만족도 증진을 위한 조직차원의 중요한 실 무적인 시사점을 제공해준다. 본 연구를 통해 특급 호텔 식 음료 부서 종사원의 직무만족에 가장 큰 영향력을 가지고 있 는 변수가 정서적몰입이라는 사실이 검증되었으며, 이는 자 신이 속한 조직에 진심어린 노력과 내재적인 충성을 다하려 는 정서적몰입이 다른 몰입 변수와 비교하여 상대적으로 직 무만족도에도 더 큰 영향력을 발휘하게 되는 것으로 추측된 다. 특히 정서적몰입이 높은 경우 자신이 속한 조직을 다른 사람에게 매우 호의적으로 표현하고 평가하기 때문에 특급 호텔 식음료 부서 종사원의 직무만족도 증가 뿐 만 아니라, 특급 호텔의 외적인 차원에서도 긍정적인 효과를 기대할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 특급 호텔 차원에서 구성원의 자발적 행동으로써의 정서적몰입을 증진시킬 수 있도록, 조직의 내외적인 의사결정에 종사원을 참여시키고, 내부마케팅 의 일환으로써 조직 차원에서 지속적인 관리와 지원도 필요 할 것으로 여겨진다. 또한 종사원의 조직에 대한 몰입과 만 족이 리더와 부하간의 상호관계에서도 비롯되므로, 조직 내 멘토나 멘티를 활용하여 리더와 부하직원이 밀접한 교환관 계를 가질 수 있도록 격려하며, 조직 내 동아리 지원이나 여 가 프로그램을 확대함으로써 조직과 구성원이 정서적인 유 대를 형성할 수 있는 방안을 모색해야 할 것이다. 본 연구의 한계점 및 향후 과제는 다음과 같다. 본 연구의 모형은 독립변수로써 조직몰입과 종속변수로써 직무만족도 로 한정되어 있으므로, 직무와 조직에 대한 조직구성원의 태 도를 포괄적으로 함축하기에는 다소 미흡하다고 하겠다. 더 불어 조직몰입이라는 개념은 개인과 조직 사이의 상호작용 을 기반으로 하기 때문에, 각 개인과 조직의 특성에 따라 다 르게 나타날 수 있고, 개인의 직무에 대한 태도보다는 조직 에의 잔류나 이직을 결정하는데 더욱 중요한 요인이므로, 추 후 연구에서는 조직몰입과, 개인조직적합도와의 관련성을 고 찰하는 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것이다. 또한 본 연구에서는 연구 대상을 서울 지역의 특 1급 호텔에 근무하는 식음료 종 사원으로 한정하였으므로, 이러한 결과를 전체적으로 확대하 여 해석하기에는 제한적인 결과라고 하겠다. 따라서 향후 연 구에서는 조직구성원의 몰입을 증진시키는 것이 조직의 성 과적인 측면에서도 바람직한 대안으로 제시되는 현 시점에 서 조직몰입과 직무만족 사이의 관계를 매개하거나 조절할 수 있는 추가적인 변수의 활용이 필요할 것으로 여겨진다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze middle students' carbonated beverages selection and consumption behaviors depending on their food-related lifestyle. Data was collected from 307 middle students in Incheon region through a self-administered questionnaire. According to the results of the factor analysis, food-related lifestyle showed that the average is more than 3.0, 0.800 in Cronbach alpha coefficient. There were significant differences in carbonated beverages preference according to health seeking, easy seeking, popularity seeking, and safety seeking type (p<0.05). Also easy seeking and popularity seeking type lifestyle showed significant differences in the reason to drink carbonated drinks (p<0.05), especially school canteen amenities tended to pursue the highest fashion. A significant significance positive result of the consumption of carbonated beverages (p<0.01) was shown for the easy seeking type. A significant positive result of the consumption of carbonated beverages (p<0.01) was shown for the taste seeking and safety seeking type. Analysis of the relationship between carbonated beverage consumption, and form factor showed a high correlation coefficient of 0.617 and with brand design, while the taste and the price were (p<0.05) 0.446, and 0.437 in order to design and calories, respectively.

We examined household's food expenditures in this study. The empirical work outlined here used quarterly data from 2003 Q1 to 2010 Q3. All variables are in log form and were obtained from the Korea National Statistical Office. The food items included cereals, dairy products, fruits, meat, vegetables, and alcoholic beverages. We applied the ordinary least squares method to a model consisting of household income and seasonal dummies. This is because household expenditures are ordinarily a function of income and have seasonal characteristics. The household's food consumption patterns also reflect the prevailing social and environmental circumstances. This study showed that the income coefficients of cereals, meat, dairy products, and alcoholic beverages tend to increase in the long-run, whereas those of vegetables and fruits decreased. The results also revealed that consumption of alcoholic beverages and meat was greatly affected by household income fluctuations, whereas those of vegetables and dairy products were not sensitive to income. The impulse response functions indicated that expenditures not only increased slowly before peaking one to eight quarters after the income shock but declined very slowly to pre-shock levels. The response of dairy products at the twelfth step was three times as large as that of the first step.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of perceived price and servicescape on employee service quality, food and beverage quality, and customer value in Daegu Korean restaurants and to suggest methods for them to become the food mecca of Korea and the world. The samples for this study were customers of nine Korean restaurants in Daegu. A total of 368 questionnaires were analyzed with factor analysis, a reliability test, and a covariance structural analysis. The results showed that perceived price was positively related to employee service quality and food and beverage quality and that servicescape was positively related to employee service quality and food and beverage quality. However perceived price, servicescape, employee service quality, and food and beverage quality were not related to customer value. The reasons were that these factors did not influence perceived customer value in Daegu Korean restaurants. The Daegu municipal office should require these restaurants to develop distinguished employee service and food and beverage quality and conduct consistent marketing to Koreans and westerners, so that these restaurants can become the food mecca of Korea and the world.

Alcoholic beverages can be viewed as repositories of historical information reflecting agricultural environment, economic and scientific level, religion, literature and art of their country. Korean Alcoholic beverages are based largely on rice, which have been developed in the following order: Takju, Cheongju and distilled spirits, Soju. They are closely related with the development of agriculture and historical levels of science and technology, and thus can be seen as symbolizing economic and political changes as well as rises and declines throughout the culture's history. The present review assessed the past and present flows of Korean alcoholic beverage culture, which has had a significant influence on the mental world of Korean people, based on literature concerning the history of food in Korea. Another focus of the study was a discussion on the future transmission and refining of Korean alcoholic beverage culture, which is undeniably informed by the Korean people's unique imagination and cultural sense.

This study was performed to investigate the perception and the preference of Korean traditional foods such as traditional holiday foods, rice cakes and beverages. The subjects were 598 elementary school students(male 310, female 288) in fifth or sixth grades. The most favorite traditional holiday food was rice cake soup(57.4%) and 92.4% of subjects wanted to keep the traditional holiday foods because of the traditional custom. The traditional beverages mainly drinking at home were sikhye(35.6%), misugalou(30.2%), green tea(18.5%), etc. Children's most favorite beverage was misugalou(90.5%) and they had no taste for ginseng tea(39.6%). Children did not know well about booggumi(64.1%), dootubdduk(63.3%), whajun(39.6%), etc. and liked gguldduk(94.2%) better than the others. They liked the rice cake because of its good taste(69.0%) and disliked it because of chocking(30.9%), not eating frequently(29.5%), hard and tough(18.2%), and so on. And they wanted to make the rice cake softer and sweeter like the cake and mostly ate it on the traditional holidays.

Vending machines play an important role of giving convenience and simplicity in modem life style. So they became an indispensible element in life of modern people. This study was peformed to investigate customer's actual status in use as well as the degree of satisfaction and requirement of food and beverage vending machines. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. About the advantage of using the vending machines, respondents answered 'convenience' for 50.2% and 'closeness' for 33.6% of all the answers. About the dissatisfaction for vending machine, three factors of 'inappropriate taste, temperature. quantity' and 'unsanitary pakage material and food' were the main causes. 2. About the credit of food quality,48.6% of respondents answered' some what doubtful'.58.1% of respondents pointed out that they couldn't confide in freshness and shelf-life' 3. 48.2% of respondents agreed that vending machines would be needed more in the future. Respondents wanted lots of food to be served from vending machines. The foods which respondents wanted to be served from vending machines were noodle(30.8%), rice(19%), pastry(18.2%), bread(17.45) gruel(7.3%) and snack(7.3%).

The study aims to estimate the effect of current ratio (CR), current liability to inventory (CLI), total asset turnover (TAT), net profit margin (NPM), sales growth (SG), and company size (FS) on profit growth (PG). The research population was 18 companies in the Food and Beverage (F&B) sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2014-2018. The data estimation method uses the common effect panel data regression model. The empirical findings show that the CR and CLI ratios have a negative effect on PG, while the TAT, NPM, and SG ratios have a positive effect. Company size is a factor that does not affect the growth of company profits. The results of the study imply that an increase in company profits can be achieved if the company operates efficiently and with low liquidity to encourage higher sales growth. The limitations of the research are as follows: first, this research considers only one type of industry, hence the results of this study would not be the same if applied to another type of industry. Second, the author observes profit growth by using the company’s financial ratios and size and ignores other factors that may affect profit growth, for example, the number of employees, total net sales, and market capitalization.

According to the elementary analysis on organic wastes, the C/N ratio, a major condition for anaerobic digestion, is 5.40 to 9.23, except for food waste leachate (FWL). Defined by Tchobanoglous’ mathematical biogas prediction model, methane gas and biogas productions increased, depending on the mixing rate of FWL. Furthermore, anaerobic digestion both wastewater sludge and food waste leachate based on the right mixing ratio, increases methane gas productions compared to digesting wastewater sludge alone. In other words, co-anaerobic digestion is more likely to realize biogasification than single anaerobic digestion. We mix food waste leachate and wastewater sludge from the dairy and beer manufacturing industry by the proportion of 1 : 9, 3 : 7 and 5 : 5. It turns out that they produced 118, 175 and 223 CH4 mL/g VS in the dairy manufacturing and 176, 233 and 263 CH4 mL/g VS in beer manufacturing of methane gas. The result suggests that as the mixing rate of food waste leachate rises, the methane gas productions increases as well. And more methane gas is made when co-digesting wastewater sludge and food waste leachate based on the mixing ratio, rather than digesting only wastewater sludge alone. Modified Gompertz and Exponential Model describe the BMP test results that show how methane gas are produced from organic waste. According to the test, higher the mixing rate of food waste leachate is, higher the methane gas productions is. The mixing ratio of food waste leachate that produces the largest volume of methane gas is 1 : 9 for the dairy industries and 3 : 7 for brewery. Modified Gompertz model and Exponential model describe the test results very well. The correlation values (R2) that show how the results of model prediction and experiment are close is 0.920 to 0.996.