To investigate the effectiveness of ventilation in bumblebee colony, we ventilated bumblebee(bombus terrestris) colonies using PC cooling fan to replace the fanning behavior of bumblebees, unventilated colonies were used as controls. The temperature of the colonies that were ventilated using the cooler fan was 3 ℃ lower than the control colonies, and the rate of fanning behavior were 9 times lower in ventilated colonies than in the control colonies. Foraging activity and survival rates of worker bees in ventilated colonies doubled compared to the control colonies. Rates of seed set per flower and number of seeds set by bees in the ventilated colonies was 12 % and –15 % and 1.1 and –1.4 times higher pollination, respectively, than for the control colonies. We conclude that installing a ventilation device on the colony box can improve the internal environment of bumblebee colonies at high temperatures through ventilation and that this is a good option to increase pollination effectiveness for the crops in high temperature greenhouse conditions.

We investigated pollination properties of bumblebees in a high temperature condition i. e. a greenhouse where onions(Aliumcepa) were cultivated. Foraging activity of bumblebee workers decreased at temperature over 33 ℃ and was negativelycorrelated with colony temperature. Fanning behavior was observed at temperature over 30 ℃ and was positively correlatedwith colony temperature. There was negative correlation between the number of bees fanning and bees foraging. We expectedthat foraging activity would be affected by colony temperature and fanning behavior. The temperature of the coloniesthat were ventilated using the cooler fan was 3 ℃ lower than the control colonies, and the rate of fanning behaviorwere 9 times lower in ventilated colonies than in the control colonies. Foraging activity and survival rates of workerbees in ventilated colonies doubled compared to the control colonies

The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci is one of the most serious pests in the greenhouse. They can infest variouscrop plants even in high warm greenhouse condition in summer. To understand the effect of heat acclimation ability ofB. tabaci, mortality was determined at various temperature conditions of the greenhouse. Adult whiteflies survived evenin 63°C in tomato greenhouse. The median lethal temperature (LT50) of the greenhouse colony was 59.9°C however LT50of the lab colony was 47.6°C. The relative expression level of heat shock proteins (hsp23, hsp70 and hsp90) were significantlylower in the greenhouse colony compare to the lab colony. This result suggests B. tabaci has very high thermal adaptability(acclimation) and its mechanism is associated with heat shock protein system.

Cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Gloever is one of the major pests on a wide range of economically important crops in the world. The sustained use of chemical insecticides to control the aphid has led to the emergence of resistant strains to numerous used insecticides. As an alternative strategy entomopathogenic fungi have been used as part of integrated pest management program to control aphid, especially insecticide-resistance population. In particular, Beauveria bassiana-based commercial bio-insecticide has been used to reduce the pest population under greenhouse conditions in various countries. In this study, we investigated the control efficacy of a prototype of commercial mycopesticide using an B. bassiana (wettable powder) against cotton aphid on potted cucumber plant in greenhouse conditions.

파프리카는 수분에 민감한 작물이므로 작물의 생산성 향상을 위하여 적정 관수조절은 매우 중요하다. 광환경 조건은 시설재배에서 여러 환경 변수 중 조절이 용이하지 못하며, 지역 별, 계절 별 분포가 다르기 때문에 광 환경 데이터를 이용한 증산과 관수의 추정이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 파프리카의 정확한 증산 예측을 위하여 변형된 증산 추정식을 활용하였다. 또한 기상청의 광도 자료를 활용하여 지역 별 증산량과 관수량을 비교하였다. 우리나라의 경우 여름철 하루 중 광도의 편차가 심하고 장마기간이 있으므로 봄, 가을에 비하여 증산량이 오히려 낮았다. 그리고 광주기가 길어지는 봄에 증산량이 가장 많았으므로, 이 시기의 데이터를 이용하여 관수시설 용량을 지역별로 제시할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 시설 재배에서 관수설비 기준제시를 위한 자료 및 투입에너지 최적화에도 유용하게 활용될 것으로 판단된다.

Liriomyza species are the major pests of greenhouse and field crops. It was as minor pests in past, but the pest population increased rapidly such as L. trifolii, L. huidobresnsis and L. sativae during recent years is attributed to application of ineffective insecticides and developed insecticide resistance. This study was carried out to determine the efficacy of insecticides groups, Anthranilic diamide, Biopesticide, Carbamate, Neonicotinoid, Organophosphate, Pyrethroid and Oxadiazine, recommended for the control of leafminer species in Korea. Bioassay tests were done on first, third larval stages and adults under glasshouse and laboratory conditions respectively. The result showed significant differences in toxicity among the tested insecticides. The mortality of abamectin and lepimectin and spinosad were higher (>50%) in larvae stages. Etofenprox insecticide was not effective on larvae stage. The toxicity of Cartap hydrochlorid (Neonicotinoid) was higher (100%) in adult insects, followed by thiamethoxam, etofenprox and indoxacarb. Abamectin and lepimectin showed the decreasing toxicity level as insect stage developed. Abamectin showed least toxicity (26.67%) in adult stage. Spinetoram and emamectin benzoate showed higher toxicity (>50%) in all the insect stages tested. It could be suggested that abmectin and lepimectin have high efficiencies on control of larvae. However, spinosad and emamectin benzoate has higher potential on the control of both larvae and adult insects.

본 연구에서는 주행경로의 설정 및 제어가 용이한 고정 경로 방식을 이용한 주행 시스템을 개발하여 온실의 형태, 고랑의 위치 등에 무관하게 자동관수 및 송풍장치에 따른 생육상태를 실험할 수 있는 다목적 자동작업시스템을 개발하였다. 이 시스템의 성능들을 알아보기 써해 초화류에 대하여 실험한 결과 다음과 같은 결과론 얻었다. 인력두상관수 처리구에서는 전반적으로 생육의 부진을 나타냈으며, 자동관수 처리 중 송풍을 하지 않은 무풍처리구치 경우, 초장 및 엽면적이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 초장의 억제는 저속과 고속송풍처리구에 있어 초장억제 효과가 유의성이 있게 나타났으며, 풍속이 빠를수록 초장억제효과가 높게 나타났다. 줄기의 지름은 송풍을 하지 않고, 자동관수 3회를 한 경우 줄기의 지름이 작은 것으로 나타났다. 엽수는 인력관수나 자동관수 2회 처리에 비하여 3회 처리가 더 많은 것으로 나타났다. 생육은 관수회수가 많을수록 생장량이 높게 나타났다.

The study was conducted to obtain the basic information for extending the harvest season and selecting superior cultivars of mango. For the purposes, various cultivars were imported and cultivated in greenhouse condition, Korea. The periods of flowering and fruit maturity and fruit qualities among cultivars were investigated under greenhouse condition. As the early variety, the harvest time of ‘Carrie’ and ‘Glenn’ was fastest as June 3 based on harvest time and cumulative temperature. ‘Kent’, ‘Philippine’, ‘Irwin’, ‘Choc-anon’, and ‘Fairchild’ as the early variety were harvested from June 8 to June 13. ‘Zill’, ‘Florigon’, ‘Alphonso’, ‘Mallika’, ‘Kensington Pride’, ‘Bailey’s Marvel’, and ‘Pinkering’ as midseason cultivar were harvested from June 15 to June 23. ‘Dot’, ‘Keitt’, ‘Gold Nugget’, and ‘Lancetilla’ as late ripening variety were harvested from July 5 to July 10. The fruit weights of ‘Keitt’ and ‘Kent’ were more than 650g and those of ‘Fairchild’ and ‘Lancetilla’ were less than 200g. The fruit weights of other cultivars were from 300 to 400g. The soluble solid contents of ‘Zill’, ‘Irwin’, ‘Kent’ and ‘Glenn’ were almost 15Brix and those of other cultivars were higher than that of ‘Irwin’. The soluble solid contents of ‘Pinkering’, ‘Philippine’, ‘Lancetilla’, ‘Dot’, and ‘Alphonso’ were about 20Brix and flavors of those cultivars are excellent. The acid contents of cultivars were investigated from 0.2 to 0.4% but that of ‘Fairchild’ was 0.8%.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of no-tillage and split irrigation on the growth of pepper plant under green house condition in Jeonnam province. Moisture content of soil at whole quantity irrigation in tillage was increased rapidly regardless of soil depth for initial irrigation and then was decreased continuously until next irrigation. Deviation of moisture content in soil was decreased with increasing depth of soil. Moisture contents of top soil and subsoil (20 cm) at whole quantity irrigation in no-tillage were increased with sunrise, and then decreased with sunset. Moisture contents of top soil in tillage, and top soil and subsoil (20 cm) in no-tillage at half quantity irrigation indicated a cyclic diurnal variation by evapotranspiration. Salinity of soil was increased after initial irrigation and then was decreased continuously until next irrigation. With increasing depth of soil, increases of salinity in soil was delayed. Salinity of top soil in no-tillage was increased between AM 11:00 and AM 12:00, and then showed the highest level between PM 2:00 and PM 6:00 on a cyclic diurnal variation by evapotranspiration. Salinity of subsoil (30 cm) in no-tillage was not measured a cyclic diurnal variation. Moisture content and salinity of soil was positive correlation regardless of tillage and no-tillage cultivation. Growth of pepper in no-tillage cultivation was higher than that in tillage cultivation. Main branch Length and stem diameter of half quantity irrigation plot was higher than that of whole quantity irrigation plot regardless of tillage and no-tillage cultivation. After harvesting, the number of pepper fruits of half quantity irrigation plot was increased remarkably by 49% and47%, in tillage and no-tillage cultivation, respectively. Pepper yield of no-tillage cultivation plot was higher by 8% than that of tillage cultivation plot. Pepper yield of half quantity irrigation plot was increased remarkably by 36% and 39%, in tillage and no-tillage cultivation, respectively.

This experiment was conducted to develop optimum sesame cultivation practices as succeeding cropping system of watermelon in the greenhouse condition. We also compared major components in sesame seed cultivated in the greenhouse and open field condition. The adaptable varieties under the greenhouse condition were white sesame 'Pyoungan' and black sesame 'Jinki' which showed higher yield and disease resistance. We also conducted several experiments to determine optimum sowing date, planting density and pinching time. Grain yields were statistically different according to the several sowing dates. In general, sesame sowing on June 30th showed higher grain yields than July 10th, July 20th and July 30th in the greenhouse. We also found out sesame cultivation practice with the row spacing of 40 cm and interplant spacing of 30 cm (a few branch type) or 40 cm (many branch type) showed higher yield than other treatments. Optimum pinching time was 25 days after first flowering in main stem when thousand seed weight and grain yield were highest. In the comparison of major components of sesame at the different cultivation conditions, sesame seeds cultivated in the greenhouse contained 4% much more oil content than open field condition. The lignan compounds, sesamin and sesamolin were also higher by 6% in the greenhouse than open field condition. It was concluded that sesame cultivation practices as succeeding cropping system of watermelon in the greenhouse condition guaranteed higher grain yield with less labor input which is now emerging alternative farming practice system in present aging rural society and will also give sesame cultivation farmers to increase net income in Korea.

맥류품종을 육성하는데는16-20년이라는 긴 기간이 소요되며 세대촉진에 의한 육종년한의 단축으로 우량품종을 조기에 농가에 보급함은 인구증가에 대비한 식량자급에 기여할 수 있는 가장 빠른 길이다. 본연구에서는 맥류세대촉진에 있어서 각세대 경과중의 부분부분의 기간을 단축함으로 1세대전체의 일수를 단축시키기 위하여 시험하였던 바를 요약하던 다음과 같다. 1. 맥류등숙기간중의 온실내온도를 20~30℃ 로 하여 개화후 15~20일되는 미숙종자를 수확하여 25℃ 의 1% H2 O2 용액에서 16~17시간 처리하고 계속해서 11℃ 에서 30시간 처리후 25℃ 에 치상하는 방법에서 3일만에 밀 93.1%, 보리 82.1%의 발아율을 얻었다. 2. 대맥에 있어서 효과적인 춘화처리방법은 종자-녹체춘화처리로 백체가 출현된 종자를 8℃ 에서 Vitalux-A를 24시간조명하는 방법이었다. 본방법으로 추파성이 III~IV 품종은 3~4주간처리에서 최아개시후 지엽전개까지의 일수가 가장 많이 단축되었고 파성이 V인 경우에는 5주간처리이었다. 3. 출수는 소형파종상자(15.05.5×10cm )에 Vermiculite와 밭흙을 3 : 1로 섞어넣은 토양에 3×3cm 의 거리로 재식하였을 때 가장 촉진되었으며 1010cm 의 재배거리로 콘크리트벨드에 이식할 경우에는 가장 지연되었다. 4. 미숙종자의 최아방법, 종자-녹체춘화처리방법 등숙기간중의 고온처리 및 재식거리조절, 재배토양 등의 개선으로 보리 부여(파성정도 IV)의 경우 1세대 경과일수가 77일이 소요되어 연간 4.5세대를 경과시킬 수 있다.42개이였으며 네가지 초종 로두 일반적으로 괴경 및 인경의 형성심도가 깊어짐에 따라 그 평균중량이 증가되였다.에서는 19.3meq, 황산암모늄용액에서는 8.58 meq, 황산암모늄과 인산제2암모늄 혼합용액에서는 17.6 meq로서 요소성 질소는 거의 흡수되지 않았다. 5. 초장 최고성장 시기에 유황 15% 첨가시비구가 125.7cm로서 대조구의 120.3cm보다 5.7cm가 길어 최장이었으며 엽수가 최고에 달했을 때의 유황 10% 첨가시비구가 109.7매로서 다른 처리보다 제일 많았고 대조구는 83.1매이었다. 6. 수수에 있어서는 대조구가 17.1이었고 이것에 비해 다른 처리구는 약간의 증가를 보이어 유황 및 Domomite처리구가 0.9~1.1개 정도의 증가를 보이었다. 그러나 수당립수는 대조구가 116.5립인데 비해 N.P.K.+S. 15% 처리구가 134.2립으로서 뚜렷한 차이를 보이었고 1000립중도 대조구가 24.5g인데 비해 N.P.K.+S. 10% 처리구가 27.7g로서 가장 무거워 많은 차이를 보이었다. 10a당 정조중은 대조구에 비하여 Dolomite처리구가 8.6%, 유황첨가구가 5.7~7.4% 증수되었음을 보이었다. 7. 식물체중의 조단백질 함량은 대조구, 5%, 10% 유황첨가구가 3.31~3.50%로서 비슷하였고 15% 유황첨가구는 3.94%, Dolomite첨가구는 5.38%였다. 아미노산도 15%유황첨가구와 Dolomite첨가구가 많이 함유되어 있었다. 현미중 조단백질은 15%유황첨가구가 10.14%로서 최고이었으며 10%유황첨가구와 Dolomite첨가구는 9.85%로서 다음이었다. 아미노산도 대조구의 현미에는 유황처리구보다 작았으며 유황처리구에서는 특히 Glutamic acid와 Lysine이 함유되여 있었다.ligraphy patterns were frequently used.의 증가를 나타냈다.". And the issues were high risk pe