Uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is a unique mitochondrial membranous protein expressed in brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mammals. While its expression in response to cold temperatures and adipogenic inducers is well-characterized in mammals and human infants, the molecular characterization and expression of UCP1 in fish remain unexplored. To address this gap, we analyzed UCP1 expression in response to adipogenic inducers in a fish cell line, rainbow trout gonadal cells (RTG-2), and compared it with UCP1 expression in three mammalian preadipocytes, 3T3-L1, T37i, and WT1 exposed to the Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists, rosiglitazone (Rosi). In mammalian preadipocytes, UCP1 protein was highly expressed by Rosi, with an induction of adipogenesis observed in a time-dependent manner. This suggests that UCP1 plays a significant role in adipogenesis in mammals. However, RTG-2 cells showed no response to adipogenic inducers and exhibited only marginal expressions of UCP1. These results imply that RTG-2 cells may lack crucial responsive mechanisms to adipogenic signals or that the adipogenic response is regulated by other mechanisms. Further studies are needed to confirm these phenomena in fish preadipocytes when an appropriate cell line is established in future research.

이 논문의 목적은 가정 이곡(1298-1351)의 이중적 정체성을 살펴보는 것이다. 구체적으로는 몽골이 수립한 팍스 몽골리카(Pax Mongolica) 하에서 세계인과 고려인의 이중적 정체성을 가지고 방황한 이곡의 정신적 여정을 검토하려 는 것이다. 이곡은 한산의 호장 출신이다. 그는 1320년 고려의 과거에 합격했으나, 가문이 한미하여 현달하지 못했다. 이 한계를 극복하기 위해 그는 1333년 원(元) 의 과거시험인 제과에 응시해 우수한 성적으로 합격했다. 그 결과 고려인 합 격자로서는 처음으로 원 중앙 정부의 관리로 임명되었다. 이곡은 1348년 영구 귀국할 때까지, 15년간 원과 고려를 오가며 관직 생활을 이어갔다. 이곡은 몽골제국의 개방성과 보편주의를 신뢰했다. 그에 따라 국가를 초월한 평천하의 정치적 이상을 꿈꾸었다. 다른 한편 그는 고려인으로서의 정체성도 포기하지 않았다. 그는 원 관리로 있으면서도, 고려 정부의 불공정한 인사 정책을 비판했다. 또한 고려 정부를 대변해, 원의 공녀정책의 부당성을 역설 하기도 했다. 그러나 원 조정에서 고관에 오르지 못한 이곡은 평천하의 이상을 실현할 수 없었다. 몽골과 고려의 정치세계에 어디에도 깊이 뿌리내리지 못한 그는 경계인에 머물렀다. ‘원유자(遠遊子)’ 또는 ‘동서남북인(東西南北人)’이란 이곡 스스로의 자칭은 경계인의 또 다른 이름일 것이다. 어머니와 황제는 그의 삶의 두 축이었다. 그는 황제의 도시 연경에 머물렀지만, 다른 한편 언제나 어머니를 그리워했다. 이곡은 몽골제국의 코스모폴리타니즘이 만들어낸 세계인 이자 동시에 고려인이었다. 그의 좌절은 어떤 의미에서 몽골제국의 보편성의 한계였다. 또한 몽골제국 아래 고려가 경험한 세계화의 외연적 경계였다.

연구에서는 기술혁신 관점에서 창업기업 여부, 연구전담조직 보유, 국가연구개발사업 수혜 등의 특성이 한계기업의 정상기업 전환에 유의하게 기여하는지를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 한계기업 중 창업기업에게 국가연구개발사업을 지원하면, High-tech 산업을 중심으로 정상기업으로의 전환에 긍정적으로 기여하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 한계기업의 연구전담조직의 보유여부가 정상기업으로의 전환에 긍정적으로 기여하였다. 이는 연구전담 조직이 체계적인 R&D를 수행할 수 있는 조직기반이 되고 있음을 시사한다. 상기 분석결과 는 한계기업에 대한 구조조정 위주의 기존 산업정책에서 정상기업으로의 전환 가능성이 높은 한계기업에 대한 선별적인 R&D 지원정책으로 패러다임 전환이 필요함과 동시에 한계기업의 정상기업으로의 전환을 지원하기 위한 국가연구개발사업의 전략성 강화가 필요함을 시사한다.

Moderately diverse, but very abundant trace fossils are found from the Late Pleistocene deposits of Jeju Island, Korea. Vertical I-, Y- and U-shaped domichnia of annelids or decapods are, over 2500, extremely abundant, 3D network domichnia of callianassids are, over 200, very abundant, and small sinuous trails of nematode repichnia are, over 50, abundant in number. Horizontal trails attributable to polychaete or worm-like animals are, less than 50, common, but horizontal spreiten burrows, fish traces and crab trackways are, less than 10, rare in occurrence. Of these trace fossils, Taenidium barretti, Undichna britannica and Undichna unisulca represent the first record from the Pleistocene in Asia. Psilonichnus upsilon is the second record in Asia. Crab trackways probably produced by underwater punting gait of sideway walking crabs may represent the first record in the world. In addition, diverse and very abundant footprints of more than 500 hominids, more than 200 birds and more than 1000 mammals are closely associated with these invertebrate trace fossils. Trace fossil assemblage integrated with sedimentary facies is interpreted to have been formed in the marginal marine foreshore to backshore environment corresponding to the Psilonichnus and Skolithos ichnofacies.

Eight different data sets are examined in order to gain insight into the surface heat flux traits of the East Asian marginal seas. In the case of solar radiation of the East Sea (Japan Sea), Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments ver. 2 (CORE2) and the Objectively Analyzed Air-Sea Fluxes (OAFlux) are similar to the observed data at meteorological stations. A combination is sought by averaging these as well as the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)-1 data to acquire more accurate surface heat flux for the East Asian marginal seas. According to the Combination Data, the annual averages of net heat flux of the East Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea are −61.84, −22.42, and −97.54Wm−2 , respectively. The Kuroshio area to the south of Japan and the southern East Sea were found to have the largest upward annual mean net heat flux during winter, at −460- −300 and at −370- −300Wm−2 , respectively. The long-term fluctuation (1984-2004) of the net heat flux shows a trend of increasing transport of heat from the ocean into the atmosphere throughout the study area.

‘Palbangmi’ is a super high-yield rice cultivar bred by interspecies cross between Tongil type and Africa rice. But, ‘Palbangmi’ has a problem in grain maturation which results in rice yield decreases. Because ‘Palbangmi’ is Tongil and Africa rice interspecies-crossed cultivar, it would be predicted to require higher temperature for grain maturation than japonica rice. Therefore, ‘Palbangmi’ would be required to determine Late Marginal Heading Date (LMHD) for normal maturation. In this study, experiment of transplanting date was carried out to determine LMHD of ‘Palbangmi’ in Suwon and Iksan for 3 years. When daily mean temperature was below 23oC, grain filling ratio (%) increased about 8% for each 1oC. On the other hands, grain filling ratio (%) didn't increase when the daily mean temperature was above 23oC. Therefore, it is determined that 23oC is adequate for minimum threshold temperature for grain maturation. The LMHD of ‘Palbangmi’ was determined from calculated heading dates for each year which could satisfy threshold temperature for 40 days after heading during last 15 years. As a results, LMHD was earlier than August 1 in 16 regions where it is inadequate for ‘Palbangmi’. Continually, LMHD was August 1 ~ August 5 in 13 regions, August 6 ~ August 10 in 14 regions and August 11 ~ August 15 in 21 regions. Finally, LMHD was later than August 15 in 14 regions. Considering that heading date of ‘Palbangmi’ is August 13 as mid maturing ecotype, it is suggested that earlier transplanting required for normal maturing in almost areas except south plain area and some areas of central plain area.

본 연구에서는 Ocean Data View (ODV)를 이용하여 한반도 주변 해역의 수온·염분 분포도를 작성하는 실험 프로그램을 개발하였다. 정선 해양 관측 자료는 본 연구를 위해 새롭게 개발된 별도의 프로그램을 이용하여 ODV 호환 형식으로 변환된 후 분석되었다. 새로운 실험 프로그램을 65명의 예비 교사들에게 적용하였을 때, 기존 프로그램을 사용한 같은 집단에 비해 과제 수행 완성도가 매우 향상되었다. 새로운 프로그램에 대한 실험 참가자들의 만족도를 살펴보기 위해 설문지 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과 정확하고 빠른 등치선 작성 분야에서 가장 높은 만족도를 나타내었으며, 새로운 실험 프로그램의 이해 및 적용에 관한 긍정적인 반응을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this study was to measure the tourists' preference for alternative restaurants with different combinations of 4 attribute levels: origin description, food type, price and service guarantee. A total of 210 questionnaires were completed from tourists who visited Kwangyang, Suncheon and Yeosu during Jan. 2 - Jan. 15, 2007. Conjoint experiment method was used to develop hypothetical restaurants. Ordinal probit model was used to measure the effects of attribute levels on the tourists' preference. Results of the study demonstrated that the ordinal probit model analysis result for the data indicated excellent model fit. The effects of attribute levels (origin description, traditional food, fusion food, price, service guarantee) on the tourists' preference were statistically significant. As expected, estimates of marginal willingness to pay for origin description(3.063), food type(2.349), and service guarantee(2.356) were statistically significant. Moreover, tourists were more willing to pay for origin description than other attribute levels. Tourists also considered the origin description as the very important attribute. In conclusion, based on conjoint analysis, a model was proposed of marginal willingness to pay of attribute levels. It should be noted that the original model was modified and should, preferably, be validated in future research.

In this study the presence of pulse in formation of marginal basins through calculation of production rates based on the age of 22 marginal basins distributed in the western Pacific is revealed. The peaks of their productions appear approximately at 0 Ma, 30 Ma and 60 Ma, with the interval of about 30 my. Production peak appears to be the largest near 30 Ma (45 × 10⁴ ㎢). From the fluctuation of production rates, continuous production of marginal basins after 0 Ma (present-day) is inferred, and it is very likely that a production peak which is considerably higher than 30 Ma peak would appear in the future. Such upward inclination of production rates of marginal basins is vividly contrasting to downward decline of those of normal oceans. During the period of declining activities between 10 Ma and 15 Ma no activities of marginal basins are observed. When the marginal basins are classified into back-arc and non back-arc basins on the basis of their evolutionary processes, it is observed that back-arc basins appear to have cyclic production peaks approximately at 0 Ma, 20 Ma and 45 Ma, with the interval of about 20 my. The present-day back-arc basins appear to he most active in their productions. The phenomenon of fluctuations in the quantity of production upto now shows a upward climbing trend. The periods with less activity of back-arc basins appear to have been active in arc volcanism. It is considered that the formation of marginal basins and arc volcanism have been alternately active with time. Non back-arc basins seem to have been formed concentrically at about 25 Ma - 35 Ma and 55 Ma - 80 Ma. In the back-arc basins distributed near northwestern (NW) and southwestern (SW) Pacific around equator, it is revealed that production peak has been moved from SW (55 - 80 Ma) through NW (15 - 55 Ma) to SW (0 - 10 Ma) Pacific in time and space. It is supposed that the periodic formation of marginal basins with time is associated with spatial cycles.

This study is a basic research for the development of ‘Marginal Village Policy’ in response to the hollowing-out of rural areas. For this purpose, the viewpoint of “Regeneration” & “Reconstruction” of the “Marginal Village Theory” and the recent “Rural Planning Theory of Evacuation” in Japan were reviewed. The background and trends of Marginal Village policy in Japan were also investigated. And based on this, the implications and future tasks for Korea were summarized as follows; ①It is necessary to be interested in the disappearance of villages and marginal villages and to form positive discussions and social consensus. ② Continuous field investigation and management of changes in population and village functions at regional and village level are required. ③In addition to increasing the importance of depopulation problems, it is necessary to establish ‘marginal villages’ as a public policy target. ④It is necessary to review and consider the viewpoint of reconstruction along with regeneration. ⑤It is necessary to pay attention that the software project is expanded, and the regeneration & reconstruction policies of the rural villages are aimed at revitalizing the rural community. ⑥It is necessary to consider the possibility of applying ‘spacial construction’ along with the expansion of the academic debate on the ‘rural planning theory of evacuation’. On the basis of this, in this study, rural villages were classified into ‘continuous villages’, ‘semi-marginal villages’ and ‘marginal villages’ according to the degree of marginalization, and the basic framework of ‘Marginal Village Policy’ was proposed, which is to encourage the differentiated policies of ‘continuous villages’ by ‘rural village policy’, ‘semi-marginal villages’ and ‘marginal villages’ by ‘marginal village policy’.

Prior literature expects a lower marginal cash value for weaker governance firms. We test this empirical hypothesis by using the sample of publicly traded Korean firms from 2005 to 2013. To measure the quality of governance structures, we employ the corporate governance scores provided by Korean Corporate Governance Services. The empirical model of Faulkender and Wang (2006) is adopted to estimate the marginal value of cash. Our empirical analysis shows a higher marginal value of cash for the good governance firms in the examination of the total governance score. This finding is consistent to the agency view of cash policy predicting a larger marginal value of cash for the firms with higher governance scores. However, this positive relationship is not robust for a subset of detailed governance scores; a lower marginal cash value is observed for the firms with better qualities of board structure, auditing, dividend policies. Moreover, our empirical analysis verifies a quite low level of marginal cash value for Korean firms, which supports the existence of severe agency conflicts in Korean corporations. Our results verify the significant role of agency conflicts between a manager and shareholders in the determination of marginal cash values in the Korean firms.

The aim of this study is to suggest the quantitative standard of a marginal village. For the purpose, the study selected 43 villages with the population of 50 or less, the classification of a marginal village in accordance with advanced research and 47 villages with the population over 50 in Buyeo-gun region. The common reason of occurrence of a marginal village suggested by advanced research is a characteristic of a village or decline and extinction of a village rather than a simple index of population or aging rate. Therefore, the study assumed that decline of functions of the village would be caused by decline a function of communities consisting of the villagers. The study then assumed that the relatively low or 0 number or rate of participants would result in community functions. The study conducted t-test on basis of population and aging rate and an analysis to find the range with relatively large differences in the number of communities, participants and the rate of the participants, etc. The result showed that the community function began to decline when the population was less than 60~70 and the aging rate over 75%~85%. As the decline of functions of communities began in population of 70, the critical point was met when the population was 40 or less. With population of 40 or less, the young and the old group communities became extinct or showed rapid decrease in the number of participants. The study assumed that decline of functions of a village, a reason of occurrence of a marginal village would be decline of functions of communities, but there was no further analysis on decline or extinction of a village with population of 40 or less. There shall be further studies about whether a village of population of 40 or less is led to decline of a function or extinction of village communities.

A double-cropping system with soybean (Glycine max) following the cultivation of potato, garlic, and onion is widely adopted in the southern region of Korea. For this system, marginal dates for planting must be determined for profitable soybean yields, because the decision to plant soybean as a second crop is occasionally delayed by harvest of the first crop and weather conditions. In order to investigate the effect of planting date on soybean yield, three cultivars (early and late maturity) were planted on seven different dates from May 1 to July 30 in both paddy and upland fields across 2012 and 2013. Soybean yields were significantly different among the planting dates and the cultivars; however, the interaction between cultivar and planting date was not significant. Based on linear regression, the maximum yield of soybean was reached with a June 10 planting date, with a sharp decline in yield for crops planted after this date. The results of this study were consistent with those of a previous one that recommends early and mid-June as the optimum planting period. Regardless of soybean ecotype, a reduction in yield of greater than 20% occurred when soybean was planted after mid-July. Frost during soybean growth can reduce yields, and the late maturity cultivars planted on July 30 were damaged by frost before completing maturation and harvest; however, early maturity cultivars were safely harvested. For sufficient time to develop and reach profitable yields, the planting of soybean before mid-July is recommended.

향기와 무늬를 갖추어 난 애호가들의 기호도를 높혀 경쟁 력을 갖춘 품종을 육성하고자 SC-017와 대엽혜란을 교배하 여 2013년 상품성이 높은 한국 춘란 ‘줄리(Julie)’를 개발하였다. 줄리(Julie)는 잎 전체에 황색 복륜무늬가 나타나는 것이 큰 특징이며 시간이 지날수록 선명해진다. 위구경 종단면의 모양은 난형이고 횡단면의 모양은 원형이다. 꽃의 크기는 폭 이 4 cm, 길이가 2.7 cm 정도이다. 잎의 길이는 35 ~ 40 cm 로 모본인 SC-017와 대엽혜란보다 작다. 꽃은 재배시 50% 차광을 해주다가 개화 시기인 5월에는 차광을 높여주는 것이 좋다. 고온시에는 도장의 우려가 있으 며 여름철 곰팡이 병해 방지를 위해 철저한 물관리와 통풍 관 리가 필요하다.

본 연구진은 향기와 무늬를 갖추어 기호도를 높여 수입되 는 동양란과 경쟁력을 갖춘 품종을 육성할 목적으로 중국 춘 란 ‘대부귀’와 한국춘란 SC-005를 교배하여 2012년 신품종 ‘아리울’을 육성하였다. ‘아리울’은 황색 복륜무늬와 향기가 있는 한국 춘란 신품종으로 잎의 폭이 넓고 광택이 있으며, 잎 끝에 약간의 비틀림 이 있다. 잎의 길이는 20 cm ~ 25 cm, 폭은 1.2 cm로 모본과 비슷하였다. 꽃은 옥색이며 크기는 폭이 3 cm, 길이가 2.5 cm이었다.

The mechanisms by which embryo exactly distributes mitochondria into the blastomeres during embryogenesis are one of the important issues in developmental biology. Although the mechanisms has been thought to be important for the proper embryonic development, our understanding has remained limited. In the present study, the distribution of mitochondria was examined in embryos of the ascidian, Halocynthia roretzi, by immunohistochemical staining with three-types of the mitochondria-specific antibodies and vital staining of mitochondria with a fluorescent probe, DiOC2(3). Results of the immunohistochemical staining coincided with that of vital staining, which is able to detect the distribution of mitochondria in cytoplasm of the embryo. Mitochondria was mainly segregated into the B4.1 posterior-vegetal blastomeres at the 8-cell stage. During the next stages, mitochondria was preferentially partitioned into cells of the B-line muscle and the A-line nerve cord precursor compared with each sister cell, endoderm in the 5th cleavage stage, and mesenchyme and notochord in the 6th cleavage stage. However, the mitochondria-rich cytoplasm is divided equally among the blastomeres of the animal hemisphere between the 8-cell and the 64-cell stages. When B6.2 blastomeres were isolated at the early 32-cell stage embryo and cultured in seawater, until control embryos reached the 64-cell stage, pattern of mitochondria distribution was similar to results of the coisolated B7.3 and B7.4 blastomeres from the 64-cell stage embryos. Therefore, it is likely that mitochondria are asymmetrically segregated into the marginal cells in the vegetal hemisphere of the ascidian embryo without cell-cell interaction.

The rapid rural urban migration and aging has generated an over-depopulation problems in rural areas since the 1980s. The purpose of this study constructs the marginal size of rural over-depopulated village through the analysis of the residential disparities such as farmer's ratio, basic life service accessibility, and levels of social and economic factors for each village community. This marginal scale could support evaluating diverse rural policies, which have been planned to apply to the rural development programs at the village level. The major challenges for over-depopulated villages are the lack of basic facilities, production infrastructures and inactive communities in the village. Therefore, the quantitative analysis of rural residential disparities according to rural village scale can provide the criteria for rural over-depopulated villages. We utilized Korea Agricultural Survey Data(2010) including specific residential condition of village level. The present study adopt multinomial-logit model for quantitative analysis of different village scales and decomposition techniques to separate the direct effect by the village scale factor from the endowment effects by regional or area characteristics, and residual effect by unknown factors. The present study found that the minimum scale of a rural over-depopulated village was 40 and 60 houses for the respective conditions of farmer's ratios less than 50% and greater than 75%. It was concluded based on the study findings that threshold scale could support evaluating the diverse rural policies, which have been planned to apply to the rural development programs at the village level.

본 연구는 산업화에 따른 폐수발생으로 하천의 악화된 수질환경에 대해 지역수종 중심으로 선발된 자생식물을 통하여 하천주변의 경관을 복원하는 동시에 하천의 수질을 정화하기 위하여 수행하였다. 시험재료는 자생지 및 재배농가에서 물억새, 흰사초, 이삭사초, 삿갓사초, 갯조풀, 줄, 갈대, 창포, 미나리, 부채붓꽃, 벌개미취, 매자기, 흑삼릉, 석창포, 눈주름잎, 버드나무, 속새, 흰갈풀, 골풀을 수집하였으며 식물을 와그너 포트에서 식물체의 뿌리부분까지 침수되도록 식재하여 5개월간 생육시켰다. 그 후 Sonneveld 양액(장미양액)을 1배액으로 관주하여 3일차, 5일차에 식물의 뿌리의 부위에서 시료를 채취하여 T-N, T-P를 측정하였다. T-N을 흡수하는 속도는 물억새, 흰사초, 이삭사초, 갯조풀, 삿갓사초는 T50까지 2.00, 2.13, 2.18, 2.21, 2.29일로 짧은 시간동안 T-N 총량의 50%를 흡수하였으며 눈주름잎, 버드나무, 속새, 흰갈풀, 골풀은 T50까지 3.13, 3.54, 4.17, 4.51, 7.55일로 상대적으로 많은 시간이 필요하였다. T-P를 흡수하는 속도는 흰사초, 물억새, 이삭사초, 삿갓사초, 갯조풀은 T50까지 1.85, 1.90, 1.90, 1.90, 1.92일로 짧은 시간동안 T-P 총량의 50%를 흡수하였으며 버드나무, 흰갈풀, 석창포, 골풀, 속새는 T50 까지 2.24, 2.25, 2.25, 2.27, 2.30일 비교적 흡수 속도가 느렸다. 식물의 종에 따라 오염물질을 흡수하는 속도에는 차이가 있었다. 따라서 수변에 수질정화를 위하여 식물을 식재할 경우 효율적인 수질정화를 위하여 식물의 오염물질의 흡수속도를 고려하여 설계하여야 할 것이다.